The authors observed the cardiac muscular tissue with an electron microscope to try to clarify that the cardiac muscle differs from the skeletal muscle. The cardiac muscular tissue is almost the same as the skeletal muscular tissue, but, it differs in a few points. The cardiac muscular cell has many more mitochondria that the skeletal muscle cell. Myofilaments of cardiac muscular tissue are arranged in the so-called hexagonal double array, and the number of actinfilaments around one myosinfilament seems to be more than six.

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The relationship between lipids and blood viscosity has been the subject of a number of reports, all of which show increased intake of lipids causes in blood viscosity. But it has remained a moot point which among the lipid fractions of blood is responsible for the increase in viscosity. In the present studies, the relationship of serum viscosity with each lipid fraction and with lipolysis was investigated with special attention to the influence on atherosclerosis. Materials and Methods The serum viscosity was measured at 17°C in a Hess' viscosimeter of 0.244 mm. diameter with a negative pressure of 180 mm H₂O applied to one end. The determination of lipids was carried out by the dextran sulfate method for β-lipoprotein, by Zak-Henley's method for total cholesterol, by a modified Zilversmit's method for phospholipids, and by Handel and Zilversmit's method for triglycerides. The subjects chosen were 211 in-patients at the Seccond Internal Clinic of Kanazawa University Hospital, who were free from inflammatory diseases, cachexia, and dysproteinemia. Results 1) The serum viscosity was observed to have statistically significant positive correlation with the serum levels of β-lipoprotein, total cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides. There seemed to exist some positive correlation, not quite significant, between the viscosity and the cholesterol/phospholipids ratio. 2) Marked individual difference was observed in the direct influence of lipids on serum viscosity, and it seemed desirable, for obtaining more definite information about the relationship, to choose individuals having large fluctuations in the lipid levels and carry out the observation repeatedly in the same subjects for a prolonged periods. Therefore the changes of serum viscosity and lipid levels were observed for 12 months in a case of essential hyperlipemia, and the result showed that the viscosity had highp ositive correlation with every lipid fraction. 3) When post-heparin serum was added to serum rich in β-lipoprotein and incubated, the viscosity of the mixture was found to be much lower than before the incubation, and the relative lowering was found to be nearly parallel to the relative decrease in the β-lipoprotein. 4) In addition to the in vitro experiment, clinical observation was carried out to determine the changes of serum viscosity due to administration of agents having the power of correcting lipid metabolism such as acid mucopolysacchrides and anabolic steroids. These agents produced reduction in β-lipoprotein and proportionate reduction in serum viscosity in about two thirds of the subjects. Combined administration of mucopolysaccharides and anabolic steroids caused conspicuous reduction in lipid level and viscosity. Discussion and Conclusion It has been reported several times that loading with lipids produce increase in the viscosity of whole blood and of plasma, and it has been well established that intravenous injection of chylomicron, emulsified fat, or simillar large corpuscles increase blood viscosity and that administration of unsaturated fatty acids and low-fat diet reduces it. Epidemiological studies also have shown that blood viscosity is affected by dietary consumption of fat. No report hitherto published, however, clarifies the relationship between the viscosity and the levels of specific lipid fractions. The present study of the author has revealed the existence of positive correlation between the viscosity and almost every lipid fraction. This common behavior of the fractions strongly indicate the probability that they exert their influence on the viscosity through some factor common to all of them, instead of independently, and that β-lipoprotein which is the main constituent of serum lipid fractions is mainly responsible for the influence. [the rest omitted]

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The etiology of athrosclerosis has been investigated from very many angles, not only from epidemiological considerations such as race, diet, and environment, but also from endocrinological, blood rheological, neurological, and comparative pathological considerations and in relation to sexes and constitution of body fluids. Very recently, a number of surface-active agents having the power of substantially modifying the physicochemical properties of blood lipids have been tentatively administered for the purpose of inhibiting the occurrence of atherosclerosis. Also, as was reported in the First Report, the rheological properties of blood which are responsible for the transformation of the constituents of blood and the change of its flow characteristics have undergone gradual clarification. It must be very pertinent to the study of the etiology and therapy of atherosclerosis to carry out clinical investigation of the physicochemical properties of blood and tissue cells. Regarding the relationship between the rheology of blood and atherosclerosis, increase of viscosity of whole blood is thought to be responsible for the development of atherosclerosis presumably through increase of some adhesive substances in the plasma having the property of making the celular constituents stick together. Therefore the author measured the viscosity of serum in animals with experimental atherosclerosis and in patients with diseases closely related to atherosclerosis, and studied the relationship between sclerosis and viscosity. Materials and Methods The method of measuring serum viscosity and the clinical subjects employed were the same as in the First Report. The experimental animals were 35 rabbits, of which 17 were fed on lanolin. Results 1) The relationship between age and serum viscosity was as follows. The average viscosity in the 43 male patients under 40 years was 1.773 with standard deviation of 0.089. The 36 females under 40 gave 1.773±0.081, the 84 males of age 40 and over gave 1.847±0.108, and the 46 females of the same age bracket gave 1.848±0.125. Thus in each sex the higher age group had larger values of viscosity than the lower group, but there was found no significant difference between both sexes. 2) The average and the standard deviation were found to be 1.868 and 0.129 in the 15 patients with coronary diseases. The 73 hypertensive patients gave 1.830±0.094, the 21 with cerebrovascular diseases gave 1.839±0.129, and the 19 diabetics gave 1.833±0.113, the values being decidedly higher than the value found in 15 healthy subjects in their twenties, which was 1.728±0.056. 3) Some of the rabbits in which experimental atherosclerosis was produced by lanolin feeding showed serum viscosity markedly higher than the control animals. The average was 1.758±0.168 for the 17 lanolin-fed rabbits and 1.553±0.080 for the 18 controls. Discussion and Conclusion It has been reported that increase of blood viscosity occurs in patients with coronary diseases such as myocardial infarction and angina pectoris, and the high viscosity has been regarded to have important bearing on the etiology of these diseases. The high viscosity of whole blood may be regarded as a plausible and important cause of thrombus formation in arterioles of small bores such as those of the coronary arteries, but does not fully explain the fact that thrombi are formed and atherosclerosis occurs oftener in somewhat larger arteries. In relatively large arteries, the flow of blood near the intima is what really matters. But in the part of the stream close to the intima, the blood mainly consists of the liquid components, and it is thought better for the objective in view to measure the viscosity of plasma or serum than that of whole blood. [the rest omitted]

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Various type of experimental hypertensions (DCA hypertension, adrenal regeneration hypertension, renal hypertension and neurogenic hypertension) were produced in the Wistar rats, both female and male descendants were multiplied for each type of hypertension respectively. In these series of rats biological observations were made in the subungual capillary vessels of the hind legs, and width of arterial and venous loops, winding ratio, and number of windings in an arterial and a venous loop were measured to yield following results. 1) Morphologically speaking, subungual capillary vessels in rat legs are similar to those of human ungual capillary vessels and arterial loop are distinguishable from venous loops. 2) Capillary vessels in normal rats show seasonal change, dilated in summer and constricted in winter and contracted by noradrenaline administration. However, no changes are encountered under influences of room temperature. 3) All capillary vessels in various type of experimental hypertension rats incline to be narrowed and wound soon after hypertension being developed. The changes of capillaries are parallel to the degree of hypertension, at most in renal hypertension, next in neurogenic hypertension and about equal in DCA hyperor adrenal regeneration hypertension. 4) Capillary vessels in rats with renal hypertension influenced by administration of antihypertensive drug (Reserpin). Arterial and venous loops are dilated and winding ratios are decreased in association with falling blood pressure. If blood pressure goes up by stop giving reserpin, they are narrowed and wound. 5) Capillary vessels of experimental hypertensive descendant rats in successive generations are unchanged in series of F₁ from the normal group, but in after F₂ series narrowing of width and winding of loop are evident, the more late series the more severe changes are found. Degree of changes are great following the F₃ series which representative of spontaneous hypertension group. In F₅ series they show 2/3 in width of arterial loop, and 2∼4 times in winding ratio than the normal. Furthermore more capillary winding are seen after hypertension being persisted than before hypertension. 6) In conclusion, inner diameter of capillaries and winding ratio are closely related to the level of blood pressure, narrowing and winding of the capillaries play an important role to producing mechanism of hypertension.

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