The history of pulmonary endoscopy has been traced from Gustav Killian of Germany who performed the first bronchoscopy with modified laryngoscopes and esophagoscopes in 1897 to Shigeto Ikeda who has developed the flexible fiberbronchoscope in Japan and has put it into clinical use since 1967. The possibilities that further improvements in this endoscopic device can bring in the study of both infectious and neoplastic diseases of the bronchi and lung are mentioned.

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From the pre-and postoperative studies of the pulmonary function and the operative findings in 105 cases of bronchiectasis treated in the author's clinic for the past ten years, the following results were obtained: the different sites of predilection of cylidrical and cystic bronchiectasis suggested the different pathogenesis of these two entities.
Characteristics of pulmonary function study of this disease had been thought to be of ventilation, chiefly expiratory, disturbance, however, in the author's series the preoperative pulmonary function was within normal limit in most cases and there was a few cases with a typical pattern of obstruction.
The cases showing disturbance of pulmonary function in the pre-operative examination were mostly found in the relatively old age group and the most of them had bilateral involvement of bronchiectasis.
The post-operative pulmonary function of this disease showed that the first second TVC was significantly increased in contrast with that of pulmonary tuberculosis. Postoperative result in 6 months showed a cure or improvement of the disease in 91% of the cases, and long-term results showed improvement of symptoms in approximately 90%.
The author stressed that surgical treatment should be indicated after clinical signs and pulmonary function were taken account of rather than the type and extension of brochiectatic change in the lung.

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Tension of the vocal cord as well as adduction is an important factor for protection mechanism of the larynx to close the glottis tightly, which may be finely controled by thyroarytenoid's contraction and also, more roughly but effectively, by cricothyroid's.
Physiological significance of the external laryngeal muscles in tension control of this reflex closure has been anticipated but scarcely been studied because of difficulty in its approach.
Using electrophysiological techniques, the auther studied reflex responses in several external muscles which attach to the thyroid or cricoid cartilages and are, therefore, expected to affect on reflex change in the crico-thyroid distance and, consequently, on the vocal cord tension. Participation of each muscle was evaluated by manometric measurement of reflexly increased pressure in the glottis before and after denervation of the muscle concerned.

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Recent esophagofiberscope has almost complete capabilities for the diagnostic fields of the esophageal diseases. But its contribution to the therapeutic fields has rarely been made. For the removal of the foreignbody from the esophagus and stomach, a kind of special forceps was devised. This was inserted through the biopsy channel of the esophagofiberscope. The foreignbodies were captured under visual control and taken off with the fiberscope altogether. The demonstration of the forceps and some clinical results will be reported. Sometimes the silk suture could be found at the stoma after surgery. For the removal of it the special forceps, named “suture-cutting forceps”, was newly devised. This forceps was inserted through the biopsy channel of the esophagofiberscope and able to cut and take off the suture under visual control.

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The author noticed an increase of acute and subacute laryngotracheitis in which the main pathology located in the trachea and involved at most the main bronchi, and suspected that the cause of this increase might be due to the administration of insufficient dose of unproper antibiotics or due to the harmful side effect of cough depressants.

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