Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, predominantly inattentive subtype (AD/HD-I) is one of subtypes of AD/HD. Previous studies found that poor academic performance was the most common problem of children with AD/HD-I. Moreover a higher prevalence of substance dependence/abuse disorders and higher percentage experienced neurological disorders were reported in adults with this disorder. However AD/HD-I has a high risk of being overlooked due to the lack of objective measurement. To avoid these problems, it is necessary to find out children with AD/HD-I and start to intervene them early in life. AD/HD is reported to have deficits in executive function (EF), however, there have been no consistent findings regarding the presence and the characteristics of EDF in ADHD-I to date. To clarify EDF of AD/HD-I, we analyzed EF in children with AD/HD-I by using two tests designed to evaluate inhibition and working memory from CANTAB together with the BRIEF, a parent-rated scale. We found significant differences in many outcome measures of these CANTAB tests and most scales of the BRIEF between AD/HD-I and control children, indicating the presence of EDF in AD/HD-I. In addition, correlations between these tools were identified, especially in scales for working memory. We also examined predictors that distinguish AD/HD-I from controls by using discriminant analysis. In summary, outcome measures of CANTAB and the BRIEF are considered to be useful for determining AD/HD-I in young children. Short title as a running head: Assessment of executive function in children with AD/HD-I

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The scandal of melamine-contamination has not ended yet, the toxification of melamine continues to raise concerns for public health. It has been well known that fetus and infant periods play the most important role in brain development, then what effect on earth of melamine in children's center nervous system? In the present study, we investigated the effects of melamine (5×10^<-5>g/ml) on GABAergic synaptic activity, which reflecting the basal neurotransmission, in infant rat hippocampal CA1 neurons. The results showed that melamine significantly decreased the amplitude of miniature IPSCs (mIPSCs) without altering spontaneous IPSCs (sIPSCs), illustrating a postsynaptic mechanism of melamine actions on GABAergic synaptic transmission. These results suggested that melamine could alter GABAergic synaptic activity in infant rats, and further damaged the function of learning and memory.

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Objective Those who suffer from brainstem hemorrhage complicated by stress ulcer hemorrhage have a high mortality. This research inquire the ideal surgical method to observe microcirculation of duodenal mucosal villi and the dynamic changes in the microcirculation of rabbit's duodenal mucosal villi under brainstem hemorrhage conditions with a red color coordinate, aiming at establishing a mechanism for testing the microcirculation of the digestive tract and providing a reference index for the prevention and treatment of brainstem hemorrhage complicated by gastrointestinal bleeding. Method In this experiment, thirty male Japanese white rabbits with long ears (1.5kg to 1.8kg) were anaesthetized by 25% Urethane in vein, and simple disinfected in the condition of animal laboratory. They were given a cranial fenestration operation for an acute brainstem hemorrhage animal model and an enterstomy on the abdominal wall was made. Microcirculation microscopic blood vessel telecamera and microcirculation TV video system were used to continuously detect the congestion of the duodenal mucosal villi under brainstem hemorrhage conditions. Computer and photoshop software were used to continuously analyze the changes with time of the red color coordinate of the same villus on the same point. Result The red color (pallor) of duodenal mucosa reduced, along with minimal morphological changes of duodenal mucosa after brainstem hemorrhage. Conclusions Under the condition of this experiment, this surgical method can establish the experimental animal model to observe microcirculation of duodenal mucosal villi, and reduction of the red color coordinate with time verified the pallor of duodenal mucosa after brainstem hemorrhage in a rabbit model and reflected the sharp changes of mucosa's blood stream which is the most important preventive factor to stress ulcer under acute brainstem hemorrhage conditions. And these would become the pathophysiological basis of upper digestive tract ulcer.

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results from a sudden and external physical insult to the head, which is associated with a high morbidity and mortality. Current clinical therapy is focused on optimization of the acute/subacute intracerebral milieu, minimizing continued cell death, and subsequent intense rehabilitation to ameliorate the prolonged physical, cognitive, and psychosocial deficits that result from TBI. Given the limited capacity of the central nervous system for self-repair, progenitor (stem) cell therapies have shown promise following TBI in pre-clinical studies and remain a focus of intense scientific investigation. This paper will review some of the progress and barriers involved with stem cell therapies for the treatment of TBI.

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