It is clinically recognized that the intestinal mobility increases tempolarily when the passage of intestinal contents has been blocked. Experimentlly has been showed the close relation between 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin, 5HT) level peristaltic and reflex of intestine which induced by the increased internal pressure.
This paper is to study serum 5HT and enterochromaffin cells in patients with cancer of the colon. At the same time, serum 5HT, 5HT in tissue and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) in urine were studied after ligation of the distal colon in rats.
Compared with normal control, serum 5HT was high in patients with colonic cancer which involved more than 2/3 of circumference of cavity. However, it decreased into nomal level when the involved segments were removed. The enterochromaffin cells were also in-creased in number according to the degree of the stenosis.
In experiments ligating the distal colon of rats, serum 5HT increased on the 4th days and was mainteined in certain high lever afterward. 5HT in tissue increased soon after the ligation and 5HIAA in urine increased on the 2nd days.
Increase of enterochromaffin cells were also observed on the 4th days and its increase was most remarkable when the ligation was made at proxymal colon.

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The fundomental experimental study was performed to apply cryotherapy to the hemorrhoid. On the liver of rabbit, the cryonecrosis was made by the two, cycle freezing with liquid nitrogen. By the hystologic and cystologic investigation, it was proved that the cryonecrosis was induced by cell injury and vascular stasis. This necrosis have never spreaded beyond the frozen area. This characteristics seems to be favourable for necrotherapy of hemorrhoid considering the essential quality of hemorrhoid.
In the clinical studies, the temperature change during freezing and thawing were measured to classify the cryo-resistence of hemorrhoidal tissue.
The liquid-nitrogen groop revealed the 40°-100°C/minit freezing velosity and 4°-9°C/ minit, thawing velosity which were mostly beneficial for cryonecrosis confirmed by histological studies. On the other hand, the rapid freezing and slow thawing were not obtained in the CO₂ groop suspecting the necessity of the longer freezing time for complete necrosis.
In both groop, the sphincter muscle have never affected by freezing. The sever unfavourable complication have never occured in all the clinical cases.

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The specimens of 14 external hemorrhoids which were frozen either by liquid carbon or liquid nitrogen pricr to surgical extripation were in vestigated electronmicroscopically.
The cryoinjury produced by liquid nitrogen is noted to be more extensive than by liquid carbon. The cross section of lesions were measured immediately after removal, which was approxiately 12.6 mm in width and 5.6 mm in depth in the former, and 5.6 mm and 2.1 mm respectively in the latter. The probe was applied to the dentate line, and the lesions are divided in three stages, i.e. necrotic, necrobiotic and edematous. The extension of cryoinjury is, however, suppressed by the underlying internal sphincter and longitudinal muscle bundles as well as the vessels. Electronmicroscopically, the covering squamous epithelium under rapid freezing and thawing illustrates marked dilation of the extracellular spaces with ice crystals which displace the cells aside. In the cytoplasm, swelling and sphere-like vesiculation of the mitochondria and rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum are evident. As a consequence of the disruption of the cytomembrane, the distended cysternae of these structures are confluent with the liquefied cytoplasmic matrix, producing larger vesicles, and the nuclei are compressed to the periphery. The cuboidal or columnal cells of the glandular and transitional epithelium are on occasions swollen and rounded usually containing smaller ice crystals, and it is presumable that acid-polysaccharide contained in their cytoplasm acts as a cryoprotective agent.
In the mesenchymal tissue elements of the subepithelial stroma, endothelial cells are most susceptible to freezing injury, revealing increased permeability, aggregation of plateletes and deposition of fibrin with evidence of an early thrombotic process.The myelinated and unmyelinated nerve bundles display marked edema in the epi- and perineurium, and small ice crystals are also formed in the cytoplasm of the surrounding fibrocytes and Schwan cells.

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In this paper, a rare case of primary linitis plastica type of colonic cancer is presented with review of the literature.
A 35-year-old man was admitted to our department of surgery seeking for the treatment of complete stenosis of the rectum on March 22, 1976. At once, primary loop sigmoid colostomy and biopsy at the white and thick rectal wall were performed. The postoperative roentgenologic examinations reveraled complete narrowing of the rectum about 10 cm in length and the endoscopic examinations showed edematous swollen mucous membrane covered with copius mucus. Neither tumor nor ulcer was recognized. Based upon the histological examinations and clinical findings, the final diagnosis of primary linitis plastica type of carcinoma of the rectum was made. Hence, the combined therapies of oral administration of 5-fluorouracil and cobalt-60 irradiation were begun resulting in marked resolution of the neoplasm and remarkable relief of the clinical symptoms 2 months after the onset of treatment during the period of 20 months. But, in Novomber 1977, numerous dermal metastases came out at the lumbar region the head and the chest wall. The patient was gradually emaciated and died of cachexia on June 2, 1978.
In the literature of the world from 1951 through 1976, only 34 cases of primary linitis plastica type of colonic carcinoma have been reported. The clinical aspects of this case was discussed as comparison with the 34 cases.

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Suppositories of salicylazosulphapyridine (SASP) were administered for the treatment of ulcerative colitis. In 24 cases (75%) out of 32 patients with this disease, improvements were observed in clinical signs and/or endoscopic findings. In 14 patients of these 32 cases, suppositories were only administered, and good effect of this local therapy for this illness was recognized in 7 cases (50 %). In remaining 18 patients, both topical and oral administrations were carried out simultaniously. Effectiveness of this combination therapy was found to be 17/18 (94%), being seen in every grade of severity, namely mild, moderate, and severe one, and also recognized those effect in every extent of this disease, such as proctitis, leftside-colitis, and entire-colitis. Adverse effects were recognized as following; local irritability in 5 cases, discomfort over lower abdomen in one case, pain over lower abdomen in one case.
It was suggested that the combined administration of oarl and topical SASP for the treatment of ulcerative colitis was very effective.

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Post-operative bladder dysfunction following various types of radical surgeries on carcinoma of the rectum was reviewed on 181 patients.
For better understanding of post-operative dysuria, physiological voiding mechanismus was discussed with special reference to currently advanced idea of autonomic neuroreceptors and their distribution in the lower urinary tract. Role of sympathetic nervous system on sustaining urinary continence was clarified.
Post-operative neurogenic dysfunction was found in 54.2 % with the patients underwent radical lymphnode dissection associated with the rectal surgery. Incidence of the occurrence were 78 % with sacroabdominal approach, 60.5 % with Miles' procedure, 47.1 % with pull through and 20.7 % with anterior resection.
Urodynamic studies including CMG, UPP, Uroflowmetry with simultaneous recorcing of EEG of the external urethral sphincter disclosed impaired detrusor function with sensory loss resulting increase of the urethral pressure. Detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia observed to be the main cause of post-operative dysuria and was found in 77.7 % of the patients with urinary retention.
To cope with post-operative bladder dysfunction, Lapides' non-sterile clean intermittent self catheterization has been practiced together with cholinergic stimulator (Bethanechol chloride) and alpha-blocker (phenoxy-benzamine) on 55 patients as soon as perineal wound healing with minimal complications. The procedure was proved to be simple, safe and can be done easily at home even with prolonged period of urinary retention. Urinary infection was well controlled, no deterioration of the renal function was noted and improvement of hydronephrosis and VUR were noted. .
A blief comment on surgical treatment was made based on the literatures.

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