The Yoshida's Bronchoscope which is based on a unique principle “The Yoshida Flux Crossing Illumination Method” is 7-20 times brighter than conventional ones, and provides sufficient room to perform a routine bronchoscopic examination. It makes possible not only all kinds of endoscopic examinations and operations but also easy photographing of precise and undistorted pictures (standard 24 frames for movie).
The Yoshida's Flux Crossing Method is completely different from that of conventional ones, is most suitable for the illumnation of narrow and deep portions. The outstanding feature of this method lies in the fact that light flux axis, centerline of bronchoscope and viewing axis or camera axis, all three axes completely coincide.
This method can be applied for examinations and photographing not only in the field of broncho-esophagology but also otology, rhinology and other endoscopy.
The author emphasized that in bronchoesophagology it is important to take a view, however what is more important is to take precise still and movis pictures with no distortion, because the enlargement and analysis of them are the basis upon which examination, treatment and research can be carried out.

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Using the fiber optic telescope (Machida Co.) the author has been taking movies during routine endoscopic examinations since 1963. In the movie 24 cases in broncho-esophagology and several cases in the throat, ear and nose illustrating the advantages of this method of recording the findings are shown preceded by a short introduction and description of the telescopes and camera and their use.
These cases illustrate the case with which the fiber optic telescopes can be employed during routine clinical examinations to record on film the local findings observed during not only bronchoesophagoscopic procedures but in other areas also, preserving in close and fine detail the colors, shapes and movements of the original findings.
For practical purposes such as the use of these films to describe pertinent findings in clinical conferences, in follow-up studies and for teaching, it is not necessary to project the entire sequence as the desired pictures can be selected and viewed separately with the use of an editing film viewer. In addition to thir clical value, endoscopic movies should prove valuable in investigations and for teaching purposes.

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Since 1962, bronchoscopic findings have been recorded on colour cinematogram by mean's of the telescope system in the auther's laboratory.
A series of experiments using a model set of the larynx and the trachea was described. The results revealed that the air way resisistance produced by the insertion of a telescope was not significant enough to criticise the telescope method.
Usefulness of endoscope cinematography was described together with case presentation.
A. An endoscope cinecamera in a fixed position may accurately record the possible movements of the air tract wall. From this aspect, movements of the tracheal bifurcation were recored in the cases with lung cancer and the movements were classified in 3 groups, namely, 1. normal movement, 2. sideway swing, and 3. still stand.
B. An endoscope cinecamera moving along the air tract may record a variety of landmarks and orientation of a focus may be given. A case with “Tumor of the Trachea” was presented. Orientation of the tumor was given by taking cinematography continuously from the larynx until the tumor came in sight. Therapeutic results were also recorded by taking cinematogram repeatedly.
The author emphasized that the above stated two aspects should be taken into consideration in each subjected to endoscope cinematography.

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Endoscopic cinematograph in bronchoesophagology has been developed remarkably to record the normal and diseased states in brochus and esophagus. The study on the bronchoesophagology by means of endoscopic photocinematograph is one of the most important articles.
The principal type of apparatus available for endoscopic cinematography at the present time are classified two types, one is the open tube type, the other is the telescope type, which uses a quartz-rod to transmit light from a proximal system by Fourestier, Gladu and Vulmiere in France as the name of “Endoscope Universel” in 1949. The same types of endopcopic cinematograph have produced by some companies; Sass-Wolf, karl-storz etc. in Germany.
Recently many people attempt to take endoscopic cinematograph of 8mm of 16mm film, but some do not yet, perhaps for economical reason, though they know its importance.
In Japan, since about 30 years the endoscopic photo- or cinemato-graph has been planned and developed as only an experimental study by Noguchi (1936), Kirikae et al (1943), Konno et al (1950), Kozu, Makino (1950) and Hashimoto (1950), At first, we have made two types of camera, one is the open tube system, the other is telescope system and for still or movie films (35mm or 16mm) are used in experimentally and clinically.
Presently some new types of open tube and telescope system have been developed in Japan. One is designed by Yoshida as an open tube system using a xenon arc lamp, the other is a telescope system using the fiber optic telescope by Yoshida, Ikeda, and Takino et al (1962-1963).
Now I have made a new type of telescope system with a special long acrylic resin rod, through which the electric light transmits to its tip. This instrument seems to be certainly more simplified type and cheaper than any former types.
Recently we have mostly used Ansco or Sakura color film (ASA 50-100) of 16mm for movie, a speed of 16 frames per second is ordinarily used and allows to run a speed of 24 frames per second, if one desire. Cameras which we have used are the Easten Kodak, Bolex-reflex or the speial made in Japan.
Finally the color photo-cinematographic method has opend up with great interest and important records in clinic for practical consultation and conference of its study, and morever it may be used in connection with Television, Radiography, Radiocinematography and Cineradiometry.
We should continue to study with newer idea to develop the cinematograph in the future.

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From 1955 to 1964, we corried out 3205 cases of bronchoscopic examinations for preoperative and postoperative patients having pulmonary tuberculosis. Abnormal findings were observed in 871 cases (27.1%): in details, congestive-edematous form was 16.6%, filtrative-proliferation form 5.2%, ulcero-granulative form 1.7% and stenoticcicatorical form 3.6%. Clinically important ulcerostenotic form reduced to 5.3% which indicates an extremely decreased rate as compared with those reported before chemotherapeutic age. While bronchoscopic examinations in recent two years showed 35% of abnormal findings. Chemotherapy made a remarkable decrease of ulcerogranulative form but recent data of congestive edematous form 19.5%, stenotic cicatorical form 7.1% show re-increase of Bronchial tuberculosis. So we conclude that bronchoscopic examination for pulmonary tuberculosis is still necessary and will become more important in future.
Since 1958 Nylon thread has been used for Bronchial resected ends. We did not find inflammatory reaction, which silk thread often made, with Nylon in postoperative bronchoscopic examinations.

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Benoxil hydrochloride, 1% solution, has been used as a surface anesthetic agent in 168 patients undergoing direct laryngoscopy, bronchoscopy, specular esophagoscopy and esophagoscopy, and the use and effect of the agent is summerized and presented.
The effect of the agent is evaluated acording to subjebtive complaint of the patients during these procedures and is classified as follow;
Remarkable effect (+++) ……… very satisfactory result
Moderate effect (++) ……… anesthetic effect is a moderate
Some effect (+) ………patients stated having almost no pain.
and the results are as follows.
I. Direct laryngoscopy and specular esophagoscopy, in 120 patients. (amount 1.5-7cc)
Pemarkable effect (+++) ……… 90 patients
Moderate effect (++) ………25
Some effect (+) ………5
The effect is obtajned in all patients.
II. Bronchoscopy, in 17 pationts. (amount 4-10cc)
Remarkable effect (+++) ……… 15 patients
Moderate effect (++) ………1
Some effect (+) ………1
III. Esophagoscopy, in 31 patients. (amount 2-8cc)
Remarkable effect (+++) ………5 patients
Moderate effect (++) ………15
Some effect (+) ………9
The effect is less obtained in 2 patients.
It is our conclusion that this agent has excellent surface anesthetic effect with the short latent period.

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