Laryngostrobovideography has been widely applied to the clinical management of dysphonias in the field of phono-surgery.
However, in order to observe and record clear magnified images of the vocal fold vibration, a brighter laryngostroboscope and laryngoendoscope with which the detailed observation of the vocal folds can be performed were needed.
The purpose of this paper is to introduce a method of video-taping the vocal fold vibration by use of a brighter laryngostroboscope (Briiel & Kjaer type 4914), a curved laryngotelescope (PENTAX MLC-1) and a color video camera for home usage (PENTAX PC-K020, JVC GX-N4CH).
It is thought that magnified color images obtained by this method have a great value for evaluation of the“flexibility”of the vocal folds and for observation of dynamic movements of air tract fluid in the lubrication of the larynx.

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Responsiveness of airway means a hypersensitive condition of upper and lower airway to various stimuli. We measured nasal and oral respiratory resistances with rhinograph before and after an inhalation of methacholine through the nose with astograph to observe responsiveness of upper and lower airway. Subjects were 56 persons who had nasal obstruction, watery rhinorrhea and sneeze, and had an abnormal sensation at pharyngolaryngeal area.
We devided 56 subjects into four groups according to change of nasal and oral respiratory resistance after an inhalation of methacholine. Four groups are: 1) increase in both nasal and oral respiratory resistances: 33 subjects, 2) increase in nasal respiratory resistance: 11 subjects, 3) increase in oral respiratory resistance: 8 subjects, 4) no change or decrease in both nasal and oral respiratory resistances: 4 subjects.
Nasal respiratory resistance after an inhalation of methacholine increased most in the first group, and next in the second group. Oral respiratory resistance after an inhalation of methacholine increased most in the first group, and next in the third group. According to analysis of reacting curve to methacholine with astograph, a minimum dose of methacholine that caused an increase of respiratory resistance (Dmin·N) increased in order of the first group, the third group, the second group, and the fourth group. Slope signifying increase of respiratory resistance (Sd·N) decreased in the same order.
From the above observations, we obtained following results. Responsiveness of airway is located in only upper airway, only lower airway or both upper and lower airway. In these three conditions, responsiveness of both upper and lower airway is most hypersensitive. Responsiveness of lower airway is more hypersensitive than that of upper airway.

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A statistical study was made on 81 cases of foreign bodies in the trachea and bronchi treated in our clinic during the period from 1966 to 1986. The results were as follows:
1) Forty-five cases (56%) were one-year-old babies. Eighty-nine percent of the total cases were below 4 years. The male to female ratio was two to one.
2) In 56 cases (69% of the total cases) penuts were found.
3) Foreign bodies were found in the right bronchi of 34 cases, in the left bronchi of 24 cases and in the trachea of 14 cases. All of foreign bodies from adult cases were found in the right bronchi.
4) In 5 cases (6. 2% of the 81 cases) foreign bodies were spat out spontaneously.
5) In 59 cases foreign bodies were removed by means of upper bronchoscopy and in 19 cases by means of lower bronchoscopy. Thoracotomy was not performed in any cases. Most of the cases were treated within 4 days. The longest lodgement was 78 days.

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Central location of the cervical esophageal motoneurons was investigated in the rabbit, using the intramuscular injection of retrograde labeling substances: horseradish peroxidase or nuclear yellow. The nucleus ambiguus of the rabbit comprises four subnuclei, CoG, SGm, SG1, and DiG, of which only the ipsilateral CoG was pertinent to the esophageal motoneurons. Labeled neurons were found in the rostral two-thirds of the CoG at levels 1. 2-2. 9 mm rostral to the obex: at the most rostral level, they overlapped in position with the most caudal portion of the facial motor nucleus for about 100, um rostrocaudally. The mean total number of them was 172, and they were maximum in number about a level 2. 5 mm rostral to the obex. In a transverse plane of the brain stem, labeled neurons, although a few in number, were found in the lateral portion of CoG at the most caudal level of their appearance zone. More rostrally, at the mid-level of CoG, in which the CoG was divided into two subgroups, ventrolateral and dorsomedial, labeled neurons increased in number and occupied the entire portion of the former subgroup. Furthermore rostrally, at the rostral level of CoG in which no further division was found, they occupied caudally the dorsal half of CoG and rostrally its entire portion.

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A 43-year-old female, who had been suffered from the recurrent aphthae for about two years, visited our otolaryngology clinic on April 18, 1985, with complaints of the dysphagia and swallowing pain.
One year later, the dyspnea appeared due to the stenosis of the hypopharynx and the swelling of the epiglottis, followed by an ulcerating mucosal lesion.
She was admitted to our hospital on June 5, 1986. The emergency tracheostomy and intravenous administration of the steroid hormone and antibiotics were performed. After these treatments, the swelling of the hypopharynx was improved, but the stenosis was remained. Surgical correction of the stenotic hypopharynx was accomplished under the laryngo-microsurgery using CO2 LASER, and the dyspnea was improved.
Although the recurrent aphthous stomatitis is not so uncommon disease, the secondary stenosis of the pharynx and larynx is very rare.
The cause, pathology and therapy of this type of aphthous lesion were briefly reviewed.

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Two patients treated for verrucous carcinoma of the larynx are reported. They showed metachronous association of squamous cell carcinoma and required total laryngectomy 16 years after their original surgery.
Verrucous carcinoma is a highly differentiated variant of squamous cell carcinoma and has so far never metastasized to lymph nodes and distant organs, but the tumor has occasionally synchronous or metachronous malignancy of the larynx. As this associated interval extended over a period 10 years, the patient with laryngeal verrucous carcinoma treated with conservation surgery should be followed up for a long time.

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A case of mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the larynx is reported.
A 53-year-old man was referred to the ENT clinic by an otolaryngologist because of the presence of a tumorous mass in the larynx. He has noticed hoarseness of approximately 2 years'duration. On examination, there was a tumorous mass in the right false and true vocal cord. The vocal cord and arytenoid on affected side were completely fixed. Histopathology of the tissue obtained under a microsurgical technique revealed squamous cell carcinoma of poorly differentiated type. Total laryngectomy and radical neck dissection of the affected side were performed under general anesthesia.
An extensive subepithelial invasion of the tumor was noted macroscopically in the right vocal cord and adjacent supra and subglottic regions. The final histopathological diagnosis was made of mucoepidermoid carcinoma (high grade malignancy) of the larynx. Among malignant tumors of the larynx, mucoepidermoid carcinoma is extremely rare. Only four cases of the laryngeal mucoepidermoid carcinoma have been reported in the Japanese literature. Accordingly, this case will be the 5th case of the laryngeal mucoepidermoid carcinoma in Japan.
A pertinent literature is reviewed in this paper.

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A case of congenital anomaly of the hyoid bone and the thyroid cartilage is reported. A26-year-old male was admitted to our hospital to receive a detailed examination of hispersistent hoarseness.
Inspection and palpation of his neck revealed a deviation of the thyroid cartilage to theright. The left vocal cord could not be observed by the indirect laryngoscopy because of thedistortion of the epiglottis.
The results of further examinations using laryngomicroscopy, CT scan and laryngogra-phy showed a normal appearance of the bilateral vocal cords, lower displacement of the hyoidbone and consequent deviation of the thyroid cartilage to the right. The neoplasm was neverfound anywhere.
The embryological pathogenesis was briefly discussed.

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For the polypoid and semi-polypoid type of the esophageal submucosal tumors under 20mm in diameter, the endoscopical polypectomy is frequently and safely performed.
According to Japanese reports, esophageal leiomyosarcoma of small size tends to be diagnosed as benign. Consequently, for the differential diagnosis for leiomyosarcoma, it is significant to perform endoscopical polypectomy for esophageal submucosal tumors.
It is useful to classify the esophageal hemangioma into three groups for diagnosis and endoscopical treatment. The bluish sessile type is classified as group I; the bluish semipolypoid type is classified as group II; and normal colored type is classified as group III. It is quite easy to make endoscopical diagnosis of hemangioma in group I and II, but difficult in group III. For the tumors under 20mm in group II and III, the endoscopical polypectomy is safely performed. In group I, the endoscopical injection sclero therapy is easily performed.

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Tracheal cartilages in adult were measured in order to manufacture for trial a new artificial tracheal ring that is employed in reconstruction of the tracheal framework. As the result of measurements, three sizes of artificial tracheal rings with hydroxyl apatite were manufactured. Therefore, the size of artificial tracheal ring is selectable depending upon the defect in each case. The use of this material replaces with an autograft of the cartilage.

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