The motions of elite female setters in the world who are setting in official games were recorded on video by three VTR cameras, and three-dimensional motion analysis was conducted. In this study, the setting technique to set to the accurate position that was easy for attackers to spike was focused on. The movement to the level point of the received ball and the ball-handling motion which were important to succeed the set were analyzed. That is because carrying on these motional processes in success becomes the accurately set to the accurate position. In order to arrange and investigate quantitatively the set position and direction which are played at various positions on the court, the operation programs of the various measurement items made by myself were created, and the data was analyzed. By extracting the motion which is inherent in common or overall pattern from motions of analyzed elite setters and explaining it biomechanically, the technique characteristics to set to the accurate position was clarified. The results were as follows. The analysis attempts were the setting motions to set to the accurate position and direction. In movement to the level point of the received ball, the center of gravity became the lowest from the time of the highest value of the received ball at an average of 24±6％ of the time, and it was jumped toward the position which caught the ball. In ball-handling motion, the posture was prepared before impact, right and left hand were mostly drawn for both hands in front of forehead. Both arms were extended to the set direction symmetrically, and the ball was released. These knowledge is the motional processes (technique) which may be generalized to the others and which can be metastasized, and these are considered to contribute valuable scientific data at the time of mastering setting technique in sports instruction.

    The purpose of this paper is to apply the Prisoner’s Dilemma model of game theory to provide a basic theoretical framework for building good sport teams based on new methodologies to deal with behavioral and psychological problems encountered by coaches and team players. Major findings are as follows.
(i) The dilemma occurring among team members can be characterized as that of choosing between “cooperation” and “betrayal” in the Prisoner’s Dilemma game. A similar dilemma could occur between team players and coaches.
(ii)We identify two contrasting coaching methods; (a) use of authoritative power to directly intervene with players (we refer it to as “quick coaching”) and (b) formulation of spontaneous and cooperative atmosphere among players and people surrounding them (we refer it to as “slow coaching”).
(iii)A desirable coaching would be such that to allocate the authoritative power of coaches appropriately by applying an appropriate combination of “quick coaching” and “slow coaching.” We propose “ARAP model” consisting of four stages; (initial) ambivalence, reformation of self, accumulation (of experience), and (acquiring) proficiency.

    The contents of this study examine the effects on the movement of a thrower (tori) when performing SEOINAGE. Specifically, the angle of the elbow and shoulder, the angle of the knee, and the degree to which the upper body bends forward were compared between when a thrown (uke) took a neutral posture, a defensive posture, and a forward bent posture. Movement was recorded by way of six high-speed infrared cameras, which was then analyzed through threedimensional movement analysis software. The results indicate that when disregarding the posture of the uke, four tendencies can be observed in the movement of the joint angle from the beginning of the technique until completion. However, in regards to the posture of the uke, the largest difference which occurred was that when in a defensive position and forward bent position, in comparison with a neutral position, it was confirmed that tori sharply bends his/her elbow joint, which constricts the movement of the lifting hand, further closes the armpit, sharply bends at the knee, and overly hunches over his/her upper body.

    The purpose of this study is to identify the characteristics of the overhand pass in beach volleyball (BVB) by comparing it with the overhand pass in volleyball (VB). The following results were obtained：
    (1) In the pull phase, wrist dorsiflexion occurred in VB. On the other hand, in BVB, the elbow was bent in addition to the wrist dorsiflexion. This finding suggests that there is a difference in the buffer action of the elbow between VB and BVB.
    (2) In the push phase, the maximum angular velocities of knee and ankle joints were not during VB but during BVB. This finding suggests a timing difference in lower extension between VB and BVB. And, the largest angular velocity of the upper limbs was seen in the wrist during VB, whereas it was seen in the elbow during BVB. This suggests the segment of the body that accelerates the ball in VB is different from that in BVB. Besides, the timing for extending the upper and lower limbs differs in VB but is comparatively near in BVB.
    These results suggest that the characteristics of BVB involve the buffer action of the ball with the elbow in addition to that with the wrist, and the acceleration of the ball with the knee and ankle and the simultaneous elbow extension.

    This study aimed to develop the assessment of muscle strength and endurance in climbers, and clarify the profiles of muscle strength and endurance in Lead climbers, in relation to performance levels. Muscular strength and endurance, using a traditional hand grip strength dynamometer and an original new climbing-specific grip strength and endurance test, were determined in 12 male non-climbers and 40 male Lead climbers who were categorized into four groups (control, beginner, intermediate and expert). All muscular strength and endurance test were significantly associated with climbing performances (ρ＝0.674 -0.747, p<0.05). Differences among the four groups were more marked in climbingspecific strength and endurance than in traditional hand grip strength. Traditional hand grip strength was significantly higher for control group than for beginner and intermediate group. Therefore it is insufficient to evaluate muscle strength of Lead climbers only by traditional hand grip strength, whereas the climbing-specific strength tests used here can be used to evaluate the muscle strength and endurance profiles of Lead climbers in relation to climbing performance.

    A notational analysis of 12,428 rallies in 149 singles matches at the London Olympic Games was conducted to clarify the characteristics of world-class rallies in table tennis. The number of shots played per rally, which was the sum of a correct service and correct returns, was measured. And the winning ratios of server and receiver were determined by the number of shots played per rally (Odd numbers indicate the server won the point, even numbers indicate the receiver won the point). The playing styles of the players were classified into all-round types and defensive types (chopper type), and the types of matches were classified into 3 by the combination of playing styles as: all-rounder vs. all-rounder (AA type), all-rounder vs. defensive (AD type) and defensive vs. defensive (DD type). The numbers of shots and the two ratios, and relations to both gender and type of match were considered. The DD type was excluded from this analysis because there were too few measured data. As a result, the mode of the number of shots for men and women was 3 each. The maximums for men and women were 38 and 60, respectively. The minimum for men and women were 0 each. The mean number of shots for women was significantly larger than that for men for AD type (p<0.01), and that for AD type was significantly larger than that for AA type for both men (p<0.01) and women (p<0.001). The mean winning ratios for servers for both men and women for AA type and AD type were all at the same level at about 55％, which were significantly higher than those for receivers of about 45％ (p<0.01). Additionally, the evaluation criteria for the mean number of shots in a match, and those for the winning ratios of a server and a receiver were proposed. It was suggested that these results could be valuable for table tennis coaching.

    The purpose of this study was to clarify the differences of the motions during the preparation for takeoff and the contact takeoff between the foul jumps and the cleared jumps in the long jump, and to get hints for coaching to prevent the foul jumps. The subjects were five male student long jumpers. Their motions during the phase of preparation for takeoff and the contact takeoff were videotaped by high speed VTR cameras. The analyzed jumps were the longest distance of the foul jumps (7.15±0.39m) and the longest distance jump of the cleared jumps (7.12±0.41m). The results were summarized as follows:
1. In the second-last stride of the foul jumps, the height of the center of gravity was higher than that of the cleared jumps, and the recovery motion of the lead leg was delayed than that of the cleared jumps.
2. In the last stride of the foul jumps, the footfall position was closer to takeoff line than that of the cleared jumps.
3. In the contact of the takeoff of the foul jumps, the swing downward of the takeoff leg and the swing to body of the lead leg were delayed than that of the cleared jumps. And the foot joint of the takeoff leg was more extended than that of the cleared jumps.
    Consequently, it was inferred that the footfall position of the last stride and the foot joint angle in the contact of the takeoff were important characteristics on the foul jumps.