A method of computer image measurement using digital camera was developed and applied to observe Suspended Particulate Matter: SPM in open-air close to human life. Photos taken by digital camera is very useful to apply many measurements because of their high photographic sensitivity. In this paper we tried to get a character of photos of fine skies. Using digital cameras, we took photos at Miyazaki in the south of the Kyushu island, Mito, Tsuchiura, Tsukuba, and Sangenjaya in the east of the Kanto plain, Utsukushigahara heights where is located in the middle of Nagano, Japan, and Sydney, Australia. Photos were also taken from an airplane flying over the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, to observe air condition in tropopause.
Ratio of Blue and Red (B/R) in digital photos is useful to a marker of purity of air in day time. B/R of fine sky is larger than 2.0. And ratios of green and red (G/R), and blue and green (B/R) of fine sky are larger than 1.5.
A large amount of SPM was observed in tropopause by photos taken from an airplane flying near the equator.

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We propose two methods to visualize aerosol distributions of ten ppb order concentration in the atmosphere. These methods are used with Infra-Red (IR) enhanced digital cameras. The original camera is remade by replacing an inner IR-cut filter with a long-pass filter of 760 nm. The RGB-color characters of the camera are unknown; therefore, we measured the RGB responses for aerosols. We defined plural means to emphasize contrasts of aerosol scattering, and using their combinations, we contrive two visualizing methods. We named them line-shade drawing and contour-map drawing. The functions are the following:
The line-shade drawing gives us several band images to indicate the same scattering intensity, and moreover, it gives continuous shade images between the band curves. By use of the drawing, we understand that the cloud is in aerosol mist, and often dilute mist flows out from the cloud. The flow-out mist does not synchronize with movements of the cloud. The density and shape change by about 5 seconds.
The contour-map drawing gives us dozens of curves to indicate the same scattering intensity. It is a method to make the differential image. Then, it can draw detailed air-flow around heat engines, which can not be described by using the line-shade drawing. We show exhaust-gas from an airplane and the atmosphere structure along the landform. The air-flow, turbulence and vortex are visualized.
These drawings can make clear detailed structures in the atmosphere.

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We find air pollution at every place in the northern hemisphere today; i.e., it is observed as meteorological phenomena, polar smog, yellow sand in Eastern Asia, brown haze in Southeast Asia, etc. We may see other types of polluted phenomena in addition to those obvious examples. The environmental problem becomes worse naturally without our detection; in spite of such inherent spontaneousness, it is very difficult to remove the sources. Therefore, we believe it is important that many people record conditions of the atmosphere, and detect the pollution as if becomes worse gradually, and recognize the serious situation in the future. During the stepwise recognition, it is important for us to have common consciousness and a will to remove the problem crisis.
Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) is a kind of aerosol in the atmosphere. A simple measurement to detect the SPM is known, which is to photograph the sky by using a digital camera. We discuss the backgrounds and limitations of the method. On the Red-Green-Blue (RGB) tri-color system, we define the relation between RGB-intensities and the wavelength. Where, the hue angle is evaluated and the meaning of existence of purple color is discussed. And, it is discussed that B/R and G/R ratios depend on scattering intensities of particles. As an example, we show the B/R and G/R ratios of the haze sky. Next, we propose a method to visualize the 2-dimensional distribution of the B/R and G/R values. The method detects very dilute SPM layer in the atmosphere, which is not detected by others.
We believe that these methods are useful to detect air pollution for every person.

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The molecular structures in solutions were predicted for a chiral copper(II) complex [Cu(R-mben)₂]²⁺ [R-mben = N-(methylbenzyl)ethylenediamine] based on the circular dichroism (CD) spectra in an acetonitrile solution and a pyridine solution. Each CD spectrum was analyzed to obtain the spectral components, and the coordination geometry around the copper(II) ion was estimated to be square-pyramidal on the basis of the observed spectral components. The structures of twelve probable conformers were optimized by DFT computation, and the CD spectrum was predicted for each structure by the TD-DFT method. Then, comparing the observed CD data with the predicted CD data, the structures in solutions were estimated.

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We have studied antioxidant reactions of vitamin E (α-tocopherol) with an aroxyl radical in several organic solvents (ethanol, diethyl ether, benzene, hexane, and heptane) by using a stopped-flow spectrophotometer. The reaction mechanism is electron-transfer followed by proton-transfer from vitamin E to the radical, and the rate constant (k_s) decreases with increasing solvent-polarity. To clarify the reason for the solvent-polarity dependence, we calculated atomic charges of hydrogen atoms in the solvent molecules. A linear relationship between the k_s values and the atomic charges was obtained except for the point of ethanol. The reason for the deviation in ethanol is that ethanol solvent has strong intermolecular hydrogen-bonding and is not easy to be reorganized. It was found that the reorganization energy of Marcus theory has an important influence on the k_s value. As the solvent-polarity and the reorganization energy increase, the curvature of the potential curve increases and therefore the k_s value decreases.

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The crystal structure of the intermediate phase (3MgO·2CO₂) of synthetic nesquehonite (MgO·3H₂O) following heat treatment was solved by Monte Carlo simulation using powder X-ray diffraction data and was confirmed by Rietveld refinement. The phase is cubic with space group I4¯3m and cell constants of a = 8.516(13) Å. The unit cell consists of independent atoms such as magnesium, carbon, and two oxygen atoms. The magnesium atom is surrounded by six oxygen atoms in octahedral coordination, and four symmetrically identical MgO₆ octahedra in a edge-sharing arrangement form an Mg₄O₁₇ block in the (100) planes of a unit cell. These Mg₄O₁₇ blocks share edges with other Mg₄O₁₇ blocks to form a framework structure. A CO₃ triangle that exists on the three-fold axis connects three Mg₄O₁₇ blocks.

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Although chemometrics has become widely used recently for analyzing experimental chemical data, there exist in Japan only a few instructions for the proper usage of chemometrics except for some introductory books. We have found that Microsoft Excel (Excel) is convenient, inexpensive, and popular software for chemometrics calculations especially for educational purposes. In this paper, as the second report for chemometrics calculations with Excel, the procedure of iterative calculation is explained using an example of solving an eigenvalue problem, which is necessary for a principal component analysis (PCA). The power method is applied to solve the eigenvalue problem. Excel has peculiar action, the copied range is still valid after the paste operation. Iterative calculation is executed on Excel worksheet by using this action and redo command.

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Errata in Japanese

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