The so-called Brush cells in the airway epithelia of the cat and lovebird were examined by means cf scanning and transmission electron microscopy. They were divided into two different types; those with a number of microvillous projections on the cell surface and those with abundant and variable numbers of dense granules in the bottom of the cytoplasm. Based on the results obtained, the morpholcgical characteristics and functional significance of the socalled Brush cells were discussed.

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The purpose of this investigation was to study the changes in the physiological properties of the cross-innervated muscle after the pedicle nerve muscle grafting.
In preliminary experiments in rabbit, cross-innervation of the slow soleus from the fast gastrocnemius muscle produced a dramatic change in contraction time of the slow muscle.
The present experiment in dog was divided into two groups; implantation of the cricothyroid muscle block, pedicled by external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve, into the denervated thyroarytenoid muscle (Group 1) and into the denervated posterior cricoarytenoid muscle (Group 2) after cutting of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. As a result, the contraction properties of the reinnervated thyroarytenoid muscle in Group 1 and those of the reinnervated posterior cricoarytenoid muscle in Group 2 resembled those of the cricothyroid musle. It was concluded that the contraction properties of the reinnervated muscles were determined by the neural influence.

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Patients with laryngeal polyp, as well as patients with non-polyp laryngeal diseases, were tested with Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI) to investigate the role of personality in pathcgenesis of laryngeal polyp. Patients with laryngeal polyp tended to have a significantly higher E (extroversion-introversion) score than patients with non-polyp diseases. The high E scores reflects behavior that is outgoing, impulsive and uninhibited. N (neuroticism) scores were not significantly different between the two groups. It was suggested that extraversive personality was one of the important factors relating to the etiology of laryngeal polyp.

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Two cases of posterior glottic stenosis with subglottic stenosis following long term endotracheal intubation were reported. The posterior glottic adhesion was divided under laryn gomicroscope and remaining scar tissues in the glottic and subglottic regions were resected through a laryngofissure approach under an operation-microscope. Subsequently, a silicon T-tube was inserted to prevent the recurrence of adhesion. Postoperative course was uneventful in both cases and the T-tube was left in position for 2 and 3 months after the operation, respectively. Both cases are good in phonation and respiration after removal of the T-tube.

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For the purpose of elucidating the participation of the autonomic nerve in bronchial asthma, a histochemical study was made to estimate the activity and localization of cholinesterase (ChE) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the bronchial nerve fibers of guinea pigs with experimentally induced asthma.
The animals were divided into the following 7 groups consisting of 5 experimental groups and 2 control groups:
Experimental groups;
group 1. a single inhalation of histamine (3 animals)
group 2. a single inhalation of acetylcholine (3 animals)
group 3. repeated inhalation of histamine, every 3 days, 15 times (8 animals)
group 4. repeated inhalation of acetylcholine, every 3 days, 15 times (8 animals)
group 5. antigen was injected after injection of homocytotropic antibody (10 animals) Control groups;
group 1. inhalation of distilled water only (3 animals)
group 2. intravenous injection of physiological saline instead of antigen (3 animals).
In all experimental groups, specific ChE activity of the nerve fibers of bronchial walls was much higher than in the control groups, while MAO activity was either higher or lower than the control.
If the grade of ChE and MAO activities reflects the function of parasympathetic nervous system and sympathetic nervous system respectively, the results suggest that parasympathicotonia associated with hyper- or hypofuncticn of the adrenergic nerve plays an important role in inducing experimental bronchial asthma.

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1. During the past 10 years from 1970 to 1979, 96 cases were hospitalized to the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, the Jikei University Hospital for the treatment of tracheo-bronchial and esophageal foreign bodies. The incidence was 0. 14 % of the outpatients who newly visited the Department. Out of the 96 cases, 32 had foreign bodies in the tracheo-bronchus, while 64 had foreign bodies in the esophagus. Each one fatal case was encountered in both groups of tracheo-bronchial and esophageal foreign bodies.
2. Tracheostomy was performed in 8 cases of tracheo-bronchial foreign bodies and one case of esophageal foreign bodies.
3. The two-thirds of peanuts foreign bodies were encountered during 5 month period from October to February.
4. In most adult cases, tracheo-bronchial foreign bodies were found in the right bronchus, while in infants this was not necessary the case. Sharp esophageal foreign bodies were found at any portion of the esophagus.
5. Selective bronchial washing was found to be effective for the treatment of crashed bronchial foreign bodies and for prevention of complication. The removal of sharp esophageal foreign bodies was safely performed by the use of a rigid esophagoscope with a cuffed endotracheal tube (Portex) attached to the tip.

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A case of a 73-year-old woman who had pemphigus vulgaris of the esophagus was reported. The clinical findings were characterized by stenosis, erosion and Nikolsky phenomenon, in which apparently normal mucosa of the esophagus was stripped off easilly with biopsy forceps. Biopsy from the lesion in the esophagus revealed suprabasilar clefts and bulla formations. Although cutaneous pemphigus or pemphigoid may infrequently be accompanied by esophageal lesions, primary involvement of the esophagus is unusual, and only a few cases have been reported in literature.

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We reported a case of lymphangioma extended from the hypopharynx to the cervical portion of the esophagus. Such tumor arising in these regions is exceedingly rare, yet only 4 other cases have been previously reported in the literature. Out of the 4 cases, 3 had esophageal involvement and the remaining 1 had the lesion limited to the hypopharynx.
The present case was a 32-year-old man with a history of dysphagia. Indirect laryngoscopy revealed a cystic swelling of the posterior portion of the left arytenoid region, while any other remarkable changes could not be obtained. Contrast radiographies of the larynx, hypopharynx and esophagus demonstrated a deformity in the left arytenoid region, irregularities in the mucosal pattern and a large rounded filling defect in the cervical esophagus. Endoscopically, yellowish translucent cystic swellings were seen projecting into the lumens of the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus. A histopathological study comfirmed the diagnosis as cavernous lymphangioma.
As a rule, surgical extirpation is the treatment of choice for this lesion, but it compells the patient to demand the loss of function, particulary such as of the larynx. For this reason, we selected to try cryosurgery, although it has not demonstrated an overall effectiveness sufficient to replace the surgical excision.
The patient is now approximately 7 months post-treatment without dysphagia. However, our result with this procedure has not been satisfactory for a permanent relief.

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