Japanese Journal of Crop Science
Online ISSN : 1349-0990
Print ISSN : 0011-1848
ISSN-L : 0011-1848
Volume 24, Issue 3
Displaying 1-38 of 38 articles from this issue
  • Hideo HAMADA
    1956 Volume 24 Issue 3 Pages 147-148
    Published: April 01, 1956
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    During the 17th and 18th centuries the long grain group of red rice was raised largely in the southern and partly in the middle provinces of Japan, while the short grain group was grown mostly in the northern and locally in the middle provinces thereon. At present, however, the distribution of these groups of red rice is considerably shifted ; the long grain group is epcountered in the several prefectures besides these of the southern district of Japan, and the short grain group is dispersedly found in the isolated parts of the country. As to the general characters of both groups of red rice, it may be said that the long grain group is reasonably designated as Indica type, and obviously upland rice, and that the short grain group is named as Japonica type, and naturally water rice. It is to be noted that the pigmentation in the outer layers of the kernel of red rice, regardless of the groups, is quite of similar nature. The pericarp displays brown color and the testa, purple color.
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  • Masatoshi MINABE
    1956 Volume 24 Issue 3 Pages 149-150
    Published: April 01, 1956
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    Two groups of samples were used as materials. One of the groups consisted of the crops of variety Norin No.1 from eight prefectures, each representing the soft-rice-producing region in Japan, and the other group consisted of the crops of the same variety from eight prefectures representing the hard-rice-producing regions. The water-content was measured by means of the KETT infra-red ray water-content meter of the Sanwa Electric Institute (calibrated with Mr.NAGAHARA's desiccation-method at 135°C), the specific gravity by means of the REISHAUER's pycnometer, and the hardness by means of the hardness meter of the Kiya type. The results obtained are as follows : (1) The water content of soft rice was about 1% higher than that of hard rice. (2) The 1000 grain weight of soft rice was about 1.7 g. higher. (3) The specific gravity of soft rice was a little (0.01) higher. (4) The fracture hardness was 1.0 kg. lower and the breaking hardness, 0.8 kg. lower. (5) The comparison of its correlation coefficients with those of hard rice showed no significance. Then, the water-content was changed between 10 % and 20 % at an interval of 2 %, and the other properties above mentioned corresponding to each level of the water-content were measured. As the results : (6) The 1000 grain weight of soft rice was invariably about 2g. heavier than that of hard rice. (7) The specific gravity of the former was invariably about 0.02 higher. (8) In the hardness of fracture and breaking, there was no difference between the two kinds of rice, either of the properties depending on water-content. (9) The correlation coefficients were found to exsist significantly only (a) between the water-content and the 1000 grain weight ; (b) between the water-content and the fracture hardness ; and (c) between the 1000 grain weight and the fracture hardness. Soft rice was more or less lower than hard rice, in (a) and there was much difference in (b) and (c) between the two sorts of rice. Nearly all the researches on rice quality in the past have left the physical properties of soft and hard rice and their differences dark. But the present research has clarified that at least the 1000 grain weight and the specific gravity of soft rice, whether in a natural state or at a level of water artificially controlled, are higher than those of hard rice. The present author believes that it can be ascribed to the quantitative difference in solid materials, that is, largely in starch, and also in protein, between soft rice and hard rice.
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  • Noboru YAMADA, Yasuo OTA
    1956 Volume 24 Issue 3 Pages 151-153
    Published: April 01, 1956
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    In the previous paper it was made clear that resistance of rice plants to submersion is determined by amount of available car-bohydrates contained in the plants and their rate of respiration. The present paper concerns whether the varietal difference in the resistance is also determined by the same mechanism. Thirty six varieties and twenty five varieties were used in 1953 and 1954, respectively. A high correlation was found between the resistance and starch or total carbohydrate content, but no significant correlation was found between the resistance and sugar content or soluble and insoluble nitrogen fractions content. Moreover the ratio total carbohydrate/respiratory rate showed higher correlation with the resistance than that between the resistance and the amount of carbohydrate itself. From these results it can be concluded that the authors, theory on the mechanism of resistance to submersion is proved to be true with varietal difference.
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  • Kanoe SATO
    1956 Volume 24 Issue 3 Pages 154-155
    Published: April 01, 1956
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    The present study was carried out to make a part of a research of the relations between the amount of starch stored in the culm of the rice plant and ripening of the kernel, under controlled light intensity and nitrogen supply before and after the heading time. During the period when the plant retained abundant green leaves, the starch in the culm were comparatively small in amount and in size ; while at the time of maturation when both the fruit-bearing percentage and the weight of kernels had begun to increase, starch of greater amounts and of larger grain siszes were found remaining in the culm. Shading the plant at the ripening period retarded the fruiting process probably because of restriction of photosynthesis and of translocation of the products to the panicle.
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  • Isamu SUYAMA
    1956 Volume 24 Issue 3 Pages 156
    Published: April 01, 1956
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    1. Experiments were made on the influence of MH (maleic hydrazide) spray especially upon the quantity of chemical constituents of leaf tobacco produced. 2. While the nicotine content was reduced in the leaf treated with MH compared with that in the untreated leaf, the total N content showed no difference. 3. The total carbohydrate content in the leaf increased according to the degree of sucker-stopping effect of MH on the plant. The phenomenon was also remarkable in regard to the content of total sugar. 4. increase in carbohydrate wds more conspicuous when MH was applied on the whole plant than when it was applied only on the stem of the plant.
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  • Hisawo SHIMOJIMA, Kinya MATUURA, Seiji FURUYA
    1956 Volume 24 Issue 3 Pages 157-158
    Published: April 01, 1956
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    1. The practical systems of harrowing may be grouped into 3 types. a. Complicated type : A course consisting of the common type and additional spading work inserted half way generally practised on drainable paddy fields. b. Common type : A course consisting of five steps of work from hoeing-up to leveling, practised on undrainable or semi-drainable paddy fields. c. Simple type : Sub-type i-A course consisting of forur steps of work, practised on, undrainable fields. Sub-type ii-A course consisting of three steps of work practised on undrainable fields. Sub-type iii-A course consisting of two steps of work practised on undrainable paddy fields.
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  • Kiyoshi WADA
    1956 Volume 24 Issue 3 Pages 159-160
    Published: April 01, 1956
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    The results of the present study led the author to the following conclusions. 1. Such cool-region-rice varieties as Soviet and Hokkaido groups have generally strands of larger number in their coleoptiles than those of Tohoku (a little warmer region) group. 2. From the experimental results obtained in the two common varieties Oou No. 191 and Tozo-mochi both suitable to be cultinated in Tohoku and Kanto Districts, Japan, it was found that the strand number in the coleoptile might be changed when the times of seeding or transplanting were shifted, and the increase in the number might be highly and positively correlated with the delay in heading of the mother plant. 3. Hence the author considers that the physiological internal condition of embryo during its earlier stage of development, when it takes place under a cool climate, may be very much similar to that in the case where heading delays under warmer climate, and that the occurrence of highly-numbered strands in coleoptiles of rice plants in cooler regions may be regarded as a result of physiological induction caused by the insufficient length of growth period for the mother plants.
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  • M. KIDO, S. YANADORI, T. SATO
    1956 Volume 24 Issue 3 Pages 161-162
    Published: April 01, 1956
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    To make clear the differences in the degree of root-rot infestation and nutrient absorption of rice plant grown on well-drained and ill-drained paddy fields, several experiments were carried out. The results were as follows : (1) Suppression in absorption of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphate or silica and decrease in number of silicified cells in the leaves in the plants grown on ill-drained paddy fields as compared with those on well-drained fields, may be partially attributed to high degree of root-rot infestation caused by low oxidation-reduction potential of the soil. In fact, the descent of Eh value of the soil in the former case was found throughout the whole growth cycle of plant. (2) High content of reserve starch in the basal portion of the shoot and in the panicles of the plants on well-drained paddy fields might be a result of good assimilation, and translocation of starch to the kernels were also smooth resulting in an increase of the weight of 1000 grains.
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  • Masao ARAI, Masuzi MIYAHARA
    1956 Volume 24 Issue 3 Pages 163-165
    Published: April 01, 1956
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    The effects of submerging paddy fields continuously for one month after transplanting under irrigation water of various depth (and afterwards withdrawing water to keep a shallow irrigation until the end of the season) on the emergence of weeds and the growth and yield of rice plant were experimentally investigated during 1952 to '54 at Konosu Experiment Farm. (1) Weeds - Under 10 or 15 cm. deep submergence, absolute weed quantity, especially relative quantity of weeds resistant to 2, 4-D were found small as compared with those under 3 cm. deep submergence. (2) Rice plant - With 10 or 15 cm. deep water, growth of rice plant was suppressed at the early stage of tillering period, but afterwards it was recovered and became better than that under 3 cm. submergence, showing no decrease in yield. (3) It should be possible to control weeds more effectively by combining deep submergence with spray of herbcides such as 2, 4-D.
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  • Yasuji HASHIMOTO, Shoji TAKIGUCHI, Ryuzo ISODA
    1956 Volume 24 Issue 3 Pages 166
    Published: April 01, 1956
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    Exp. I. It was the problem whether the growing small tillers check the ripening process in fruitful stems or not in wheat. 1) From the results, the average weight of heads, 1, 000 grains-weight and total weight of grains were found to increase when the small tillers were cut or pressed down at the head-formation stage. The effect of cutting-off was especially remarkable. Exp. II. The purpose was to know of the interrelation between weak and strong tillers at the stage of vegetative growth in wheat by means of radiophosphorus. 1) At the tillering stage, P32 absorbed through roots were transferred in larger amounts to the weak tillers than to the strong ones. Among the tillers formed at the same time, the amount of P32 transferred was larger to the lower tillers than to the upper. P32 absorbed through leaf surface of either weak or strong tillers was transferred apparently more to the weak tillers. But, when P32 was absorbed through leaf, it was transferred more to upper tillers than to lower ones among the tillers growing at the same time. 2) At the head-formation stage, the translocation of P32 absorbed through both roots and leaf showed the same tendency as that in the case of 1). But the difference between weak and strong tillers was smaller. Therefore, it seems that the weak tillers seize nutritives away from the fruitful stems during the vegetative growth period checking the development of the latters.
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  • Kazuo NAGATO, Yoshio KOBAYASHI, Hiroo KUBOTA
    1956 Volume 24 Issue 3 Pages 167-168
    Published: April 01, 1956
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    The results of the investigations on the damages of rice crops caused by dry wind which visited at the time of heading of the plant are reported. 1. The spikelets attacked by dry wind were injured in various ways, Some of them were wholly or partialy blasted and others were variously wounded. The hulls of them were discoloured diversely in accordance with the degree of injury, and the development of their kernels was damaged in proportion to the degree of hull discolouration. For instance, the blasted spikelets were discoloured turning gray and their kernels were blasted. The spikelets which were wounded more severely turned dark brown in colour and the kernels grew up into deformed or rusty rice, with the exception of some chalky and blasted rice. 2. The panicles attacked by dry wind when the basal node of them emerged beyond the leaf sheaths were injured more severely than other panicles, and all or great many spikelets on them were blasted. The fact seemed to be that transpiration and dehydration from panicles were most violent at the stage of panicle emergence, and consequently, the injury on ripening should be so severe.
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  • Isamu BABA, Iwaho IWATA, Yasuo TAKAHASHI, Akio KITTAKA
    1956 Volume 24 Issue 3 Pages 169-172
    Published: April 01, 1956
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    To make clear the effect of soil moisture and air humidity on the absorption and translocation of nutrients, two experiments were carried out : in one experiment, plants were grown at various levels of soil moisture by sand culture method, and in another experiment, plants were grown under different air humidity during ripening period just after heading. The results obtained are as follows : : (1) Decrease in soil moisture retarded the absorption of SiO2 and P2O5, and increase in air humidity diminished the absorption of SiO2 and K2O. (2) It was inferred that both low soil moisture and high air humidity retarded the upward translocation of SiO2 and K2O within the plant through the decreased transpiration, causing the decrease in the ratio of SiO2 or K2O content of leaf blade to that of leaf sheath and also in the ratio of SiO2 or K2O content of leaf to that of stem and resulted in the decrease of SiO2 or K2O content of leaf blade. (3) The increased susceptibility to Helminthosporium leaf spot caused by low soil moisture and high air humidity was assumed to have an intimate relation with the low ratios of SiO2 and K2O to N in leaf blade tissue.
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  • Tomota SUGAWARA
    1956 Volume 24 Issue 3 Pages 173-175
    Published: April 01, 1956
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    It has long been recognized that the oxygen is not essential for the growth of coleoptile in rice plants. The reason, however, why the coleoptiles of rice plants are capable of growing and of performing its functions even under anaerobic conditions is not definitely understood. Several experiments were carried out in order to investigate the mechanism of rice coleoptiles in anaerobic conditions. The rice coleoptile elongates more rapidly and more extensively under anaerobic condition than in aerobic conditions. The elongation of coleoptile can not be inhibited by 2, 4-dichloro-anisole, that is an antiauxin. Rice coleoptile is a very exceptional tissue, and investigation of its elongation and respiration has led to some unusual results. Its very rapid elongation and respiration can not be inhibited by cyanide, azide, carbon monoxide, or malonic acid, that is to say, by any of the inhibitors to which cytochrome oxidase and its associated succinic acid dehydrogenase are particularly susceptible. No cytochrome oxidase can be extracted by the usual metods, and the other metallic-enzymes, polyphenol and ascorbic acid oxidase, seem to be absent also. Since the activity of homogenates is greatly increased by the addition of riboflavin, and the respiration of the tissue is markedly sluggish toward oxygen, it is probable that the role of the terminal oxidase might be here filled by a non-metallic flavoprotein enzyme.
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  • Masahito KIKUCHI
    1956 Volume 24 Issue 3 Pages 176
    Published: April 01, 1956
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    (1) Embryos separated from wheat seeds were transplanted on the endosperms of seeds precedentedly treated in dry condition for 20 hours with temperatures of 40°, 50°, 70°, 100° and 150°C, respectively. (2) Transplanted embeyos grew on the endosperms treated at 40°, 50° and 60°C just as well as on the untreated endosperms, but on those treated at 70°, 100° and 150°C, was the embryo growth remarkably retarded (Table 1). (3) Retardation of growth by the endosperm treatments at higher temperatures were considered due to the denature of enzymes rather than to that of growth substances or starch in the wheat endosperm.
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  • Atsuhiko KUMURA
    1956 Volume 24 Issue 3 Pages 177-180
    Published: April 01, 1956
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    Effect of internal nitrogen level of rice plant on its constitutional factors of yield, namely the number of stems per plant, number of spikelets per panicle and weight of a grain, was investigated. Pot cultures of rice plant Norin No. 29 were divided into two groups which received different amounts of nitrogen fertilizer, i. e. heavy (H) and light (L) respectinely. At certain stages of their growth they were dressed with various additional amounts of nitrogen. By means of this procedure various grades of N-level in the plants were maintained, and, under such a condition the magnitudes of the yield constitutional factors were examined in relation to the N-levels in the plants. The results obtained may be described as follows : (1) Internal level of nitrogen at tillering stage presented distinct effects on tillering, correlation coefficient between the number of tillers per plant and N % of the leaf blade (this was employed as a indicator of nitrogen level in plant) being high, (H : r= +0.969 and L : r= +0.968) (Fig.2). (2) High correlation coefficients were obtained between the average nitrogen concentration during 7 to 28 days before heading and the number of spikelets per panicle of main stem, (H : r= +0.961 and L : r= +0.979). Regression equation was y=39.3x+7.1 for H and y=36.0x+17 for L, where y : number of spikelets per panicle of main stem, x : mean of N % of leaf blade during 7 to 28 days before heading. It can be understood from the above mentioned data, that the yield may be lowered strongly by deficiency of nitrogen in that particular period. (Fig. 3) (3) Extreme deficiency of nitrogen at the ripening period caused reduction of weight of a grain. The weight of a grain may be increased with the increase of nitrogen concentration in this low N % zone. But above certain critical concentration no such effect can be expected. It was observed that when nitrogen existed in excess, reduction in weight of a grain might take place. (Fig. 4, 5)
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  • T. TAKEDA, H. MARUTA
    1956 Volume 24 Issue 3 Pages 181-184
    Published: April 01, 1956
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    Experiments were made on rice plants in order fo analyse the roles of the leaves and ears in assimilation and grain production during the ripening period, indirectly by means of artificial defoliation and shading of leaves or ears. Photosynthetic rate and respiration rate of various organs were measured by the apparatus described in the authors' previous paper. The results obtained may be summarized as follows : (1) Shading of ears and both the shading and defoliation of leaves starting from the heading stage, gave remarkable effects on the yield, while the effects were negligible when the treatment was started 20 days. after heading, and they were intermediate when it was started 10 days after heading and was continued upto ripening period. From this results, it was elucidated that the translocation of carbohydrates to grains had nearly finished 20 days after heading in rice plant. (2) About 1/3 of the grain yield quantity seemed to be contributed by translocated assimilates synthesized before heading. (3) From the results of shading the ear, it was found that the ear itself had acted as an assimilating organ, as shading of it induced a decrease of 8 % of yield. On the other hand, the apparent photosynthesis of ear, measured by gas analysis, was found very low or sometimes even negative. It might be due to the fact that the amount of respiration in that part was very large as compared with that of assimilation. (4) The flag leaf did not seem to be a mere storage organ of assimilates synthesized before heading, but had proved itself to be a photosynthetic organ after heading. On the other hand the 2nd, 3rd and 4th leaves played more important roles as storage organs than as photosynthetic one. (5) After heading, the photosynthetic activity of the 4th leaf decreased remarkably with the progress of maturation, followed by depression in the activitiy of the 3rd and then by that of the 2nd leaf. The flag leaf, however, kept its photosynthetic activity till late through the ripening period. (Received March 31st, 1955)
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  • Tsuchimi NAGAMATSU, Fumio ISHIKAWA
    1956 Volume 24 Issue 3 Pages 185-187
    Published: April 01, 1956
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    In order to determine the glume hair density, number of hairs located along outer glume edge were counted under an anatomical biocular microscope, for five grains in each variety, about 1251 cultivated rice varieties being collected from the world wide rice growing countries. Wide variations were observed in glume hair density, and the authors, therefore, classified them arbitrally into 7 classes according to the mean number of hairs, namely, none (below 5) rare (5-35) very small (35-50) small (50-60) medium (60-70) many (70-80) and heavy (over 80). The results were compiled in table 1. From this table we can see that in northern districts such as Japan, Korea, Manchuria and North China, U.S.S.R. and U.S.A., the modes appeared at the medium class, and some heavy class types were also found among them. On the contrary, in southern districts such as Central and South China, Formosa, India and Java, the modes lowered themselves to the small class and no heavy class varieties were found. A peculiar variation was found in the Phillippine varieties where most belonged to none or rare classes. Such glaberima types were also exceptionally found in the Japanese teratological varieties. It is generally concluded that the glume hair is denser and longer in the varieties which came from the northern countries than in those from southern countries.
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  • Hisaich OIZUMI, Keiji NISHIIRI
    1956 Volume 24 Issue 3 Pages 188
    Published: April 01, 1956
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    Soybean plants of variety Ou No.13, planted on May 31st, 1954, were shaded from June 8th to July 3rd, with marsh-reed screen which absorved about seventy five percent of the solar radiation. During the period of shading, the stems of the plants were slender, nitrogen content was lower and the carbohydrate contents especially of nonreducing sugars and starch were very lower than those of the control plants unshaded. After the shading treatment was stopped the starch and nonreducing sugars in the stem and leaves were accumulated conspicuously and the elongation of the stem ceased, and the axillary bud of the first leaf developed into a branch which was not seen in the control plants. Afterwards, the plants previously trated began to elongate again and at last their stem length became equal to that of the control, but the weights of leaves and stem were smaller. The date of flowering was delayed one day and the content of nitrogen was larger and the carbohydrate contents were smaller than those of the control. Consequently, the growth of the plants once treated with shading were delayed remarkably.
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  • Hidewo SEKO, Keichi SAMOTO, Kaichiro SUZUKI
    1956 Volume 24 Issue 3 Pages 189-190
    Published: April 01, 1956
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    The process of the elongation and the change of dry weight of certain parts or organs, such as leaf-blades, leaf-sheaths, internodes and panicles were studied. The increase curves of the length and the dry weight of organs showed S shapes (Fig. 1 and 2). The dates of the maximum velosity of the elongation of organs occured nearly at the same time among (B0:S1:N2), (B1:S2:N3), and (B2:S3:N4) respectively, where B1:B2:···, S1:S2:···, N0:N1:··· indicate the order of blades, sheaths and internodes from the uppermost ones downwards, the panicle being indicated as B0. The interrelation among the different organs with respect to the change in dry weight was roughly alike to that with respect to the elongation process; but the duration of the dry matter accumulation in each organ was fairly long, so the amount of dry matter required was balanced. When the velosity of the elongation of organs was maximum, the increase in dry weight became large; and when the increment of dry weight was maximum, the elongation was about to finishi During the booting stage, when the increase in weight of the panicle was large, the increase in weight of the other organs was retarded. After the heading time, during the period where the increase in weight of the panicie was large, the weight of sheaths rind internodes decreased; but, later, when the increasing trend in panicle weight declined, the decrease in weight of sheaths and internodes stopped, and they began to restore. Blades scarcely showed such signs of rise or fall. The increase in the total weight of a stem was related to the mumber of hours of daily sunshine.
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  • Minoru YOSHIDA
    1956 Volume 24 Issue 3 Pages 191-192
    Published: April 01, 1956
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    Experiments were conducted on the effects of varying the date of seeding and altering. the space of individual plants on the growth of the ear and the tiller in spring oats. A spring oats variety, Kairyo-Hadaka was sown at four various seeding rates, i.e. 0.8, 0, 5, 0.2 and 0.08 bushels per acre in rows 2 ft apart, and at five different dates from April 27 to June 22 with 2 week intervals in 1953. Weekly measurements were made on the growth i.e. rate of increase in leaf number and of elongation in culm height and panicle length. Culm height and panicle length at the stage of panicle differentiation were measured by peeling the leaves. From the results it was noted that the number of tiller increased from only one in the plots of highest density of stands to about 15 in the lowest, throughout every date of seeding. The number of leaves and the height of main culm were found not to relate to the date of seeding but to the rate of it. The rate of increase of leaf number in older tillers was found slightly lower as the tiller was younger, but those bearing only three leaves or less did not produce ears though such tillers in spring wheat plants do. Furthermore, the duration of vegetative growth was consistently about 7 weeks in every seeding date. The vegetative growth of this oats variety seemed not to be affected by environmental factors, such as day length or air temperature.
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  • Takashi TAGAWA, Yozo OKAZAWA
    1956 Volume 24 Issue 3 Pages 193-194
    Published: April 01, 1956
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    The present investigation was carried out to clarify the localization of respiratory activities in the varied tissues of potato tubers during the storage period, with a desire to narrowing the problem concerning the physiological relation between the dormancy and the role of the apical buds of potato tubers. The experimental results obtained may be summarized as follows; 1. During the rest period, the respiratory activities of all of the varied tissues of the tubers declined gradually. At the termination of the rest period, however, only the respiratory activities in the apical buds of the tubers increased remarkably, while those of the other tissues of the tubers followed by a more hesitant fall thereafter. 2. As the results of treatments of the tubers wit h MH, Bervitan K and NAA, a conspicuous depression of the respiratory activities of the apical buds was recognized. On the contrary, when the tubers were stored under cold conditions, not only the respiratory activities of the apical buds, but also such activities of the other tissues of the tubers increased remarkably. 3. The data obtained in the present investigation may add further support to our previous assumption, that the apical buds of the potato tubers may play some important role in the dormancy of potato tubers.
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  • Kenkichi SAKAI, Shokichi MARUMINE
    1956 Volume 24 Issue 3 Pages 195-196
    Published: April 01, 1956
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    Five series of experiment were conducted to determine a proper method of estimating the yield for a missing stand in sweet potato plot experiments of diffierent varieties under different cultivation methods and growing seasons. It was ascertained that there were no differences in the degree of increase in yield of the neighbouring plants of the vacant stand throughout the various conditions, so that the author considered of a method of estimating the yields of the missing plants as follows. As soon as vacant stands have been discovered, they should be replanted. But, regardless whether they were replanted or not, we may as well measure the average of the yields of the nighbouring two plants in the row and the average of ten plants taken at random from that plots excluding the two plants mentioned above and border plants. Compare the two average values thus obtained, x^-' for two plants and x^- for ten plants, and, when x^-' is larger than 1.5x^-, equal to(1.0∼1.5)x^-, or smaller than 1.0x^-, the missing value may be estimated as zero, (1.0∼1.5)x^- or 1.0x^- for the respective cases.
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  • Giichi HASEGAWA, Takaaki OBA
    1956 Volume 24 Issue 3 Pages 197-199
    Published: April 01, 1956
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    In continuance to the previous studies, the authors investigated the seasonal change in inorganic elements, especially N, P and K in rice plant leaves grown with different fertilizer treatments in 1952 dnd '53, the results being as follows: N content in dry leaf blade decreased as the plant grew, but at the stage of young ear formation it stopped decreasing, and after heading stage it decreased again gradually. Such dropping of N percentage, being especially marked in the plots without N fertilizing, i. e. PK, P, K and Nil plots, seemed to be caused by N translocation from leaf blades to young ears. Consequently, N content at that stage may be taken as an index of want of the plant for N dressing. P or K status of the plant was indicated well in P or K percentage in the leaf sheath respectively. P or K was proved deficient in the leaf sheath, especially in that of the lower leaf in the plot without P or K respectively. As to NPK inter-relation, composition of NPK units in L. B. and L. S. is shown in Table 1. Ratios of % values of N, P and K to the N+P+K value were found nearly constant in top leaves, physiologically active ones, during the growth period, except the stage of young ear formation, and as the lower leaves got older, N decreased and K increased, till they gradually died. In N, P and K plots, N, P or K ratio respectively to N+P+K was found higher than that in the NPK plot during vegetative growth period, but at later reproductive stages such was not the case. Conse quently, leaf analysis could serve well for indicating fertilizer condition during vegeta tive stages of rice plant. but in later stages it could do no more.
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  • Kin-ichi NISHIKAWA
    1956 Volume 24 Issue 3 Pages 200
    Published: April 01, 1956
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    In contrast with many detailed studies having hitherto been made on various aspects of the pollen germination, rather very few reports (OKUNUKI (1932, 33) in lily (Lilinm auratum, LINDL) and tea (Thea sinensis, L.)) are found on problems of respiration of pollen. The author has made experiments on pollen respiration of corn plants. Pollens were collected from plants of a newly bred variety Choko-202. In collecting pollens, the method of' YAMASAKI (1943) was used, and the respiration rate of pollens were measured by WARBURG respirometer. The main results were as follows: (1) Relation of sucrose concentration in medium to the respiration of pollen grains. -The respiration rate was small under low concentration (0, 10 %) of sucrose, and it rose as the concentration increased up to 30%, decreasing again at 40%. (2) Effects of humidity during storage on the viability of pollen grains. -When stored for 24 hours, pollens which were stored under high humidity (50, 80 %) held higher respiration rate than those under low humidity (0, 30%) and the maximum rate was observed at a relative humidity of 80%. In addition, when stored for 48 hours, the respiration rate became very low under all humidity conditions. (3) Effects of temperature on the respiration of pollen grains. -The respiration rate increased gradually as the temperature rose from 25° to 45°C, and it reached maximum at 40° to 45°C. Then, the rate fell rapidly at 50°C, and became zero at 70°C.
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  • Reizo AIMI, Takao NISHIO
    1956 Volume 24 Issue 3 Pages 201-206
    Published: April 01, 1956
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    Distribution, and daily change in the contents of starch, reducing sugar and inorganic phosphate, in isoelectric point and in the activity of phosphorylase and amylase were examined at various parts of the plant body of sweet potato by means of histochemical tests. The following conclusions may be derived from those experiments. 1. Phosphorylase is located in the tissues where starch is synthesized naturally. 2. There is a tendency in the plant body of the sweet potato that the greater the activity of phosphorylase than amylase the higher is the activity of deposition of natural starch in the tissues. 3. Many factors responsible for activities of those enzymes may be considered. Amongst them pH and the content of inorganic phosphorus relating in starch synthesis should be taken into consideration. But in this experiment, the isoelectric point was measured instead of pH, assuming the value of isoelectric point indicates approximately the pH value of the protoplasm. Tissues of high starch contents usually have somewhat a higher value of isoelectric point (pHi is mostly 6 or higher). This is probably due to the fact that starch synthesis by phosphorylase becomes maximum at pH 6 approrimately. 4. In the tissues of sweet potato tuber, for instance, in parenchyma of the cortex and in the pith, large amounts starch are accumulated, but on the other hand only a negligible amount of phosphorus can be detected. On the contrary, a high amount of phosphorus can be found in the primary cambium and secondary vascular bundles, where the amount of starch is negligible. From these facts, there seems to exist a mechanism by which the liberated inorganic phosphorus of starch synthesis is removed from the site of enzyme reaction in order to promote the starch accumulation.
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  • Susumu MIZUNO
    1956 Volume 24 Issue 3 Pages 207-208
    Published: April 01, 1956
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    Vegetative variation of Yamato-Kurokawa (a variety of Dioscorea Batatas DECNE.) into Naga-Imo and Icho-Imo varities is described, 1. Even when the mother tubers were of normal form, about 0.4% in daughter tubers became long shaped as Naga-Imo-Variety and about 2.3% of the daughter tubers were found deformed, being partly shaped like a rod. 2. Naga-Imo tubers when propagated vegetatively produced only Naga-Imo continuously, and the deformed produced only deformed ones. 3. The varieties thus fixed contained more muchin and their tissues were more elaborated than those of the native Naga-Imo. From these facts, it may be considered that for cultivation of that crop in the future Naga-Imo, the newly fixed strains will take the place of the native Naga-Imo variety.
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  • Seimei KOBAYASHI, Masashi AKAI
    1956 Volume 24 Issue 3 Pages 209-210
    Published: April 01, 1956
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    With ragard to intercropping soybean in sweet potato fields, wre have reported in the previous paper that the interforing effects were less marked when the beans were sown on the side half-way down the sweet potato planting ridge than when sown on their shoulders, and that the same was the case with later sowing of bean plants against earlier sowing of them into the fields where sweet potato had been planted. In 1954, under similar conditions, studies were made on the root development, of those two kinds ds of crop when mixed with each other, and the results were as follows: a) By early sowing of soybeans on the shoulder of the ridge, their roots interfered remakably with those of sweet potato plants ; b) the former sown early on the ridge sides proved less harmful to the latter ; c) late sowing on the side brought fairly good growth of the root systems of the both plants with almost no interference with each other.
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  • Aiya ISHIHARA
    1956 Volume 24 Issue 3 Pages 211
    Published: April 01, 1956
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    Soybean plants grown under the short day condition were sprayed with TIBA solution at various stages from flower initiaton to flowering. The number of flower buds inceased much in the plants treated with TIBA at the stage about ten days before flowering, while in the plants treated at the earlier stages the number of leaf increased considerably rather than that of flower bud. On the former plants, more flower buds than those on the control plants were produced at the bases of axillary shoots, and flower clusters had already grown. And the adventitious shoots with a leaf and flower buds developed at the bases of their primary axillary shoots.
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  • Hideya AONO, Tsuneji TAKAHASHI
    1956 Volume 24 Issue 3 Pages 212
    Published: April 01, 1956
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    1. The effect of foliar spray of urea on the growth of tea cuttings were researched from 1953 to 1954. As the result of the experiment, the survinal percentage, the number of new roots, number of new leaves, lengths of new shoots, and new shoot weights increased, while the number of flower-bud decreased under the foliar spray of urea. And the analysis of variance indicated that these tendencies were recognized highly significant in the pretreatment, namely, spraying the shoots to be useful for cuttage. 2. The growth of shoot after spraying was observed, and the following results were obtained. The dimension of leaf and the internal tissues were not changed, but the development of new shoot was obstructed by the foliar spray. Chemical analysis of the leaf and stem was carried out also. The total nitrogen and the soluble nitrogen increased, and the tannin did not varied, while the crude fibre decreased, under foliar spray.
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  • Shizuo YOSHIDA
    1956 Volume 24 Issue 3 Pages 213-216
    Published: April 01, 1956
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    Hemp plants (variety "Tochigi No. 1") grown in their early stages of growth from the time of germination under long-day condition, were exposed to different successive short-days, and thereafter were grown under the condition of long-day or natural-day length. 1. It was a similar result as reported formerly in soybean that the hastening of flowering and the inhibition of stem growth were proportionate to the strength of photoperiodic induction due to the initial exposure to short-day, and that the reversal of growth to vegetative phase under the long-day condition was proportionate to the weakness of photoperiodic induction. 2. It was worth notice especially that in the leaves except the juvenile ones the number of leaflets desreased under the infludnce o short-day and increased under the influence of long-day. As to the number of serration in the margin of leaves, a similar change was brought about also. It was ascertained that these decreases or increases were reversible under the influence of day-length. Furthermore, such morphogenetic changes in leaf shape were graded according to the degree of photoperiodic induction. Consequently, these marked systematic changes in leaf shape under the influence of day-length correspond to the vegetative or reproductive growth behavior under the influence of day-length. 3. As to the decrease of the number of leaflets under the influence of short-day, male plants were more densitive than female plants. 4. Regarding phyllotaxy, the relation between opposite arrangement and alternate one was not affected by day-length.
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  • Ryozo YAMAMOTO
    1956 Volume 24 Issue 3 Pages 217-218
    Published: April 01, 1956
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    In the preceding paper, the author showed that the method of preventing wind damages by converting wind direction was extremely effective in localities characterized by complicated masses of hills. In the present study he investigated by model experiments how to apply this method to general cases. As the results, it was elucidated that the most effective location of the shelterbelt for converting wind direction might be a place conditioned in the following two ways or either : (1) The wind directly along the ground surface is accelarated by topographical effects, and (2) the stream line of the wind is separated easily from the ground surface being turned away by its curvature. For examples : a top of a hill, over which the wind comes ; the curving part of a hill when the wind blows along its side ; the head of a slope toward a lowland when the wind blows down ; the edge of a plateau when it blows over it ; or the narrowest part of a pass where it blows across. The shelterbelt should be especially effective when they were designed as narrow and dense as possible.
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  • Sadamitsu ICHINOHE
    1956 Volume 24 Issue 3 Pages 219-220
    Published: April 01, 1956
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    Experiments were carried out on the volcanic ash soil at Kuriyagawa under heavy rain, Sep. 18, 1954. (total rainfall-11.1 mm, maximum intensity-8.0 mm per 10 minutes) 1. Remarkable relations were found between the amount of soil loss and the foliage cover of crop canopies, between the foliage cover of crop canopies and the rate of control in splash soils, between the rate of splash soils and the amount of soil loss, and between the amount of water loss and the rate of rainfall interception, respectively. 2. On the other hand, there were found no clear relation beeween the amount of soil loss and the rate of rainfall interception, between the rate of rainfall interception and the foliage cover of crop canopies, and between the rate of control in splash soils and the amount of water loss.
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  • Masatoshi OKUHIRO
    1956 Volume 24 Issue 3 Pages 221-223
    Published: April 01, 1956
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    Photoperiodic treatments were given to the rice plants of material at their earlier stages of growth continuously for 50 days. The main results are as follows : The heading in the short-day plot occurred about 35 days earlier, and the heading in the long-day plot 4 days later, than that in the natural-day plot. Insufficient supply of nitrogen promoted heading slightly in the short-day plot, while the same retarded it in the natural-day-length plot and in the long-day plot. In the short-day plot, the values of C/N-ratio, osmotic pressure, specific electric conductvity and of the relative viscosity increased earlier, while the water content of plant tissues decreased earlier, than in the other plots. In both the natural-day plot and the long-day plot, those above mentioed values (except the water content) of the plot without nitrogen-fertilizers were higher than those in the plot with nitrogen applied July. 17th. The relation became reversed, however, when the fertilizers were applied Sept. 21th.
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  • Hisaji SATO
    1956 Volume 24 Issue 3 Pages 224-226
    Published: April 01, 1956
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    The pod of red clover, when it matures, contains usually only one seed. But the ovary involves two ovules at its young stage. Experiments were undertaken to know of the causes concerned in formation of one-seeded pods from two-ovuled ovaries. Using plants of the variety Mammoth as materials, all their flowers were artificially cross-pollinated and examined through the paraffin method. The results obtained from three years' studies were as follows : I. At the time of flowering, (1) 30∼50 % of ovaries contained one normal and one abnormal ovules each, in the latter the embryo-sac being not normally formed ; (2) 6∼10 % contained two abnormal ovules in each ; and (3) the rest 40∼60 % contained two normal ovules. The ovaries of the case (1) should develop into one-seeded pods provided that the normal one of the ovules are fertilized. II. Even if the ovaries involve two normal ovules, as in the case (3), they might produce one-seeded pods when one of the two is not fertilized. By observation made at 48 hours after pollination, it was confirmed that (4) 20.8 % of them corresponded to above-mentioned case of one seeded pod formation. (5) The remaining 18.3 % were the ovaries consisting of two ovules both of which were non-fertilized ; while (6) 60.8 % were the ovaries containing two fertilized ovules. III. In the case (6), however, when observed on the tenth day after pollination, the two fertilized ovules never developed evenly, but one of them was arrested in its growth and degenerated without exception, so far as this experiment was concerned, and thus the ovaries grew into one-seeded pods. The degeneration was found to begin within five days after pollination.
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  • Naosuke MORIYA, Masao HOSHINO, Fumie KANABU
    1956 Volume 24 Issue 3 Pages 227
    Published: April 01, 1956
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    In harvesting seed of forage crops, the factors that make the determination of suitable time difficult are ; 1) the vigorous vegetative growth which covers the transition of the stage into reproductive phase ; 2) great individual difference due to the wide variation in cross pollinating plants which in turn makes such average periods as heading, blooming, and maturing lengthy. In the present report; the suitable seed harvesting times were studied with 13 gramineae grasses, and researches were made with orchard grass on tillering which has close relations with seed yield. (I) The average period from heading to harvesting stage of typical 13 grasses imported to Japan, were roughly classified into 3 grades as follows ; 1) less than 30 days ; 2) about 40 days ; 3) about 50 days or more. (II) There are found three peaks in the whole years curve of tillering of orchard grass, namely those in March, June, and Octover. In the first year, the largest part of the seed yield of orchard grass are obtained from the tillers of 1st, 2nd and 3rd orders, and the highest yield was from those of 2nd order. In the 2nd year, the major part of the yield was from the tillers of 4th, 5th and 6th orders, the 5th giving the highest yield. As to the fruitful tiller percentage, that of fall-midwinter tillers was relatively high, while it fell acutely in early spring tillers. Many of the main stems of orchard grass stopped growing in the midway. Even in those which headed and ripened, the seed yield was very small. From the comparison of the length of the tillering periods in the first year with that in the 2nd year, the latter was greatly found remarkably shorter making seed production technically more efficient.
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  • Kiyoshi YOSHIHARA, Sukeo KAWANABE
    1956 Volume 24 Issue 3 Pages 228-229
    Published: April 01, 1956
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    The effect of N-fertilizing on the yield and N-content of soybean forage was examined experimentally from 1950 to 1954, the results being as follows. 1. Most part of nitrogen stored in the cotyledons of soybean was transfer red to other parts of the plant in 2∼3 weeks after germination. Soybean seedlings had to take N compounds from soil with their roots after the cotyledon N had been exhausted, and N-fixation did not yet begin. 2. In sand culture, the forage yield of the plants supplied with N-fertilizers only for the first 5 weeks after germination, and depending upon symbiotically fixed N thereafter, was just as high as that of the plants supplied with N continuously through the entire season. 3. The effect of N-application upon the N-content of plant varied greatly according to the difference in soil conditions. Under certain conditions, such as low lime and sandy soil, the total amount of N per plant increased significantly : while in other conditions, such as loamy soil with rich lime, the increase was very small. 4. The recovery of N was greater in young stage of plant growth, and it decreased in later stages, especially after blooming. Therefore application of N fertilizers to soybean in early growth stage of the plants may be more effective than that in later stages for the forage production.
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  • Kaoru EHARA, Kiminori NAKAMURA, Satoshi MATSUMOTO, Takehisa SAWADA
    1956 Volume 24 Issue 3 Pages 230-231
    Published: April 01, 1956
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    It has been conceived that the quality of forage crops is generally inferior in the warmer areas than that in the colder areas of Japan, though scarcely reliable proofs for the fact having been given hitherto. In the present study, the authors investigated the effects of various growing seasons in Kyushu on the growth behavior, structure and chemical composition of corn plants the samples of which were seeded April 15, June 15, and August 15. respectively. A good many reports given in the past on the physiological studies of environmental effects upon such crop plants seem to have more or less unduly neglected the problems of the age of the plant materials for experiments. In the study by the present authors, an early variety, Northwestern Dent Corn, were conveniently used as material, because the final number of leaves on the main stem showed only a very little variation among individual plants of this variety, and so the growth stages could be identified so clearly that the effects due to the environments were distinguished from those due to the age of the plant. Internodes of a definite position from the sample plants were used in the physical, histological and chemical examinations. It was found as the result that the period from planting to tasselling was shortened by late planting, and that the leaf emerging in the main stem was faster when planted June 15 or August 15 than when planted April 15. The plant was tallest when planted June 15. The period, from planting to beginning of elongation of internode was longer when planted April 15 than, when planted June 15 and August 15. The lower internodes of corn plant were longer, and the middle internodes were short when planted April 15. The internodes were harder in the lower portions of stem than those in the higher portions. The hardness of internode increased with advance of growth stage. However, there was not remarkable difference between the hardness of internode of each plot at the same growth stage. When corn was planted August 15, the internode was harder at the former part of growing stage than those of the other two plots. The degree of lignification of internode was approximately parallel to the hardness. Crude protein content and crude ash content were higher through out the growing season when planted August 15 than when planted April 15 and June 15, but crude fiber content was not lower in the former case than that of the latter cases.
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  • Sin'ichiro KAWATA
    1956 Volume 24 Issue 3 Pages 232-236
    Published: April 01, 1956
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    As the results of an anatomical study of root formation in rice plants, the fact was found that initiation of primary roots of the crown root occurrs at the opposite side of the place where canals develop simultaneously. Therefore, the more primary roots appear, the more canals are seen. The formation of primary roots in the soil of paddy field is generally accelerated when it is in the way of oxidation, and the development of canals, on the contrary, is poorer when the soil is reductive.
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