JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN
Online ISSN : 1881-1299
Print ISSN : 0021-9592
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Volume 22, Issue 5
Displaying 1-24 of 24 articles from this issue
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  • Extraction Equilibrium of Hydrochloric Acid with Tri-n-octylamine
    Yoshinobu Kawano, Takanao Matsui, Kazuo Kondo, Fumiyuki Nakashio
    1989 Volume 22 Issue 5 Pages 443-447
    Published: 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.22.443
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    Extraction equilibrium of hydrochloric acid in aqueous solution with tri-n-octylamine in toluene, water content accompanying the acid extraction and average aggregation number of the species formed in the organic solution were measured under various conditions. Formation constants of several species formed were estimated, and the species estimated by these experimental results were confirmed by the infrared spectra of the organic solution. It was found that the acid, A, reacts with the amine, B, to form three species of (AB)n (n = 1, 2 and 3) in the organic solution. The formation constants of these species were estimated.
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  • Relation between Separation Factor of Carbon Isotope and Chemical Reaction of CO2 with Amine in Nonaqueous Solvent
    Kenji Takesita, Asashi Kitamoto
    1989 Volume 22 Issue 5 Pages 447-454
    Published: 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.22.447
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    The separation factor for carbon isotope exchange reaction between CO2 and amine in nonaqueous solvent was related to absorption reaction of CO2 in a solution. The test solutions were mixtures of primary amine (such as butylamine and tert-butylamine) or secondary amine (such as diethylamine, dipropylamine and dibutylamine) diluted with nonpolar solvent (octane or triethylamine) or polar solvent (methanol), respectively.
    The isotope exchange reaction consists of three steps related to chemical reaction of CO2 in amine and nonaqueous solvent mixture, namely the reaction between CO2 and carbamic acid, that between CO2 and amine carbamate, and that between CO2 and carbamic ion. Above all, the isotope separation factor between CO2 and carbamic acid had the highest value. The overall separation factor can be higher in amine-nonaqueous solvent mixture where the concentration of carbamic acid becomes higher.
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  • Design of Gain Scheduling Control System with Required Tolerance
    Hirokazu Nishitani, Xing-Wen Tao, Eiichi Kunugita
    1989 Volume 22 Issue 5 Pages 454-459
    Published: 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.22.454
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    Gain scheduling is comparable to feedforward compensation and is highly sensitive to modeling errors. In this paper, the errors are represented by variations in the uncertain physical parameter θ under changes in process dynamics. For a state of the process specified by the auxiliary variable α, the variational region in the θ-space can be mapped into the space of transfer function parameter p. An orthotope Rp is defined in the p-space as the region of required tolerance through such mapping. On the other hand, the inherent region of system tolerance Sp is the set of p at which the proposed schedule rule can satisfy the admissible system performance. An iterative design algorithm was developed to find a schedule rule so that Sp includes Rp for a selected set of α. Application of robust gain scheduling to a reactor system with catalyst decay was studied to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed design method.
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  • Kinetic Studies of Exchange Reactions between Rare Earth Metal Ions and Their Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic Acid Complexes
    Hideto Matsuyama, Takahiro Okamoto, Masaaki Teramoto
    1989 Volume 22 Issue 5 Pages 460-468
    Published: 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.22.460
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    Kinetics of the exchange reactions between rare earth metal ions, Re′3+ (Re′3+; Eu3+, Er3+) and their diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid complexes, ReDTPA2– (ReDTPA2–; ErDTPA2–, YDTPA2–, EuDTPA2–) were studied by a spectrophotometric method. By taking into account the formation of binuclear complexes, the stability constants of which were determined experimentally, an equation expressing the initial rate of the exchange reaction was obtained as follows:

    Rate= α[ReDTPA2–][H+]2 + β[ReDTPA2–][Re′3+] + γ[ReDTPA2–][H+][Re′3+]

    where α, β, and γ are the rate constants. Moreover, the time-course of the exchange reaction up to the equilibrium stage was analyzed for the ErDTPA2––Eu3+ system. The results were quantitatively interpreted by the proposed rate equations.
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  • Steady State Particle Growing with Segregation in a Fluidized Bed Granulator
    Shinee Kang, Poong Yoon, Won Kook Lee
    1989 Volume 22 Issue 5 Pages 469-476
    Published: 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.22.469
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    A mathematical model was developed to predict the particle size distribution (PSD) in a steady-state fluidized-bed granulator with selective withdrawal of large particles, and was confirmed through a series of experiments using sodium chloride and sodium sulfate as bed materials. The model was extended from Kunii’s PSD model, which was derived only for the backmix-flow fluidized-bed reactor where discharged particles have the same PSD as the materials in the bed.
    From batch experiments, operating windows that permit the growth mode to be coating were identified and used in steady-state fluidized-bed granulation experiments.
    The segregation factor of materials was obtained from a cold-bed segregation experimental apparatus where large particles were withdrawn selectively through a segregation boot. Using this segregation factor, the steady-state PSD was calculated by computer simulation. It was found from the simulation that as the input flow rate of seed particles increases, average particle size of bed material and output flow rate of grown material decrease.
    It was also demonstrated that the simulation results was in good agreement with experimental results obtained from a 10 cm-diameter steady-state fluidized-bed granulation system.
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  • Periodical Laminar Flow in an Expanded Pipe
    Keisuke Fukui, Franz Durst, Georg Scheuerer, Horst Ströll
    1989 Volume 22 Issue 5 Pages 477-483
    Published: 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.22.477
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    Periodical piston-driven laminar flow in an expanded pipe composed of two cylinders of different diameter was studied experimentally. Measurements of the unsteady velocity profile were made with a laser Doppler anemometer for the first three cycles. Dependency of the flow pattern on cycle number was determined from the measurements. One of the interesting results was that for the second and third intake strokes three vortices were observed in the large cylinder—two clockwise vortices and a counterclockwise vortex—while only one clockwise vortex was formed for the first intake stroke. It is thought that inertial force due to the unsteady flow condition caused such a complex flow pattern.
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  • The Clustering Annular Flow Model of Circulating Fluidized Beds
    Hiroyuki Ishii, Takashi Nakajima, Masayuki Horio
    1989 Volume 22 Issue 5 Pages 484-490
    Published: 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.22.484
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    The Clustering Annular Flow Model (CA model) is presented to describe the annular flow structure in the main column of a circulating fluidized bed (CFB). With the present model the flow parameters for a CFB including the dimensionless radius of the core α can be estimated, given the values of both the diameter and the voidage of the cluster phase.
    The model was successfully validated by comparison of values of α experimentally determined with those predicted from the model and observed cluster parameters. With consideration of the cluster formation it became possible to give a quantitative explanation of the annular flow structure and the high gas-solid slip velocity so far observed in circulating fluidized beds.
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  • An Extended Technique for Predicting the Mixing Times of High-Viscosity Liquid in a Mixer—Mixing Systems with Molecular Diffusion of Solute—
    Fumio Saito, Mitsuo Kamiwano
    1989 Volume 22 Issue 5 Pages 491-496
    Published: 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.22.491
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    This paper presents a technique for predicting the mixing time in a high-viscosity liquid mixing system where molecular diffusion is occurring in the mixture. In the technique, the diffusion differential equation and the model equation representing the decrease in scale of segregation with time are solved simultaneously. However, prior to prediction of the mixing time, the diffusion coefficient of the solute in the bulk liquid and the cycle time distribution of liquid in a mixer must be determined. From the concentration profile obtained by the technique proposed in this work, the macroscopic mixing time is predicted as the elapsed time until the local maximum concentrations of the solute become less than a chosen arbitrary criterion of mixing. Mixing experiments were carried out for helical screw/draft tube mixers and helical ribbon impeller mixers using corn syrup and PVA solutions of various viscosities. The mixing time was determined experimentally as the elapsed time until the segregation of tracer becomes uniform. The predicted mixing times were in good agreement with those determined experimentally.
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  • Large-Scale Structures in a Slit Nozzle Turbulent Air Jet
    Shinichi Yuu, Akinori Toyoda
    1989 Volume 22 Issue 5 Pages 497-504
    Published: 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.22.497
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    The present investigation was carried out to obtain a better understanding of the turbulent structure in a slit nozzle air jet. A series of measurements were made simultaneously by using arrays of hot-wire anemometers with x-probes. The signals were digitized and recorded on magnetic tape. Based on the data, instantaneous velocity vector fields seen from a frame moving at a constant velocity were drawn. They confirm the existence of a row of large-scale eddies whose rotation directions are the same and also show that the interaction of these eddies beyond the jet centerline forms a configuration of quasiperiodic counter-rotating eddies approximately alternating on opposite sides of the centerline in both the transitional and the fully developed turbulent regions of a slit nozzle jet.
    Inward large-scale flow, whose longitudinal u′ and lateral v′ fluctuating velocities are both negative, and outward large-scale flows, whose u′ and v′ are both positive, appear frequently in a slit nozzle jet. The former and the latter respectively correspond to the “ejection” and the “sweep” in a turbulent boundary layer.
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  • Effect of Strouhal Number on Flow Characteristics in a Symmetric Sinusoidal Wavy-Walled Channel for Oscillatory Flow
    Tatsuo Nishimura, Hisashi Miyashita, Shinichiro Murakami, Yuji Kawamur ...
    1989 Volume 22 Issue 5 Pages 505-511
    Published: 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.22.505
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    The effect of the Strouhal number on several flow characteristics in a wavy-walled channel was numerically and experimentally studied for oscillatory flow. Although oscillatory flow is characterized by a vortex formation/ejection cycle for any Strouhal number, the peak of vortex strength appears at an intermediate Strouhal number for both instantaneous flow and steady streaming. The time required for erosion of the ejected vortex at the centerline of the channel is closely related to the vortex strength at the instant of zero flow rate.
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  • Mathematical Model of Iontophoretic Transdermal Drug Delivery
    Kakuji Tojo
    1989 Volume 22 Issue 5 Pages 512-518
    Published: 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.22.512
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    A mathematical model for predicting the plasma concentration profile of a drug following iontophoretic transdermal delivery has been developed. The effects of various factors in the delivery system design and the physicochemical properties of drugs on the permeation profile were simulated by solving the dynamic mathematical model for iontophoresis. The calculated results indicated that iontophoretically facilitated transdermal delivery is particularly effective for large molecules such as proteins and peptides which are usually ionized and penetrate the skin with great difficulty by conventional passive diffusion. The present model well described in vitro experimental data of iontophoretically facilitated transdermal delivery of a polypeptide. The model can be used to understand the quantitative effects of the mode of current application on the dynamics of the iontophoretic transdermal drug delivery.
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  • A Model for Extraocular Fluid Dynamics
    Kakuji Tojo
    1989 Volume 22 Issue 5 Pages 518-521
    Published: 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.22.518
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    A compartment model (side-capacity-parallel-flow model) is used to explain the extraocular fluid dynamics that affects markedly the bioavailability of drugs in ophthalmic delivery. The SCPF model well describes the clinical profile of drug concentration after topical application not only in the open eye with normal blinking but in the closed eye as well.
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  • Investigation of a Running Condition for a Heat Exchanger Network
    Masaaki Muraki, Tetsuo Fuchino, Toyohiko Hayakawa
    1989 Volume 22 Issue 5 Pages 522-527
    Published: 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.22.522
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    A method comprising two steps was developed to judge the feasibility and to determine a running condition when an operating condition is presented for an existing heat exchanger network. One step is to determine temperatures of each process stream at inlet and outlet of each unit by solving a linear programming problem which can be easily formulated from the operating condition and the network structure, and the other is to compare the necessary heat transfer areas calculated from these temperatures with those of the existing network. For a heat exchanger network which has freedom in assigning heat loads to the units, these two steps are repeated if necessary. The effectiveness of this method is demonstrated by solving example problems.
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  • Oil Extraction from Australian Condor Oil Shale with Water—Effects of Adding Toluene, CO and NaOH
    Toshitaka Funazukuri, Tohru Yamamoto, Noriaki Wakao
    1989 Volume 22 Issue 5 Pages 527-531
    Published: 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.22.527
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    Australian Condor oil shale was subjected to oil extraction at 673 K with water and toluene and/or CO with or without NaOH. It was found that the addition of NaOH and/or toluene to water was effective in increasing oil yield. A high oil yield of 54 wt% of d.a.f. oil shale was obtained with water + toluene +NaOH + CO when heated at 8.5 K/min from room temperature to 673 K and maintained at this temperature for one hour. The oil extracted was found to have a high H/C atomic ratio.
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  • Enzyme Purification by Affinity Chromatography Combined with Batchwise Adsorption and Columnwise Elution
    Bo-Lung Yang, Motonobu Goto, Shigeo Goto
    1989 Volume 22 Issue 5 Pages 532-537
    Published: 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.22.532
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    A new process in affinity separation of proteins is proposed. The adsorption stage was substituted from a conventional columnwise operation to a batchwise operation. In the batchwise mode, the solute can be adsorbed quickly from a large quantity of very dilute solution. Then, the combined process with batchwise adsorption and columnwise elution brings a efficient purification in a short time.
    Trypsin was purified by using Sepharose 4B-STI adsorbent to demonstrate the efficiency of this process. The efficiencies were evaluated in terms of both the recovery of solute and the utilization of adsorbent. It was found for the experimental conditions that the batchwise adsorption required less time for the operation than the columnwise adsorption.
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  • Estimation of Light Intensity in a Solid–Liquid Photoreaction System
    Toshiyuki Yokota, Yasuyuki Takahata, Hiroshi Nanjo, Koji Takahashi
    1989 Volume 22 Issue 5 Pages 537-542
    Published: 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.22.537
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    A new random-walk model was proposed to simulate light scattering in a solid–liquid photoreactor. The light intensity in the reactor could be estimated by a model in which two significant parameters represented non-isotropic scattering and light absorption by a solid particle. Comparison between the results of scattering simulation and chemical actinometric experiments confirmed the validity of the model.
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  • Heterogeneous Photosensitized Oxygenation of 2,3-Dimethyl-2-Butene
    Toshiyuki Yokota, Yasuyuki Takahata, Jun Hosoya, Keiichi Suzuki, Koji ...
    1989 Volume 22 Issue 5 Pages 543-548
    Published: 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.22.543
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    Photo-oxygenation of 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene was performed using dye-supported solid particles as photosensitizer. Quantitative effects of solid sensitizer concentration and of dye quantity supported on solid particles were investigated. The light absorption rate in the heterogeneous system was assessed by a Monte Carlo simulation. The reaction rate was proportional to the n-th order of light absorption rate, where n was a little less than unity, and to the 0-th order of butene concentration in a feed range of 5 × 101–2 × 102 mol/m3. The rate constant was a function of dye quantity supported on solid particles. This is due to the adsorbate–adsorbate interaction.
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