Pathophysiology of acute obstruction of the superior vena cava was studied experimentally. Ligation or temporary obstruction of the superior vena cava did not threaten the life of the experimental animals. However, the cerebral blood flow reduction was remarkable especially in dogs with circulator, y disturbances. Cerebrospinal fluid drainage was proved to be effective in the case with S. V. C. obstruction to increase the cerebral venous ouflow, and this method was applied clinically with satisfactory results. Possible mechanism of this method was discussed.

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Pathological study of cardiovascular system of 173 animals from the spontaneously hypertensive rats (OKAMOTO and AOKI) revealed the following results. 1. In the spontaneously hypertensive rats, periarteritis nodosa was the most remarkable and frequent vascular disease (25% in contrast to 5% in normotensive control animals), and even the development of nephrosclerosis, which has never been experienced in control animals, was not rare (13%). 2. The incidence of periarteritis nodosa showed an increase in proportion to the severity and duration of hypertension. 3. Nephrosclerosis was found almost exclusively in the rats whose blood pressure level is very high (over 200mm Hg.) or in which the high blood pressure, if not so high, lasts for very long time (over 16 months). 4. As hypertension developed, heart gained in weight, and concentric cardiac hypertrophy occurred. 5. Histologically examined, in the arterioles or small arteries, definite changes corresponding to human benign arterio (lo) sclerosis were no more than thickenig of vessel walls. Contrarily, the vascular lesions similar to those in human malignant hypertension were remarkable and rich in variety, that is to say, proliferative process and fibrinoid degeneration or necrosis of the vessel wall were common. Larger arteries were involved mainly by periarteritis nodosa, sometimes intimal proliferation and thickening of the vessel walls, but no atherosclerosis was experienced. 6. In the heart, myocardial scarring was noticed. It is significant for the future studies of vascular lesions in the human essential hypertension, that in the spontaneously hypertensive rats, extensive and severe vascular lesions, nephrosclerosis and cardiac lesions develop without any artificial procedure.

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Comparative study was carried out on the fatty acid composition of the lipids of thoracic duct lymph, aortic blood serum and diet of the rat and rabbit. Analysis of the fatty acid was made by gas-liquid chromatography. Major acids in lymph and serum of rats were palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and arachidonic acids. In rabbits, the arachidonic acid level was, however, very low both in lymph and serum. On the other hand, a great quantity of linolenic acid was contained in both lymph and serum of rabbits in contrast to rats. Particularly interesting was the presence of fatty acids with 15 and 17 carbon atoms in lymph and serum of all examined rats and rabbits whereas the percentage composition of these acids was very low. Small amounts of lauric, myristic and palmitoleic acids were also present in lymph and serum of both animals. In addition to this, there was a possility of appearance of 13:1 or branched 14 :0, 14:1, 15:1 or branched 16:0, 16:2 or branched 18 :0, 20:1 and 20:3 acids. An unknown acid which followed arachidonic acid was noted in lymph and serum of rats while the nature of this acid has not yet been determined. Major fatty acids found in lymph were all observed in diet. The same odd carbon fatty acids in lymph was also identified in diet. The percentages of most of the components in lymph run roughly parallel to those in diet in each animal. The stearic and arachidonic acids were, however, the exceptions in rats. The level of stearic and arachidonic acids was greatly higher in lymph and serum than in diet. In rabbits, stearic acid showed the same relationship as in rats, but arachidonic acid was contained in a small quantity both in lymph and diet. The linoleic acid was the largest component in lymph and diet of both animals. A great difference in the percentage composition of linolenic acid in lymph and serum between the rat and rabbit might be obtained from the difference of the content of this acid in diets.

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The fatty acid composition of lipids in efferent lymph from the popliteal lymph node of the rabbit has been comparatively studied with that in blood serum. All the fatty acids, clearly detectable in all samples of serum by gas-liquid chromatography, could be identified in lymph, but were present in a different composition. Lauric, myristic, myristoleic, pentadecanoic, palmitic and palmitoleic acids were higher in the percentage composition in lymph than in serum. On the contrary, oleic, Iinoleic, linolenic and arachidonic acids were lower in lymph than in serum. Margaric and stearic acids were very similar in both lymph and serum.

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Many theories have been given concerning the occurence mechanismus of the Korotkoff Sound, but they has been no established theory as yet. In an effort to attain a definite theory I carried out my experiment measuring the time relativity of Korotkoff Sound and other hemodynamics, and also made a further study of frequency analysis of the Korotkoff Sound. From the facts "which is recorded of part 1 and 2" I may say that in the Korotkoff Sound origin there are two different mechanismus, the ton and the murmur origins. The 2nd phase sounds alone are caught as the murmur, which arises when the stoppage of the blood vessel advances to 78-60%, as Gupta-Wigger's report. And when the pressure decreases from a complete stoppage gradually to the degree of 78% with the accompanying widening of the blood vessel, then it is said to have reached Swan's 2nd points, 60% corresponds to Swan's 3rd points, only in the 2nd phase points, between Swan's 2nd and 3rd points, the murmur are caught and as the constriction degree lowers below 60% with the accompanying widening of the blood vessel, they become the 3rd and 4th phase sounds, and only the tones are caught in each point. Murmurs are caused by the vibration of blood stream, and are called the murmurs arising in blood stream. They arise because of the stenotic flow and naturally they are seen conspicuously at the time of distal hyperemia and congestion. And a conspicuous distribution difference of frequency is seen. Next, the tone segment shows nearly the same frequency distribution at both distal hyperemia and congestion, and murmurs arising from the vibration of blood vessels. They are the murmurs arising in vessel walls. The arterial system constitutes a series of Windkessel, but the vibration alone of Windkessel does not originate sounds of high frequency elements. Due to cuff pressure on the brachial artery the vessel becomes partially narrow and the blood flow through this narrowed part increases its velocity, resulting in a decrease of lateral pressure energy and a lowering of lateral pressure while the blood vessel walls come closer together causing a greater contraction. This series of processes continues until the vessel is completely up, when the velocity becomes O and all the energy is utilized as lateral pressure. The next pulse wave reaching the stoppage point will push out the closed vessel with a strong force and at this moment the walls are pushed out causing the so-called flutter of blood vessel walls. This flutter phenomenon together with Windkessel function, and the acoustic effect of cuff pressure, work together to originate the high frequencied yet transient Korotkoff Sound.

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In order to record the mechanical movements of heart and aorta, an apparatus for rheography was originated for trial by our research group. Having examined this apparatus and method. we made studies on the rheograms of the healthy and of the arrhythmic patients followed by considerations of its clinical significances. 1) On rheography the A.C. bridge has been used as a transducer, i.e. one electrode is placed on the anterior chest wall and another on the back, positioning so that the heart or aorta to become in between them, connecting both to one arm of A.C. bridge, and 40 KC more or less frequency A.C. was transmitted. This apparatus is possible to record the mechanical movements of heart or aorta by the fluctuation of unbalanced current of A.C. bridge caused through the changes of impedance between the both electrodes. 2) An impedance equivalent to that of human body has been measured and have noticed that the values of phase angles of human body impedance are constantly negative and its absolute values decrease in accordance with the frequency increase. Hence, it became known that this A.C. bridge requires relatively simple composition : i.e. the arm of fixed impedance value is necessary for resistance only, and the other arm for adjustment may be joined in series both resistance and capacitance. 3) Having studied the characteristics of the A.C. bridge as a transducer, we have also noticed that the fluctuation of unbalanced current of the A.C. bridge is in proportion to the human body, in case the arm impedance fluctuation joined to body compared to the electrodes impedance, is negligibly small. Theoretically and from the results of our experimental researches, the bridge with equal absolute value of impedance on every arm was found to be most sensitive and advantageous for this experiment, from the viewpoint of this apparatus structure. On the other hand, through the outcome of our examination on the convergent loci of the A.C. bridge, the A.C. bridge as a transducer has been also recognized as most sensitive in case used in the slightly unbalanced state. Whereas, when recording the rheograms of heart or aorta, we have arrived at the conclusion that it is most advantageous to be recorded in the unbalanced state of slightly increased resistance and capacitance (from the balanced state). 4) We have devised a calibrating method to calibrate the fluctuation of impedance between the 2 electrodes as a vector; That is, the determination of vector value induced from the deviated curve which is caused by changing resistance and capacitance of the arm for adjustment respectively in the course of recording. 5) The A.C. distribution in a piece of fish-flesh was examined. Also we further studied the wave forms of rheograms by placing electrodes on several parts of human body. From these experiments in case a small electrode is uesd, we have recognized that the current density of the place adjacent to the electrode was greatest.

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