A general review was made on the recent progress in X-ray spectroscopy. As examples of our special interest the following subjects were chosen: EXAFS and its application to structural analysis, spectroscopic studies of transition-metal compounds and rare-earth compounds, and inter-relationship among the spectra in the X-ray energy region obtained by means of different methods. With the help of electron orbital radiation as an intense continuous X-ray source and improved theoretical treatments the study of X-ray spectra has been more quantitative than qualitative compared with that in ten years ago.
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