JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN
Online ISSN : 1881-1299
Print ISSN : 0021-9592
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Volume 27, Issue 5
Displaying 1-32 of 32 articles from this issue
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Original Papers
  • A Reversed Micellar System Using Mixed Surfactants of Sodium Bis(2-Ethylhexyl)Sulfosuccinate and Di(2-Ethylhexyl)Phosphoric Acid for Extraction of Proteins
    Takumi Kinugasa, Atsuko Hisamatsu, Kunio Watanabe, Hiroshi Takeuchi
    1994 Volume 27 Issue 5 Pages 557-562
    Published: 1994
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.27.557
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    Protein extraction, including sollubilization of water, in a reversed micellar solution has been studied using mixed surfactants of sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate (AOT) and di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (DEHPA) in isooctane . It appears that the mixed micelles could be formed from AOT and charged species of DEHPA molecules in the organic phase, while uncharged DEHPA does not take part in forming the micelles. The solubilization of water into the mixed micelles depends on pH and salt concentration in the aqueous solution as well as composition and concentration of surfactants. Hemoglobin having relatively large molecular weight could be successfully extracted by the mixed micelles. Furthermore, it was found that the addition of n-hexanol in the micellar solution is useful for stripping of proteins from the micelles into dilute alkaline solution.
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  • Correlation of Solid Holdup in Liouid-Solid Fluidized Bed
    Nobuyuki Hidaka, Kazuhiro Kakoi, Toshitatsu Matsumoto, Shigeharu Moroo ...
    1994 Volume 27 Issue 5 Pages 563-570
    Published: 1994
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.27.563
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    Solid holdup in vertical fluidized beds for liquid-solid systems was investigated over a wide range of experimental conditions. The solid phases used were sieved glass beads of diameters 66, 118, 243, 465, 900, 2200, 3100 and 4650 μm, sieved porous alumina particles of diameter 3680 μm and sieved ion exchange resin particles of diameter 610 μm. The liquid phase was tap water. The effect of column diameter on solid holdup was negligible when the column diameter was larger than 0.0397 m. A novel model for predicting solid holdup in all flow regimes was developed. Experimental data, including previous results in the literature, were in good agreement with the model.
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  • Uptake of a Few Divalent Heavy Metal Ionic Species by a Fixed Bed of Hydroxyapatite Particles
    Yoshitake Suzuki, Yasushi Takeuchi
    1994 Volume 27 Issue 5 Pages 571-576
    Published: 1994
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.27.571
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    Breakthrough curves were measured for Cd2+, Cu2+ and Pb2+ in their single, binary and ternary nitrate aqueous solution systems using a fixed bed of hydroxyapatite particles in order to obtain volumetric mass transfer coefficients. Breakthrough curves for Pb2+ showed particular profiles depending on the pH of influent solutions in the bed. For the binary and ternary systems containing Pb2+, the curves for each ion showed that Pb2+ displaced not only calcium but also other co-existent ions which were already collected in the substrate. It was considered that Cd2+ and Cu2+ were collected in the vicinity of the internal surface of particles, but the uptake of Pb2+ occurred in the interior as well as at the internal surface of hydroxyapatite particles.
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  • Electrostatic Characterization of Polymeric Microspheres Containing Electrifying Additives
    Yasuo Hatate, Takahisa Nakaue, Tatsuo Imafuku, Yoshimitsu Uemura, Kazu ...
    1994 Volume 27 Issue 5 Pages 577-581
    Published: 1994
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.27.577
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    Polymeric microspheres showing unique triboelectricity properties have been exploited in the electric photograph. Despite that fact that a lot of factors have been reported to affect triboelectric properties, quantitative consideration of these factors has been left for future works.
    In this study, suspension polymerization was carried out to prepare polymeric microspheres of ca. 100 μm in diameter in which electrifying additives, such as carbon black (CB) and charge control agents (CCA), were well dispersed. The effects of additives on electrostatic capacities and physical properties of polymeric microspheres were investigated.
    It was found that the electrostatic capacity decreased with increasing CB content. The addition of CCA strongly affected the electrostatic capacities of polymeric microsphere. The effect of CCA on the electrostatic capacity is expected to be different for each CCA.
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Short Communication
Original Papers
  • Oxygen Uptake Characteristics of Microbial Film for Aerobic Wastewater Treatment
    Hong-Ying Hu, Koichi Fujie, Yasuo Ikeda, Kohei Urano, Yoshinori Yushin ...
    1994 Volume 27 Issue 5 Pages 585-589
    Published: 1994
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.27.585
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    The oxygen uptake characteristics of microbial film for aerobic BOD removal in a submerged biofilter was investigated. The oxygen uptake rate of the microbial film was determined by the off-gas analysis method, and the oxygen uptake for both aerobic BOD removal and endogenous respiration were determined. The relationship between oxygen yield and cell yield for a given organic substrate was investigated as well. It was shown that the oxygen yield for BOD removal decreased with an increase in cell yield. The oxygen yield was little changed while the endogenous respiration of microbes was significantly reduced with increased microbial film thickness. Moreover the self-degradation of microbes under aerobic conditions was hindered by clogging of packing materials due to excess growth of microbial film.
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  • Preparation of Metal Sulfide Composite Ultrafine Particles in Reverse Micellar Systems and Their Photocatalytic Property
    Takayuki Hirai, Susumu Shiojiri, Isao Komasawa
    1994 Volume 27 Issue 5 Pages 590-597
    Published: 1994
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.27.590
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    CdS, ZnS and their composite ultrafine particles were prepared using nanometer-sized waterpools in AOT/isooctane reverse micellar solutions as reaction media. The size of the ultrafine particles was controlled by changing the water content Wo (=[H2O]/[AOT]) of the reverse micellar solution and this was almost independent of the feed concentrations of Cd2+, Zn2+ and S2–. Stable ultrafine particles, which do not cause excess aggregation and the band gap of which continues to be larger than that of the bulk semiconductor for a long time after formation, could be prepared at a value of Wo less than 8. Mixing a micellar solution containing both Cd2+ and Zn2+ with a solution of S2– gave coprecipitated semiconductor ultrarine particles. Gradual precipitation of ZnS in a micellar solution which had contained CdS particles gave ZnS-coated CdS ultrafine particles. The use of an excess of S2– for precipitation was effective in making the composition of the resulting particles close to that of the initial solution, and also avoided the formation of mixed crystals. The composite ultrafine particles thus prepared could be directly applied to the photocatalytic reduction of water and were found to be improved in their photocatalytic activity compared to CdS particles. The photocatalytic properties of the coprecipitated particles varied according to the particle band gap.
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  • Effect of Particle-Impeller Impact Rate on Properties of Product Crystals in Agitated Crystallizers of Different Sizes
    Koji Takahashi, Yosuke Nakano, Yongfu He, Toshio Nomura, Kenji Shimizu
    1994 Volume 27 Issue 5 Pages 598-601
    Published: 1994
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.27.598
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    Crystallization experiments of aluminium potassium sulfate were carried out in agitated crystallizers of different sizes equipped with six-bladed Rushton disc turbines. Properties of the product crystals, that is the agglomerate ratio, the size distribution, the Sauter mean diameter and the total number of product crystals, were measured and the particle-impeller impact rate was calculated according to a correlation previously derived by the authors. By comparing these results, the effects of particle-impeller impact rate on the properties of product crystals were investigated. As a result, it was found that the total number of product crystals increases, the agglomerate ratio decreases and the size distribution becomes narrow with an increase in impact rate. The results obtained for agitated crystallizers of different sizes indicated that the same agglomerate ratio, size distribution or weight mean diameter of the product crystals is given at a constant mean energy dissipation rate throughout the vessel. On the other hand, the same dimensionless number of product crystals is obtained at a constant impeller tip speed for geometrically similar systems.
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  • Measurement of Jet Shape and Its Dynamic Change in Three-Dimensional Jetting Fluidized Beds
    Tadashi Kimura, Haruhiko Matsuo, Shigeyuki Uemiya, Toshinori Kojima
    1994 Volume 27 Issue 5 Pages 602-609
    Published: 1994
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.27.602
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    Local behavior of gas and particles in a three-dimensional jetting fluidized bed grid zone was investigated. A cone-shaped distributor with a center nozzle was employed as a gas injector and the results were compared with those for a flat distributor. A semicylindrical column was used to observe the phenomena in the grid zone from the transparent flat wall by video camera. An optical fiber probe measurement was also conducted simultaneously. The signals obtained by the sensor were compared with pictures from the video recorder and correlations between the phenomena and the signals were elucidated. Periodic effusion of particles from the annulus into the jet were apparently caused by jet constriction with the same frequency. The optical fiber probe measurement method was applied to a three-dimensional cylindrical bed. The effects of gas velocity, nozzle diameter, shape of the gas distributor on jet shape, jet constriction frequency and bubble frequency were discussed. It was suggested that the momentum of gas introduced from the nozzle should be able to be used to estimate the jet diameter and the jet height. It was also found that the jet shape was drastically affected by the shape of gas distributor. The jet constriction frequency was found to increase with gas flow rate from the nozzle.
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  • Non-Newtonian Flow Characteristics of Blood in the Shear Rate Range of 100–10,000 s–1
    Kohei Ogawa, Shinichi Ookawara, Koichi Taniguchi
    1994 Volume 27 Issue 5 Pages 610-615
    Published: 1994
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.27.610
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    Using a clinical blood viscometer developed by the authors, the flow characteristics of blood were measured in the shear rate range of 100–10,000 s–1. Some factors which could cause measurement error were investigated and a pressure correction was introduced to characterize the measurement error tendency. From analysis and experiments using standard Newtonian liquids, it was confirmed that the measurement error tendency was characterized mainly by a pressure transducer error. In addition, it was verified that ±10% accuracy was attachable using a new calibration method in the entire shear rate range. Blood samples collected in a hospital were tested immediately and the non-Newtonian properties were evaluated by Casson parameters for purposes of comparison. It was shown that the flow characteristics measured in the present study are reasonable when compared with other works. It was also shown that blood viscosity decreased clearly with shear rate in the above shear rate range.
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  • Dewatering of Gels by Constant Pressure Expression
    Masao Sambuichi, Hideo Nakakura, Futoshi Nishigaki, Kunihisa Osasa
    1994 Volume 27 Issue 5 Pages 616-620
    Published: 1994
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.27.616
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    The dewatering process of constant pressure expression was experimentally investigated with three kinds of bulk gels. While the structure of a gel is different from that of a solid liquid mixture, hydraulic pressure distribution in the gel approximately coincides with that calculated from the conventional theory of filtration during the first term of the process. This first term is able to be reasonably analysed as the filtration period. The subsequent process can be analysed as the consolidation period. Some of the liquid in the gel is mechanically inseparable, so as a rule it is essential to account for this liquid in analysis of the expression process for gelatinous materials. Results of electrical conductivity measurement of the gel indicate that the net free water almost corresponds with the water mechanically separable. The experimental results of agar-agar gel coincide favourably with the calculated results based on the conventional theory of expression and the compression permeability test data.
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  • Gas Entrainment and Depth of Penetration in a Co-current Gas-Liquid Downflow Bubble Column
    Gautam Kundu, Dibyendu Mukherjee, Arun K. Mitra
    1994 Volume 27 Issue 5 Pages 621-626
    Published: 1994
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.27.621
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    Performance of a two phase downflow bubble column fitted with an ejector has been evaluated with respect to depth of penetration of the jet in the liquid column and entrainment of secondary air. Experiments were carried out with a column of 51.6 min i.d. and five different nozzles. Three systems, namely air-water, air-kerosene and air-paraffin were used. Correlations have been developed for predicting the gas entrainment ratio and the jet coefficient for momentum transfer during penetration as functions of the physical and dynamic variables of the system.
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  • Overproduction of Foreign Gene Product in Recombinant Escherichia coli by in situ Adsorption of Tryptophan
    Hiroyuki Honda, Koji Ogiso, Osamu Ariga, Tateki Yamakawa, Yoshiki Sano ...
    1994 Volume 27 Issue 5 Pages 627-631
    Published: 1994
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.27.627
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    For two stage culture with control of tryptophan concentration, rapid in situ removal of tryptophan by adding adsorbent was investigated. Activated carbon, BAC, could adsorb a larger amount of tryptophan than other adsorbents. From test tube cultures, it was found that 20 g/1 of BAC was necessary to remove large portions of tryptophan in a medium containing 20 mg/1 of tryptophan and induce the β-galactosidase gene expression. Two stage culture was performed using a jar fermentor in which tryptophan concentration was kept at 20 mg/l in the first stage for cell growth and then almost totally removed by direct addition of 20 g/l of BAC to the medium. One hour after addition of BAC, an increase in enzyme activity was observed. Maximum specific enzyme activity reached a final value of 320 μkat/g-protein, which corresponded to a level 12 times that of the control culture.
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  • Study on Heat Transfer Enhancement by Using Spirally Corrugated Tubes
    Edmond M. Hido, Yoshiyuki Bando, Makoto Nishimura
    1994 Volume 27 Issue 5 Pages 632-637
    Published: 1994
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.27.632
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    To study enhancement in heat transfer by corrugated tubes, one smooth tube and seven kinds of three-starts spirally corrugated tubes which had different combinations of the depth and pitch of corrugation were used in a double-pipe heat exchanger. The friction factors and heat transfer coefficients of the tube inside and annulus were measured, and the contribution of the corrugated tubes to the enhancement in heat transfer was examined.
    The spirally corrugated tubes provided a secondary spiral fluid motion near the tube wall. The effects of the geometrical parameters were expressed by the tube severity factor which is a function of the depth and pitch of corrugation and the tube diameter. With increasing severity factor, both the friction factors and heat transfer coefficients of the tube inside and annulus increased. The contribution of the corrugated tubes was examined by evaluating the overall performance which was defined as the ratio of the enhancement in heat transfer to the increase in friction factor. A maximum in overall performance appeared at a relatively low severity factor.
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  • Simultaneous Organic Carbon Removal and Nitrification by Biofilm Formed on Oxygen Enrichment Membrane
    Kazuaki Yamagiwa, Akira Ohkawa, Okihiko Hirasa
    1994 Volume 27 Issue 5 Pages 638-643
    Published: 1994
    Released on J-STAGE: March 30, 2005
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.27.638
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    Biorilm was formed on an oxygen enrichment-type support which consisted of a poly(dimethylsiloxane) hollow fiber membrane and a fibrous support woven around the fiber. Population distribution of nitrifiers and denitrifiers in the biofilm was investigated. Nitrifiers were dominant within the fibrous support while denitrifiers were dominant in the surface biofilm attached to the support. Simultaneous organic carbon removal and nitrification were carried out successfully in single-step treatment of domestic wastewater. The nitrification rate in the present biofilm was about 2.2 g/m2d at an air pressure of 19.6 kPa or 29.4 kPa and was comparable to that in conventional biofilm processes designed especially for nitrification.
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Short Communications
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