日本作物学会紀事

通気系の発達と作物の耐湿性との関係 : 第11報地上部の有無と根の呼吸の強さとの関係

有門博樹

1959 年 28 巻 1 号 p. 1-3
発行日: 1959/09/01
公開日: 2008/02/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.28.1

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The attached roots as well as the detached roots of both rice and soybean plants were used for the comparison between respiration intensity, as measured by carbon dioxide output, under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The results obtained are ds follows: (1) The attached roots of rice are able to respire almost aerobically even if they were kept in a medium. containing no oxygen, in spite of the detached roots being appreciably depressed in their respiration intensity under the same condition, eventually producing carbon dioxide for the most part due to anaerobic respiration. However; there occurs no marked difference in respiration intensity between the two kinds of roots, as far as they are growing in an oxygenated medium. (2) The roots of soybean are no sooner placed under the condition of poor aeration than they are depressed in their capacity to respire aerobically. It is no doubt that carbon dioxide evolved in this case should be as a result of anaerobic respiration. When the roots are kept in an oxygenated medium, on the cotrary, the rate of carbon dioxide output is definitely higher than when they are kept in a medium under poor aeration, regardless of whether they are connected with the top or removed from it. (3) These results indicate that in the plants which are equipped with the well-developed ventilating system, the roots are able to respire aerobically even if they were met by a condition of poor aeration, because of their possibility of receiving molecular oxygen from the top and, on the other hand, in the plants which are equipped with the feebly-developed ventilating system, the roots are incapable of carrying on aerobic respiration in case of being met by the same condition, eventually producing carbon dioxide quite anaerobically.

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根の特性からみた栽培稲品種 : III. 根の鉄被膜量について

長井保, 俣野敏子

1959 年 28 巻 1 号 p. 4-6
発行日: 1959/09/01
公開日: 2008/02/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.28.4

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Nine rice varieties including three root types (I, II and III) were grown in both a nursery and a paddy field without transplanting. From both conditions samples were taken at their yellow maturation stages, in order to determine root ferrous coatings. The determinations were made by the o-phenanthroline method, after coatings were washed away by boiling the roots in IN-HCl for 45 minutes. From these experiments, it was found that the varieties belonging to the type I, of which root weight were larger than those of type II and III, were apt to have larger coatings per both plant and root (Fig. 1 & 2). As to ferrous coatings per unit surface area, it was nearly the same as those above mentioned (Fig. 3). Root surface area was calculated from root weight by such a formulae as A≒√^3(W<SUP)2> proposed by the authors, in which A is the surface area and W is the weight per root. In addition to these experiments, seasonal changes of ferrous coatings were determined every 16 days after sowing, using three varieties of each root type. From these, it was found that, (1) ferrous coatings per unit surface area showed their maximum 44-60 days after seeding respectively according to varieties and then are gradually reduced till the period from heading to maturation (Fig. 6) and (2) those per plant and per root increased with the growth up to the maximum found at heading time (Fig. 4 & 5). These changes in coatings were also contrasted with the changes in the relative growth rates calculated by root weight increase. Maximum values in coatings were always observed at the periods when the growth rate dropped, that is, when the root activity lowered (Fig. 4, 5, 6 & 7).

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湛水下に於ける水稲の根の呼吸生理機構に関する研究 : 第V報水田を滲透した土壌溶液が水稲の生育に及ぼす影響 (1)

上田博愛, 大山一夫

1959 年 28 巻 1 号 p. 7-9
発行日: 1959/09/01
公開日: 2008/02/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.28.7

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The influence of soil solution, percolated through paddy fields with 1 meter deepness from surface, upon the growth of rice seedlings was studied. The results obtained are as follows; (1) When the percolated solution suspended without air, sealed with liquid paraffin, no effects of it on the growth of rice seedlings were recognized. (2) When the solution touched the air (using no treatment), its effects were very remarkable, this fact might mean that the oxygen in the solution is very important for the growth of rice plants. (3) By artificial percolation the rice roots developed to some extent, therefore, the vertical moving of soil solution in the field was considered to be desirable for a favourable growth of rice plants.

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水稲根の澱粉蓄積機能について

木戸三夫, 梁取昭三

1959 年 28 巻 1 号 p. 10-11
発行日: 1959/09/01
公開日: 2008/02/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.28.10

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Starch grains have never been found in the root of rice plant except the root of seedlings cultured in upland seed beds, whereas many starch grains were observed in the root of rice seedlings sowed in lowland seed beds on Sept. 27. Starch accumulation mentioned above is considered to be caused by translocation from shoot into root of an excessive amounts of starch produced in shoot by photosynthesis beyond the quantity required for respiration in root which is depressed under low temperatures in autumn. According to the results of chemical analysis, starch contents in leaf and that in root are found amounting to 17.40 %, 20.24 % respectively, and as shown in table l that the seedling sowed in autum is rich in total sugar in leaf as compared with spring is very noticeable. Accumulating process of starch grains in root is shown by the microphotographs, Fig. 1 to Fig. 8, representing the transverse section of root of various ages stained with iodin-iodin potassium solution. First accumulation of starch grains in root takes place in the cortex parenchyma close around the central cylinder in root base, and then in epidermis and root tip. Size and quality of starch grains vary with the part of plant, viz the starch grains accumulated in root are of squarish shape and only about half the size of those in leaf sheath or culm, and look like those occurring in panicles.

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水稲根の太さの組織学的解析

森敏夫

1959 年 28 巻 1 号 p. 12-14
発行日: 1959/09/01
公開日: 2008/02/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.28.12

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The relationships .between the thickness of rice (Oryza sativa L.) roots in their diameters and the quantitative characteristics of the component tissues were investigated microscopically. The results obtained were as follows. 1. The increasing curves of the thickness of the root and the component tissues in the root tips were found to fit to an allometric formulae as shown in Fig. 2. The distance from the apex to the thickness-establishing level of whole root was 500∼1500μ, which was responsible to that of the thickness-establishing level of the cortex. On the other hand, the stele diameter was established at a more apical level. 2. There were highly positive correlations between the root diameter and the quantitative characters of the component tissues with the exception of metaxylem vessel. (Table 2). 3. The regression of the thickness of cortex parenchyma on the root diameter was observed to be linear, whereas that of the stele diameter to be exponential (Fig. 4). 4. The number of cortical layers, primary phloem poles (or vascular bundles) and the metaxylem vessels were considerably stable, while the thickness of the cortex parenchyma, stele diameter and root diameter were remarkably variable (Table 1). 5. Variation of the root diameter was attributable chiefly to that of the cortex parenchyma. The stele diameter was not responsible to the average radial length but to the number of component cells, whereas the thickness of the cortex to both characters (Fig. 5). 6. As it was observed that the primordia of the lateral roots initiated at the pericyclic portions opposite to the phloem strand, the increase in the number of phloem poles (or that of root diameter) suggested the potentiality for increase in the number of lateral rots.

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水稲における分岐根の発達について

藤井義典

1959 年 28 巻 1 号 p. 15-16
発行日: 1959/09/01
公開日: 2008/02/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.28.15

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In the present experiment the author wanted to obtain some further understandings on the relations existing between development of the branch-roots and emergence of the leaves, and on the growth mode of the branch-roots under lowland conditions in comparison with that under upland conditions. 1. The author noticed two kinds of branch-roots (bigger and smaller). Diameter of the smaller one was 0.035∼0.075 mm and that of the bigger 0.25∼0.30 mm. The bigger branch-roots branched further but the smaller didn't. 2. Development of the primary, the secondary, the tertiary and the fourthly branch-roots etc. on successive nodes proceeded at the same pace as the period of leaf emergence in the similar way as has been seen in wheat plants. 3. The roots under upland conditions made many branches waving conspicuously, and the number of big secondary roots (mentioned at 1) was twice to three times that under lowland conditions. And branching was repeated so much as to make even fourth order branch-roots under upland conditions, while it did not go further than to have tertiary branch-roots under lowland conditions. Mat roots developed vigorously at the nodes higher than the 8th node under lowland conditions, but they were not observed under upland conditions. Under lowland conditions the root maintain its activity for a shorter period becoming to decrepitude earlier than upland conditions.

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禾穀類の根鞘に関する研究 : VI. 種子発芽初期における根鞘の形態的研究

野田愛三, 林甚太郎

1959 年 28 巻 1 号 p. 17-19
発行日: 1959/09/01
公開日: 2008/02/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.28.17

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1) Experiments were made on coleorhiza of Indian corn, Sorghum, Pearl millet, Common millet, Italian millet, Barnyard millet, Finger millet and Job's tears. 2) The coleorhiza tissue was composed of parenchyma cells and contained no vascular bundle. 3) The coleorhiza diverged from scutellum diagonally. In these crops mentioned above except Job's tears, the boundary between a coleorhiza and a scutellum was clearly seen even in the resting period of seeds, while in Job's tears the shape of a coleorhiza cell was quite alike to that of a scutellum cell in the resting stage, and the boundary between tissues became just visible at the early stage of germination. 4) In Finger millet, the boundary between a coleorhiza and an epiblast was distinct also in the resting period, and the cells of coleorhiza were arranged semicircularly around seminal root. 5) Job's tears had 3 seminal roots in general, and had only one empty space which is found between a coleorhiza and seminal roots, while wheat and barley had each empty space on the base of each seminal root. 6) Basing these results, morphological features of coleorhiza of the crops used were compared with each other in Table 1.

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水稲の出葉及び節間伸長と根の発育との関係

小松良行

1959 年 28 巻 1 号 p. 20-21
発行日: 1959/09/01
公開日: 2008/02/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.28.20

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Growth of the above-and under-ground parts of rice plant was observed to clarify their developmental phase coincidence. 1. The concurrence among the leaf emergence, the internode elongation, and the ascent of node-locus where the emergence of new roots were prevailing in the main stem is presumed as follows: At the time of emergence of the N-th leaf (denote the node number from which the N-th leaf emerged as n), the (n-2)∼(n-3)-th internodes attained their full lengths, and crown root emergence was prevailing on the (n-3)-th node. 2. But, at the conversion stage of leaf emergence, the ascending pace of root emarging locus and the rate of root number increase were checked, and at the stage of uppermost leaf emergence, crown root development was observed on the (n-4)-th node. 3. The total area of the cross section of secondary xylems per single root measured larger as the root emerging node-locus ascended higher, up to the conversion stage of leaf emergence, and it diminished, thereafter. 4. The secondary thickening of the metaxylem was not observed in the root of any locus.

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水稲品種の耐肥性に関する研究 : 第1報品種の耐肥性と窒素及び炭水化物代謝との関係

高橋保夫, 岩田岩保, 馬場赳

1959 年 28 巻 1 号 p. 22-24
発行日: 1959/09/01
公開日: 2008/02/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.28.22

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In Japan, it is very important for rice breeding to investigate the varietal adaptability of the plant for heavy manuring. In the present paper both nitrogen and carbohydrate metabolism are investigated under three levels of nitrogen application using three varieties for the purpose of elucidating the physiological mechanism of varietal adaptability for heavy manuring, Norin 25 (suitable for heavy manuring), Chiba-asahi (less suitable than the former) and Ginnen (Indica type and the least suitable one). The unsuitable variety shows a greater increase in nitrogen, especially in soluble nitrogen content, and greater decreases in sugar and starch contents than the suitable one with increasing supply of nitrogen. Such differences as seen in nitrogen and carbohydrate metabolism between the suitable variety and the unsuitable one may have brought a smaller increase or rather a decrease in the grain yield of the former as compared with the latter when they are supplied with increasing amounts of nitrogen.

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冷水による水稲の窒素並びに炭水化物含量からみた代謝能の変化

白倉徳明, 土屋敏夫, 土屋愛子

1959 年 28 巻 1 号 p. 25-27
発行日: 1959/09/01
公開日: 2008/02/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.28.25

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The rice plant when grown under cold water condition becomes undergrown as compared with that grown under normal water condition. Using such an under-grown plant (stage of elongation) as well as well-grown one for comparison an analysis was made of the nitrogen and/or carbohydrate content in their bodies on dry weight basis with the object of investigating the metabolic process of these substances. From the results obtained, it was found that the affected rice plant, besides being rich in protein-and soluble-nitrogen, is characterized by a remarkable increase in soluble-nitrogen content, and especially so in its leaf sheath. Namely, in the leaf sheath of the affected undergrown plant, ammonia-nitrogen increased in content to thrice, amino-nitrogen to five times, and amide-nitrogen to nine times as much as those nitrogens in the normal well-grown plant, respectively, while protein-nitrogen did not show so much an increase in content as compared with the other nitrogens analyzed. This finding seems to imply that protein synthesis is much repressed in its process in the affected undergrown rice plant. In the affected undergrown plant, carbohydrate in the root was substantially equal in content to that in the normal one, but total sugar and starch in both the leaf blade and the leaf sheath showed an essential increase in content, particularly the starch accumulated in the leaf blade being remarkably large in percentage content. This Should be interpreted as the result from the abnormal stagnation of starch in the leaf blade which is an assimilating organ. In the affected rice plant, the ratio of non-reducing sugar to reducing sugar was higher in the leaf sheath as compared with that in the normal plant. This fact must be an indication of a decline of hydrolytic activity for transforming sucrose into glucose, in other words, of the repres-sion of metabolic activity for sugar transformation in the leaf sheath of the affected plant. It may be stated in conclusion that nitrogen and/or carbohydrate metabolism are repressed in the undergrown (rice) plant affected by cold water, for which the repression in metabolic activity in the leaf sheath is highly responsible.

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稲の組織内澱粉に関する研究 : (第5報) 粳・糯性について

佐藤庚

1959 年 28 巻 1 号 p. 28-29
発行日: 1959/09/01
公開日: 2008/02/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.28.28

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Several diploid non-glutinous and diploid glutinous varieties, haploid, diploid, triploid and tetraploid pure lines of glutinous (var. Saitamamochi) and non-glutinous (var. Norin-No. 8) rice plants were used as materials to compare the properties of starch grains contained in their all tissues. The starch grains were examined under a microscope in regard to their iodin reaction. 1) In the glutinous varieties, the starch grains only in pollen and endosperm were glutinous and those in the other parts of the plant were non-glutinous. In non-glutinous varieties, starch grains in all the tissues including pollen and endosperm were non-glutinous according to the reaction 2) The glutinous starch seems to be not directly correlated to polyploidy of rice plant of plant organs, but would be correlated to some special organs such as pollen and endosperm.

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稲の組織内澱粉に関する研究 : (第6報) 高節位側芽の生長について

佐藤庚

1959 年 28 巻 1 号 p. 30-32
発行日: 1959/09/01
公開日: 2008/02/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.28.30

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In the northern regions of Japan, the lateral buds on the main stem of a transplanted rice plant develop normally into tillers so far as they are below the lO th node or so. Those on the upper several nodes, do not elongate and remain dormant until harvest. Such upper buds, however, elongate and give ripe kernels under conditions where abandont storage of starch is favoured together with rich accumulation of nitrogen compounds in the culm and leaf sheath: They elongate readily when the tillers on the lower nodes are cut off one by one as soon as they appear and only the main stern is left or when the panicles are cut off soon after heading, or when the plant grown under some unfavourable conditions in the earlier growth such as low light intensity, lack of nutrients, is suddenly recovered after heading.

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農作物の塩害に関する研究 : 第14報気象条件特に温度が水稲の塩害発現に及ぼす影響

太田勝一, 安江多輔

1959 年 28 巻 1 号 p. 33-34
発行日: 1959/09/01
公開日: 2008/02/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.28.33

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Relation of temperature to the salt injury in paddy rice plants (Variety Norin No. 8) was investigated. 1) In a green house (the high temp. plot.) the salt injury was observed to be severer than in the open air (the natural temp. plot.). 2) Air temperatute was 27.2°C (average at 10.00 a. m.) in the natural temperature plot and 30.7°C in the high temperature plot, and relative humidity was 73.4 % and 63.5 % respectively. 3) Vigorous transpiration by the high temperature and the low humidity under the green house promoted the intake of water and salt by the plant, and consequently it seemed that the salt injury became severe.

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水稲における珪酸の生理学的研究

岡本嘉

1959 年 28 巻 1 号 p. 35-37
発行日: 1959/09/01
公開日: 2008/02/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.28.35

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Metabolism of carbohydrates and crude protein in rice plants grown on the Non-Si Plot were compared with those in the plants of the Si plot. Contents of reducing sugar (Fig. 2), non-reducing sugar (Fig. 4), starch (Table 1), and crude protein (Fig. 6) in the plants of the Si plot were in general higher than in those of the Non-Si plot through the whole growth stage. Production of reducing and non-reducing sugars and crude protein, and translocation of those to the panicle were large and smooth in the plants of the Si plot, but in the Non-Si plot, they were small and not smooth. From the results obtained, it was recognized that SiO₂ would be concerned in production and translocation of carbohydrates and protein in rice plants directly or indirectly.

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水稲における珪酸の生理学的研究

岡本嘉

1959 年 28 巻 1 号 p. 37-40
発行日: 1959/09/01
公開日: 2008/02/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.28.37

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The growth of water cultured rice plants supplied vs. not supplied with silica, both plots being grown under limited vs. natural sun light respectively, were compared. Materials and methods were similar as those in the previous experiments by the same author²⁾. The results obtained were as follows: The plant height was heigher both in the Si and Non-Si plots with limited sun light than those with natural light respectively, and the difference between the two formers was larger than that of the two letters. Dry matter weights of leaf blade, leaf sheath, culm, panicle and root, and of the whole plant in the Non-Si plots were smaller under the shaded condition than under natural sun light through the whole growth stage. And the almost same tendency was observed too in the SiO₂ contents. The translocation of N, P, K in the plants of the Non-Si plot under shading was not better than that in the plant of Non-Si plot under natural light. It was the most remarkable difference that the plants of the Si plots ripened normally, but in the Non-Si plots, number of ripened grains per ear was 5 in the natural light condition, and was 0 in the Shaded one. From the results obtained, it was recognized that in the plant of the Non-Si plot, the amounts of absorped or translocated SiO₂, N, P₂O₅ and K₂O and the weight of dry matter decreased respectively, and ripening was retarded. And such a tendency was found stronger in the shaded plot than in the control. And silica application would remove the injury.

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燐酸の転流に及ぼす温度の影響 : 作物の登熟機構に関する生理的研究

相見霊三, 沢村浩

1959 年 28 巻 1 号 p. 41-43
発行日: 1959/09/01
公開日: 2008/02/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.28.41

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In this paper the effect of temperature on translocation of ³²P in rice plant was investigated ³²P was applied to the leaf and the distribution pattern of the translocated ³²P was determined by means of autoradiography. In case of examining the effect of temperature upon the whole plant body, the experiments were achieved by placing the plants in glass rooms which were adjusted to 17°, 21°, 25°, and 29°C respectively, and for the purpose of examining the effect of temperature on translocation when various temperatures were applied to the translocation passage, about 5cm of the upper part of the internode of the ear-neck, which is yet enveloped in the sheath of the flag leaf was chilled or warmed using an apparatus newly devised by the authors. As the results of the experiments, when the plant body was cooled at about 17°C, translocation of ³²P was markedly affected. When the plant body was partially chilled at about 10°C, translocation was blocked almost completely. On the other hand, when the plant body was partially warmed at around 30°C, translocation was restrained too. So either excessively high or low temperatures are not favorable for translocation of nutrients.

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水稲収量成立原理とその応用に関する作物学的研究

: LII. 水稲の登熟機構の研究(10)

松島省三, 和田源七

1959 年 28 巻 1 号 p. 44-45
発行日: 1959/09/01
公開日: 2008/02/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.28.44

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Treating the rice. plants to vary the amount of carbohydrates per grain supplied from leaves and culms, and subjecting the plants to the controlled temperatures (17, 21, 25 and 29°C), the authors tried to elucidate the mechanism of ripening. The following conclusion was drawn out, from the present experiment. The translocation rate of carbohydrates from leaves and culms to grains increases with temperatures up to 29°C which is the highest temperature used in the experiment, as far as the carbohydrates to be translocated exist enough in quantity. It has clearly been recognized, on the contrary, that the activity of grains in receiving the carbohydrates from leaves and culms decreases earlier as the temperature becomes hither. And, moreover, the respiratory loss of carbohydrates in the plant increases with temperatures. Consequently, the following facts obtained in the experiment can be well understood that the optimum temperature for ripening varies with the amount of carbohydrates per grain to be supplied from leaves and culms, that is the more the carbohydrates are supplied, the higher the optimum temperature is, and in fact the optimum temperatures are found in general from 21°C to 25°C in the average temperature of day and night.

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心白米に関する研究 : 第2報心白米の物理的性質

長戸一雄, 江幡守衛

1959 年 28 巻 1 号 p. 46-50
発行日: 1959/09/01
公開日: 2008/02/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.28.46

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Investigations were conducted on the physical properties of rice kernel with special emphasis on the White-core kernel. Sakamai varieties which are used for sake brewing and very high in white-core percentage and common rice varieties were used as materials for experiments. Sakamai grains were divided into two groups; white-core kernels and non white-core kernels. Comparisons were made on grain rigidity, milling qualities, specific gravity and water absorptivity of raw rice and on some properties of steamed rice in connection with penetrativity of malt mycelia. Grain hardness tests revealed that the white-core kernel was fragile due to the presence of a soft structure around the center of it, and that the rigidity of non white-core kernel was rather high. Results of milling and specific gravity tests showed that white-core grain has a rather hard exterior holding an interior of soft and porous structure. Milled white-core kernel was very high in water absorptivity and considerably flat in the process of milling around. 80 % of milling rate. It was observed that both longitudinal' and transverse cracks were easily formed in white-core kernel when steamed. The steamed kernel appeared elastic and less in decrease of thickness. Results of an experiment on Koji (malted rice) led to a conclusion that the cracks which are formed in the kernel due to the presence of porous structure favor the penetration of mycelia into it and would help making .Koji of good quality.

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水稲の麦稈分散灌漑法について

笠井辰郎, 小林政明, 清水定延

1959 年 28 巻 1 号 p. 51-52
発行日: 1959/09/01
公開日: 2008/02/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.28.51

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1) For the purpose of protecting rice plants from a cold irrigation water damage at the entrance of a water way in a paddy field, a dispersed irrigation method with wheat straw bundles was devised and studied. 2) The dispersed irrigation method with wheat straw bundles was arranged as follows; wheat straw bundles which was some 10 cm in diameter were fixed to the surface of a paddy field, making a row with them along a levee, and setting its row inside at 30 cm apart from a levee. As the results, the irrigation water, through the wheat straw bundles, ran slowly into a paddy-field. 3) By using this irrigation method, the irrigation water temperature could be raised bringing about the better growth and ripeness, and higher yield of rice plants.

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水田における耕耘の栽培技術的研究 : 第1報飼料作物跡地水田における耕起法の差異が水稲の生育, 収量に及ぼす影響

泉清一, 中江克己, 金子隆夫, 森脇俊二

1959 年 28 巻 1 号 p. 53-54
発行日: 1959/09/01
公開日: 2008/02/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.28.53

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Experiments were carried out to make clear the effect of different plowing methods on the growth of the rice plant in paddy fields where different winter forage crops were grown. 1. In the paddy field where Chinese Vetch (Genge) was grown in the previous winter, the plowing with Rotary power tiller brought about a better growth of the rice plant than that with the plow in the early stages of growth. But in the later growth stages, the case turned quite reversely. 2. On paddy field where Italian rye grass was grown in the preceding winter, the plowing with Rotary power tiller brought about a worse early growth of the rice plant than that with the plow. In the later stages, however, the case turned also quite reversely. 3. These differences in the growth of the rice plant could be modified to some extent by manuring or mixed seeding.

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湿田の稲作改善に関する栽培技術的研究 : VI. 山土客土に関する調査研究 : (1) 早植水稲に対する山赤土客土の効果について

白鳥孝治, 松本直治, 松岡義浩

1959 年 28 巻 1 号 p. 55-57
発行日: 1959/09/01
公開日: 2008/02/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.28.55

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In order to know whether application of red colored hill soil to rice fields has good effects not only in the case of ordinary transplanting but in the case of early transplanting culture, and moreover to find the optimum quantity of nitrogenous fertilizers in the latter case, some experiments were carried out by the authors, the results obtained being as follows: [I] Effects of red colored hill soil put in, (a) A larger number of ears was obtained. (b) Good harvests were obtained. (c) The elongation of lower internodes were controlled. (d) Total nitrogen content in the plant decreased. (e) In consequence of the results (c) and (d), the plant became lodging resistant. The tendency above rnentioned was distinctly noticed especially in early transplanting. [II] Effects on early transplanted rice crop, (a) Decrease in a thousand grain weight of rice often liable to application of abundant nitrogenous fertilizers was checked by hill soil duplication. (b) A larger number of ears was obtained. [III] Effects on three kinds of ill-drained paddy fields which consist of mack, sandy soil and heavy clay, respectively, showed a similar tendency as above mentioned in all cases. From those facts there were elucidated good effects of red colored hill soil put in early transplanted rice fields under ill-drained condition. Crop damages frequently caused by heavy fertilizing may be thus controlled to some extent.

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湿田における水管理に関する作物学的研究 : V. 落水処理が水稲の倒伏に及ぼす影響

香山俊秋, 宮坂昭, 武舎武保, 伊藤栄治, 江口和雄

1959 年 28 巻 1 号 p. 58-60
発行日: 1959/09/01
公開日: 2008/02/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.28.58

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We Studied the relation between the lodging and the water management in the field. We designed several plots, by varying the amount of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer and some organic matters, as well as the draining stage. Koraku-plot (drained from the floral initiation stage till the heading stage) lodged most (lodging grade II∼IV), but Zenraku-plot (drained chiefly during the vegetative growth stage) did least (I∼II), in general. But by heavy application of nitrogen, mid-summer draining plot lodged (III) ; and by the application of gene grass, flooding irrigated plot considerably lodged (IV). The characters of the rice plant connected with lodging were culm length, maximum number of tillers per hill, weight of 10 cm basal culm, length of internode (No.4), and they had a close relation to the absorption of nutrients, especially nitrogen. Though it had been said that mid-summer draining could prevent the rice plant from lodging, we found from our results that it could not always do, and the effect of draining upon the lodging differed by the draining stage and the conditions of soil and manure.

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寒冷地の陸稲早期移植栽培について

松林実, 中村公則, 村田孝雄, 関村栄

1959 年 28 巻 1 号 p. 61-62
発行日: 1959/09/01
公開日: 2008/02/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.28.61

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Present study has been curried out from 1956 to 1958, for the purpose of security as well as yield increase in the culture of upland rice in a cool region. The important remarks concluded throughout this study are as follows: (1) In the transplanted groups, an early heading. date and a high percentage of available stems are observed as compared with the direct-sowned, thus the yield of grain increases from 40 to 60 per cent. It is seen also that it increases with the number of ears in every varieties of the transplanted. (2) As the growing period of rice is short in Tohoku district, it is necessary to secure the number of ears in the early season, by the selection of good seedlings and dense planting (3, 000 hills per one are and about 5 seedlings per one hill) in accompany with the good rooting. Therefore, it is advisable to be cultivated in the fields having the irrigation facilities. As the fertilizer, it is desirable to put a large amount of phosphate. That is, in the rich phosphate groups, a good growth of rice plant after transplanting, a large number of ears and a tendency of early heading are observed as compared with the poor ones. (3) It seems at present that such a paddy-rice variety as Fujisaka No. 5 is more suitable for transplanting than uplan-drice varieties, because Fujisaka No. 5 shows a good rooting, a vigorous early growth anh a little lodging by dense planting in a cool region.

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畑作物の吸水特性について

長谷川新一, 八田貞夫, 臼井恵治

1959 年 28 巻 1 号 p. 63-65
発行日: 1959/09/01
公開日: 2008/02/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.28.63

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To advance the efficiency of water usage in irrigation practice, it is necessary to determine the depth of soil from which the crop withdraws most of its water. In the present paper a study of water use by the upland rice, sweet potato and soybean crop was reported. Namely, the pattern of moisture extraction under these crops was traced up by using gypsum blocks and tentiometers installed to a depth of 50 cm in the field. The movable shed was used to protect the crop from rain so that the whole water supply was under control, and the plots designated as wet were irrigated whenever the soil moisture tension at l0 cm depths rose to about 2 atm., and the plots. designated as dry were irrigated when upland rice showed some signs of wilting. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The consumptive use of upland rice were consistently highest, followed by soybean and sweet potato, and the peak use rate per day of these crops was 7, 6 and 6 mm, respectively. Although under upland rice nearly all of the moisture was extracted from the first 15 cm of soil, under sweet potato less amount of water was depleted from this depth and relatively more moisture was lost from the 15-30 cm depth than under upland rice. 2. The extraction pattens for a crop differ materially throughout the growing season. Noticeable variations in extraction pattern also result from the soil moisture content. There was an increase in the rate of extraction from the deeper depth (40∼50 cm) when about fifty per cent of available moisture in the shallow depths had been exhausted. Judging from this fact, it seems that in this soil (volcanic ash soil, clay loam) when about fifty per cent of available moisture is exhausted it becomes vary difficult for crops to absorb the water. 3. After the irrigation, water was again removed more from the surface and by far the greatest amounts of water lost from the first 30 cm of soil under both irrigation conditions. But although progressively less amounts were lost from deeper depth under the "dry" condition, relatively more moisture was used from the middle (about 10∼20 cm) depths of soil under the frequent irrigation treatments.

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耕地雑草群落に関する実験的研究(2) : 群落の主要構成種の個体分布型及び群落の等比級数法則

笠原安夫

1959 年 28 巻 1 号 p. 66-67
発行日: 1959/09/01
公開日: 2008/02/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.28.66

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(1) The mode of distribution was examined based on the dispersion diagram (unit area 6×6, 3×3 sq. cm.). It was calculated by means of X²-test for the deviation from the POISSON distribution, POISSON type by BLACKMAN, double POISSON type by THOMAS and POLYA-EGGENBERGER type on the important species in weed communities on various crop fields and fallow fields. (2) It is generally recognized that the distribution types of species such as Polygonium Blumei, Digitaria adsedens, Cyperus Iria, Dopatorium junceum, Rotala indica, etc. which propagate by scattering seeds were fitted satisfactorily to POISSON series of random distribution, when the, goodness of fit by means of X²-test was tested, though there were two types, one was more suitable to BLACKMAN'S value and the other to THOMAS' value, when the, value of actual density (D) to BLACKMAN'S type (m) or THOMAS type m(1+λ) were compared respectively (Table l). But the distribution of weed species including Aneilema Keisak, Eleocharis acicularis, Juncellus serotinus, which propagate by such an organ ds root, solon, rhizome, was fitted to THOMAS' type and PE type of contagious distribution. (3) It was recognized a linear relation as the fitness of MOTOMURA'S law of logarithmic series, namely, the log. number of individuals-rank and the log. weight-rank of species relation were shown on some growth stages on the weed communities in fallow field. Then before and after of these stages it was indicated L-type or S-type (Fig. 1). It is also shown a linear relation from the community including rice crop plants and weeds (Fig. 2). Such a linear relation seems to indicate a kind of the temporary stability of interspefic competition.

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畑作除草作業体系の確立に関する研究 : 第II報陸稲の生育収量に及ぼす雑草の影響

川廷謹造, 加藤泰正

1959 年 28 巻 1 号 p. 68-72
発行日: 1959/09/01
公開日: 2008/02/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.28.68

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This experiment were performed as a part of the fundamental works for the purpose of setting a weeding system in field management. It was planned to use nine different weeding treatment at different growth stage of upland rice crop and the influence of weed volumes at the various .growth stage on the growth and yield of the crop was observed. Upland riceplant were very sensitive to weeds, especially to those grow very rapidly, such as Chenopodium album, Polygonum oriental and Amaranthus Blitum, for a few weeks after germination. Digitaria ciliaris grew more in the field, but they were not injurious in this period. When weeds are removed two or three weeks after germination, upland rice plants were not injured by weeds for a few weeks after this weeding even if weeds grow again. The next period when crops were more injured by weeds, was after the stage of flower bud differentiation. So, by weeding only twice at these two periods the growth and the yield of upland rice would be free from the influence of weeds.

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土壌水分と小豆の生育収量に関する研究

田崎順郎

1959 年 28 巻 1 号 p. 73-76
発行日: 1959/09/01
公開日: 2008/02/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.28.73

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1) Optimum soil moisture content for growth and yield of Azuki-beans was investigated on the different soils, several sowing dates and the some varieties. 2) Even under the same condition of soil and water content in pot culture, the different structure and the amounts of soil produced somewhat different results on the growth of this crop. 3) The optimum soil moisture content for the growth :and yield of Azuki-beans were 90∼80 % of water capacity and the moisture range for practical .growing of this crop was about l00∼60 %. The growth and yield of this crop grown under 40 % moisture content showed marked depression. 4) In this treatment, the root-top ratio showed the minimum and maximum value under optimum and the least soil moisture content, respectively and transpiration ratio under optimum conditions was more than 400. 5) During the early stages of growth soil moisture content required for the normal growth was comparatively low and in this period the plant growth was considerably normal even under dry condition as low as 40 %. Until about 40 days after sowing, the growth of this crop had not shown any appreciable differences by the different soil moisture treatments from 60 to 100 percent. Thereafter, growth rate was effected largely by the, different soil moisture content. 6) 4 varieties, early to late, were cultivated in the soil shelves .having the height of 10, 30, 50, 70, 90 cm from the constant level of subirrigated water table. 7)The soil was coarse sandy loam well aggregated to have good aeration. Soil moisture content of each layer of all plots was measured. (Fig. 2). 8) Plant height, number of nodes, condition of branching, dry weight of a plant increased according with lower and wetter conditions except 10 cm -high plot, this trend being more remarkable on the early rather than the late variety. 9) The early variety bloomed few days earlier in high level plots than low level plots, but the late did not show such a, difference. Number of pods, total number and weight of fertile grains increased with the lower and wetter conditions especially in the case of early variety, except 10 cm high. Weight of 100 grains of the early varieties increased but that of the late variety decreased with increasing soil moisture. The reason why the yield of the late varieties did not increased in spite of the increase of the total number of fertile grains as compared with the early varieties was the increase of the refuse grains. 10) In this study, the suitable height from the subirrigated water level for their growth and yield was estimated to be 30 cm in the early varieties and 50∼70 cm in the late varieties.

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大豆に於ける高冷地栽培種子と平地栽培種子との比較

山本良三, 石川雅士

1959 年 28 巻 1 号 p. 77-78
発行日: 1959/09/01
公開日: 2008/02/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.28.77

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In order to investigate the influences of localities of planting on the germination behaviours and chemical composition of the soybean seeds, two varieties of soybeans were planted on the 2 highlands and the 2 lowlands, where the temperature differed as much as 5°C on the average throughout the growing seasons. The results obtained were as follows: I. Germination behavior; Effects of the localities in which the seeds ripened varied with varieties. We found in Daizu Norin No. 3 that the seeds ripened on the highlands which are represented hereinafter as Hs were more delayed in the rate of water absorption and germination than those ripened on the lowlands which are represented hereinafter as Ls, but could not find it in Daizu Norin No. 2. From the results of germination tests with variously treated seeds it was pointed out that the difference in germination behavior had much to do with the permeability of seed coats to water. II. Chemical composition; It was known that Hs contained much more sugar and much less oil than Ls. No significant difference was found in the amount of protein contained between Hs and Ls. These phenomena mentioned above may not be attributed to the different soil properties but to the different mean temperatures during the growing seasons of the soybean plants, because these facts were also found anlong the seeds cultivated at the same location in different mean temperatures.

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東南アジアを主とする世界における大豆品種の分化に関する研究 : 第2報夏秋大豆性及び草性の分布より見た大豆栽培の起原と伝播

永田忠男

1959 年 28 巻 1 号 p. 79-82
発行日: 1959/09/01
公開日: 2008/02/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.28.79

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前報その他で報告した夏秋大豆性及び草性についての大豆品種の分布より, アジアでは華北, 華中を中心として, 満州にいたる満州傾斜品種系, 朝鮮より北日本にいたる日本全季作物傾斜品種系, 台湾, 硫球を経て南日本にいたる日本短季作物傾斜品種系及びベトナム, マレイを経てインドネシアにいたる印度支那傾斜品種系を設定した. そしてこれらの傾斜品種系の末端に, 生態的及び地理的隔離のかなり完成されている品種群を(1)満州生態型, (2)北日本生態型, (3)南日本生態型, 4)印度支那生態型と名付けた. これらの生態型及びその近似種の分布は, 近世における大豆の伝播の結果とかなりよく一致している. 従って, これらの分布よりいまだに疑問とされている大豆栽培の起原地並に古代における伝播の経路を考察することは, ある程度の推論の根拠があるものと思われる. その結果, 大豆栽培の起原は満州ではなくて, 中国本土, とくに華北, 華中にあるものと思われる. 日本への伝播の経路については, 華北より朝鮮を経て北日本にいたる経路を主とし, 外に華中より直接に南日本にいたる経路も考えられ, さらに栽培品種の相似により, 華中, 華南より, 台湾, 硫球を経て南日本にいたる経路も, 大豆品種の渡来と関係あるものと思われる.

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落花生の結実に関する生理学的研究 : 第1報結実圏に与えられたCa⁴⁵の結実部位別分布について

水野進

1959 年 28 巻 1 号 p. 83-85
発行日: 1959/09/01
公開日: 2008/02/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.28.83

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While many studies concerning the necessity of calcium in the fruiting medium have been investigated, the detailed distribution of calcium in the varied region of the fruiting organ is little understood. The purpose of the present investigation was to secure information on the distribution of calcium in the fruiting organ when calcium salt was added to the fruiting medium of the peanut plant. Chiba No. 74 (runner type) were grown in sand culture with the root and fruit zones isolated from each other as shown in Fig. 1. The plants in the root and fruit zones were grown with a complete nutrient solution, while radioactive calcium was applied only in the fruiting zone at the rate of l mc. per 20 pound sand. The experimental results were as follows: 1. The accumulation of Ca⁴⁵ in the various parts of the fruiting organ was given in Fig. 3. The gynophore contained less Ca⁴⁵ than the other parts at the harvest time Ca⁴⁵ was greatly decreased in the shell enlarging period (20∼30 days after they entered sand), though it was a little increased at the mature season. The pod contained more Ca⁴⁵ than the gynophore and the shell absorbed the greatest value of Ca⁴⁵ at the shell enlarging period on the other hand the Ca⁴⁵ counts of the seed were increased during the seed mature :period on account of the movemens of Ca⁴⁵ fronl the shell. 2. The relationship between the deposition of Ca⁴⁵ in the peanut and its anatomical structure was presented in Fig. 4. In the autoradiograph of the gynophore, the radioelement of the part entering sand tended to concentrate in the hypodermis and the endodermis, while that of the top did in the endodermis and the pith (Fig. 4. A. B. C.). Within the pod, Ca⁴⁵ tended to concentrate in the tracheid and hypodermis parts of the shell, but in the xylem parenchyma part of the shell and the seed scarcely any Ca⁴⁵ was found (Fig. 4 D.). A greater degree of the absorption and translocation of Ca⁴⁵ in the shell was found in the basal region of it than in the terminal one.

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本邦有用野草に関する研究 : 第IV報荳科野草種子の貯蔵中に於ける硬実の変化とその原因

関塚清蔵, 宝示戸貞雄

1959 年 28 巻 1 号 p. 86-87
発行日: 1959/09/01
公開日: 2008/02/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.28.86

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The hard seed content of Karasuno-endo (Vicia angustifolia L.) and Kawaraketsumei (Cassia mimosoides L.) which are being improved as fodder was investigated. Both immature and mature seeds of Karasuno-endo which had been stored for 1 or 3 months in the laboratory increased their hard seed content 0 to 62.7 % and 50 to 94.6 %, respectively. When immature seeds of Karasuno-endo were stored in a desiccator with water in the bottom of it, they retained their permeability entirely, but when stored with desiccant their hard seed content increased 0 to 99.3 % after 10 days of storage. Under storage condition in the laboratory mature seeds of Karasuno-endo reduced their percentages of hard seed in summer but didn't change them in other seasons. When they were stored with desiccant they showed high percentages of hard seed in every season. Mature seeds of Kawaraketsumei stored in the laboratory increased their hard seed content in winter and reduced in summer. Under dry storage condition with desiccant they reduced the hard seed content rapidly.

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牧草の短期輪栽による畑地土壌の改良に関する研究 : 第1報クローバーの輪栽が土壌の化学性に及ぼす影響 : 第2報クローバーの輪栽が土壌の物埋性に及ぼす影響

川井一之, 岡田正行, 池宗勝三郎

1959 年 28 巻 1 号 p. 88-91
発行日: 1959/09/01
公開日: 2008/02/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.28.88

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For the purpose of clearing up the effects of clover rotation on the chemical and physical properties of field soil, this study was carried out. The results obtained are as follows: 1) Short term rotation of clover increased humus content remarkably and adjusted the soil reaction in surface soil compared with the common cropping system (growing wheat and sweet potato alternately). 2) Formation of water stable soil aggregates was promoted remarkably by clover rotation, particularly that of larger aggregates as 3.0 mm < diameter. 3) It seems that "Summer withering" of clover may be caused by the dry condition, under which clover cultivation reduced liquid phase of surface soil and produced so much hard greater clods in subsoil.

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草類の種子発芽および初期生育に及ぼす環境要因の影響に関する研究 : II. 数種牧草種子の発芽に及ぼす土壌水分の影響

星野正生, 池田十五, 松本フミエ

1959 年 28 巻 1 号 p. 92-93
発行日: 1959/09/01
公開日: 2008/02/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.28.92

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Three gramineous pasture species-Italian ryegrass, orchard grass, timothy-and three leguminous species-red clover, Ladino clover and alfalfa-were seeded in the soil of varied degrees of soil moisture to get the relevant data of the effect of soil moisture on germination. Sucrose solutions of varied degrees of osmotic pressure were prepared, in which were seeded those six species in order to find out the effect of osmotic pressure on germination. The results of the two series of tests were studied together, which revealed the following facts. 1. In the diluvial volcanic ash soil whose maximum water holding capacity is 112%, good germination was observed in all the six species when its moisture content was 40∼70 % of the maximum capacity. At 30%, some general delay in the date of germination was noticed, although no appreciable difference was seen among those species :in germination. At 20 %, almost no germination took place, while at 80 % few seed germinated. 2. In the case of moisture deficiency, the degree of lowering in germination percentage varied with different species. Among each of the gramineous species and the leguminous species, the. severest damage was seen in orchard grass, and Ladino clover, respectively. 3. With all the species, the higher the osmotic pressure, the lower the germination percentage, until at 20 atmospheric pressure germination was almost impossible. 4. Suppressive effect on germination in sucrose solution with high-osmotic-pressure varied with different species. Severest effect was seen in orchard grass and Ladino clover, which agreed well with the results of the trials on the effect of soil moisture.

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夏季における牧草畑の微気象 : I. 灌水, 混播及び刈取りによる地温の変化について : II. 気温, 湿度の日変化及び Orchard grass, ladino clover の蒸発散位について

川鍋祐夫, 三寺光雄, 高橋克己, 常岡伸祐, 山田豊一, 吉原潔, 上野昌彦

1959 年 28 巻 1 号 p. 94-97
発行日: 1959/09/01
公開日: 2008/02/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.28.94

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The daily variations of air temperature, soil temperature and relative humidity in the vegetations of tame pastures and evapo-transpiration of some pasture crops were measured from the stand point to diminish the summer depression. At the same time, the effects of irrigation, pasture mixture and clipping on the soil temperature were investigated.: The results are summarized as follows: 1. Soil temperature; (1) Irrigation: Maximum soil temperature at surface, 5 cm and 15 cm depth was lowered by 3°C, 2°C and 1°C respectively by irrigation when the soil was dry and air temperature was high. (2) Pasture mixture: Maximum soil temperature at 5 cm depth in ladino clover stand was 1°C higher than that in both orchardgrass and orchardgrass-ladino clover mixture. That in orchardgrass-ladino clover mixture was 2°C higher than that in both orchardgrass-ladino clover-Italian ryegrass mixture and orchardgrass-ladino clover-alfalfa mixture. These tendencies were distinct in clear day when the soil was drier or the air temperature was higher. Therefore it is supposed that the maximum soil temperature was affected by the soil moisture content. (3) Clipping: The maximum soil temperature at 5 cm depth in clipping plot of ladino clover was about 3°C higher than that in non clipping plot, while the maximum air temperature in the former was 3°C lower than that in the latter. It is considered from these results that the soil temperature can be controlled by irrigation, pasture mixture and clipping. 2. Daily variation of temperature; The remarkable vertical distribution of air temperature was shown in the vegetation. Especially, the air temperature at 2 cm height reached 35∼37°C in daytime, which was 3.5∼7.0°C higher than that of standard air temperature and was maintained 2°C higher during night. The growing points of these pasture crops might be placed under such condition as some degrees higher than standard air temperature. 3. Relative humidity and the moisture contents of soil and plant leaves; Relative humidity became lower in the daytime than in the morning and evening. Moisture contents of soil and plant leaves showed the same tendencies. 4. Evapo-transpiration; Evapo-transpiration per unit leaf area of ladino clover was more than that of orchard grass. Evapo-transpiration increased exponentially with rise of temperature.

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牧草かんがいに関する研究

松林実, 高橋均, 八田貞夫

1959 年 28 巻 1 号 p. 98-100
発行日: 1959/09/01
公開日: 2008/02/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.28.98

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In our previous reports it was mentioned that the flood irrigation in winter season at. the foot of Mt. Iwate has played an important role in the herbage production and soil improvement. In this experiment the production of Ladino clover irrigated for 60 days from winter to spring was the highest among the all plots containing the plot manured necessary and complete amounts of fertilizers without irrigation for pasture. On a view point of the: efficiency of water, 15 days irrigation in winter season was most efficient. And 1 or 2 days irrigation. immediately after each cutting in summer season brought the effect like topdressing fertilizers. Consequently, for the herbage production and soil improvement the irrigation for 15 days, in winter season. and 5 or 6 days in summer season was the most available of all plots examined.

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タバコの開花に関する生理学的研究 : 第2報湛水処理期間の相違が発育反応に及ぼす影響

東瀬士郎

1959 年 28 巻 1 号 p. 101-104
発行日: 1959/09/01
公開日: 2008/02/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.28.101

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In these investigations, relationship between total number of leaves of a tobacco plant (bright tobacco var. BRIGHT YELLOW), which was closely related to time of flower initiation and length of duration in which plants were grown on water-logged soil, was examined under field conditions in normal season. In the first experiment, the three different sized seedlings (with 8, 10 and 12 leaves) were subjected respectively to water-logging for various durations (0, 1, 3, 6, 15 and 20 days) after transplanting, in order to determine the influence of both growth stage of seedling and length of treatment duration. As the results, in case of 8 leaver-seedling, these treatments had relatively little or no effect upon the number of leaves and in 12 leaves-seedling, it tended to decrease in total number of leaves markedly with length of durations, whereas in 10 leaves it was slightly decreased in case of shorter duration (1-3 days), but reversely increased in longer duration (15∼2O days) compared with that of normal plant. In the second experiment, all combination of three growth stages (8, 10 and 12 leaves), two periods until beginning of treatment from transplanting (0 and 14 days) and two water-logged durations (3 and 15 days) were tested in order to recognize above-mentioned relationships. As the results, total number of leaves, which were treated at 14 th day after Transplanting was decreased compared with that treated just at the time of transplanting, except in case of three days duration with 8 leaves-seedling and fifteen days with 12 leaves. Especially, the remarkable decreases of total number of leaves was caused by only three days treatment and in these plants was observed earlier blooming than normal, if the growth stage of plant shown by external leaf number reached more than 12 leaves. In the third experiment, the three different sized seedlings as above mentioned were transplanted at the same time, and then in 12 leaves-seedling were treated just at the time of transplanting, where as the same treatment was begun at 7 th day after transplanting in 10 leaves-seedling and at 14 th day in 8 leaves, when their external leaf number reached to 12 leaves and continued respectively for various durations (0, 1, 3, 6, and 15 days). As the results, in longer duration of treatment as fifteen days, there was less variation in decrease of total number of leaves among seedlings with various growth stages However, it showed in shorter duration that total number of leaves was decreased markedly in case of 12 leaves-seedling. From these results, it was concluded that there was a limiting factor showed by the growth stage of tobacco plant for decrease of total number of leaves caused by long duration of water-logging, as shown in previous paper, and in one stage before this limit, increase of total number of leaves occurred, but in another stage over this limit, water-logging duration required to induce the remarkable decrease was reached to only three days.

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茶樹の耐寒性に関する研究 : I. 寒さに強風・土の乾湿等が伴う場合の茶葉の被害とその品種間差異について : II. 温度・日長時間が茶品種の生育に及ぼす影響と, それによる耐寒性の変化

原田重雄, 中山仰, 三ッ井稔

1959 年 28 巻 1 号 p. 105-108
発行日: 1959/09/01
公開日: 2008/02/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.28.105

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Leaves of young tea plant are often severely injured by cold wind. This injury occurs suddenly and their symptoms are just the same as those of drought injury. It was thought that one of the direct causes of this injury was sudden decrease in water content of tea leaves. At tea gardens transplanted shortly before, the root conditions were thought to have some relations to the occurrence of this injury. The growth of tea varieties varies according to air temperature, and early varieties commence their growth earlier and more easily dehardened at lower temperature than late varieties.

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茶樹の凍霜害防除に関する研究 (第3報) : 直接被覆が被覆内気温および茶樹体温に及ぼす影響

高橋恒二, 青野英也, 田中静夫, 簗瀬好充

1959 年 28 巻 1 号 p. 109-110
発行日: 1959/09/01
公開日: 2008/02/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.28.109

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On the preventing frost damage of the tea bush by thin straw mat covering the warm keeping effect was compared between two methods, one was putting the mat on the bush surface (direct covering), the other was holding the mat 60 cm. apart from the bush (indirect covering), the former of these frequently could not prevent severe damage. The air and leaf temperature under the either covering method were kept higher than that in the open plot, especially those under the indirect covering were much higher. The straw mat covering was more effective on a calm night than on a windy one. The difference of air temperature between direct covering and open plot was small, as the bush under the covering was influenced by the radiate cooling from the colder covering material. The leaf temperature under the covering was kept higher than open one, but the touched leaf to the covering material was colder than that of the untouched. These fact suggested that the cold mat more influenced on the air and leaf temperature owing to its nearer situation, and the touched leaf was cooled by heat conduction from colder covering material.

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茶樹の耐寒性とコロイド滴定法による陰性コロイドとの関係

渕之上弘子, 塘二郎, 渕之上康元

1959 年 28 巻 1 号 p. 111-112
発行日: 1959/09/01
公開日: 2008/02/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.28.111

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The purpose of this study was to make clear the relation of cold resistance to the amount of negative colloid in the mature leaves by colloid titration method. In the stronger varieties in cold resistance, negative colloid content was greater than that in weaker ones, so it was pointed out that the absolute amount of negative colloid would be of great importance in cold resistance. The fact that the older plants were more resistant to cold than the younger ones was well proved by the difference of their amount of negative colloid by this method. Qualitative investigation was made on the ingredient in this trial colloid, but the principal ingredient in negative colloid could not be made clear yet.

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藺草に関する研究 : V. 分げつ発現時期と発現所要日数について

加戸輝義

1959 年 28 巻 1 号 p. 113-114
発行日: 1959/09/01
公開日: 2008/02/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.28.113

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1) When transplanting time is changed, the length of time interval of tillering in rush plant was remarkably influenced as shown in figure l, and so far as the author's investigations are concerned, shortest interval of tillering observed was about 5 days. 2) The interval length was influenced by irrigation water temperature; at lower temperatures more days were required between successive tillering, and at higher temperatures intervals became shorter. It was found that the optimum water temperature for tillering was about 20°-30°C. 3) Interrelations between air temperature and the length of tillering interval shows a curvilinear equation as given in figure 3. Calculating from this equation, we may estimate theoretical length of the interval of tiller emergence at any time throughout the year.

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楮靱皮の組織学的研究

成田義三, 大野金省

1959 年 28 巻 1 号 p. 115-117
発行日: 1959/09/01
公開日: 2008/02/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.28.115

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The authors performed histological studies on the bast tissue, especially primary and secondary fibre layers of paper mulberry (Broussonetia Kazinoki and B. Papyrifera). Results are Summarized as follows: 1) Primary fibre layer has reticulate structure, which is made from many fibre bandles, consist of 5 to 30 primary fibre cells. 2) Primary fibre layer and secondary fibre layer are separated clearly with middle layer. 3) Thickness of the bast tissues at various positions on the same shoot are measured and tendencies to increase and decrease of these became clear. 4) Characters of varieties and histological differerences between Kozo (B. kazinoki) and Kazinoki (B. papyrifera) are recognized as table 3.

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香料ゼラニウムの精油分泌機能に関する生理生・生態学的研究 : 第5報収油率の日変化とその微細気象的環境

吉田照雄, 今岡円七

1959 年 28 巻 1 号 p. 118-120
発行日: 1959/09/01
公開日: 2008/02/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.28.118

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The yield of oil was measured simultaneously with the micrometeorological observation in a geranium-garden of Hakata, Ehime Pref. on Aug. 16 and 17, 1958. The yield of oil of leaves was measured with a microstill, and the temperatures (air-., leaf-, and ground surface-temp.) were observed with a thermograph set near the plant (Table 1 & 2). The comparison of the daily fluctuation of percentage yield of oil with that of micrometeorological elements gives the followings (Fig. 2): (1) The percentage yield of oil increases with solar radiation, reaches the maximum at 18' o'clock, thereafter decreases remarkably, and reaches. the minimum next morning. (2) High air temperature and low humidity have a favourable influence on increasing the yield of oil. (3) The daily fluctuation of percentage yield of oil of young leaves is more remarkable than that of old leaves. This seems to be brought about chiefly by the high leaf-temperatures and a large amount of solar radiation in the crown of the plant.

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香料ゼラニウムの精油分泌機能に関する生理・生態学的研究 : 第6報種間及び品種間特性

吉田照雄

1959 年 28 巻 1 号 p. 121-123
発行日: 1959/09/01
公開日: 2008/02/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.28.121

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In Japan, formerly the leading species was Pelargonium denticulatum. For .the purpose of increasing oil production, three types of P. roseum were introduced in 1954, viz., varieties "Italy", "France" and "America". The present paper deals with morphological and physiological properties as material plants and chemical composition of essential oil. The results are summarized as follows: (1) The leafblade of P. roseum varieties is broader than that of P. denticulatum (Fig. 1). There are no marks in petals of P. roseum "America", of which petiole and internode are short. (2) There are no significant differences in the distribution of oil gland and the percentage of oil among three varieties of P. roseum. The average yearly oil yield of P. roseum is around 0.1 per cent, that is as low as about a half of that of P. denticulatum (Fig. 2 & 3). (3) P. roseum plants are more spreading and shrubby with vigorous growth than P. denticulatum, but in the former the yearly yield of oil per hectar is low. (4) In the oil of P. denticulatum, the acid number and the ketone content as isomenthone are very high, and the ester content as tiglates is very low. The chemical properties of Italy type oil resemble those of France type oil. America type oil is relatively high in acid number, ketone content and ester content. The oil of P. denticulatum is inferior to P. roseum in quality (Table 2 & 3).

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甘藷の生理的特性に関する研究 : XII. 塊根形成に伴う根の生理的変化について

中潤三郎, 玉置秩

1959 年 28 巻 1 号 p. 124-125
発行日: 1959/09/01
公開日: 2008/02/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.28.124

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So far as the writers are aware, few accounts seem to have been given to the physiological behavior of sweet potato roots by the root tuber formation. The present investigation was undertaken to see whether the carbohydrate contents, amylase and phosphorylase activities in the sweet potato roots may relate to the differentiation of root tuber and to the determination of the thickened part of tuberous roots. Sweet potato of the variety "Okinawa No. 100" was used as material. The experimental results obtained may be summarized as follows: 1. By the 10 day after planting, the carbohydrate contents in the tuberous roots showed no remarkable difference from those in the fibrous roots. While by the 20 day after planting, the accumulations of non-reducing sugar and starch were observed in the slightly thickened part of tuberous roots. By the 30 day after planting, it was recognized that the contents of reducing and non-reducing sugars and starch were high in the distinctly thickened part of tuberous roots and also that the non-reducing sugar and starch contents were pretty abundant in the upper part of tuberous roots. Judging from these results, the carbohydrate contents in the tuberous roots may-be assumed to proceed parallel to the progress of root tuber formation. 2. As the characteristic features of the root tuber formation throughout the whole stage, the carbohydrate contents in the lower part of tuberous roots were almost similar to those in the fibrous roots, and the interrelation of carbohydrate contents between the thickened, upper and lower parts of tuberous roots added further confirmatory support to the previous results (1958, a). 3. Concomitant with the behavior of carbohydrate contents, the amylase and phosphorylase activities in the tuberous and fibrous roots differed from each other. Moreover, the variations of these enzyme activities in the tuberous roots were closely related to the root tuber formation.

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甘藷の切干歩合(干物重歩合)の高低差が生じる原因に関する研究 : (11) 甘藷体各部, 特に塊根滲透圧の日変化と乾物重歩合との関係

平井源一, 西川満

1959 年 28 巻 1 号 p. 126-128
発行日: 1959/09/01
公開日: 2008/02/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.28.126

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The experiments were made to know how the differences of daily changes of osmotic pressure are between varieties which have high dry matter content and those of low dry matter content. Generally the osmotic pressure increases in the morning and decreases in the afternoon, but the osmotic pressure in the varieties having high percentage of dry matter content (Norin 1, Genji, Gifu 1) drops rather gradually in the afternoon, while those having low percentage of dry matter content (Okinawa 100, Chabo, Ibaraki 1) show a sudden drop in the afternoon or no increasing from the beginning and a gradual falling. Osmotic pressure in the varieties having middle dry matter content was proved apt to be intermediate between two groups above mentioned. From these results it was made clear that the daily changes of osmotic pressure in the varieties having high percentage of dry matter are quite different from those of varieties having low percentage of dry matter content.

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馬鈴薯植物体内に於ける gibberellin と, 塊茎形成に及ぼすその影響について

岡沢養三

1959 年 28 巻 1 号 p. 129-133
発行日: 1959/09/01
公開日: 2008/02/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.28.129

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The present investigation was undertaken to ascertain whether the natural gibberellin is contained in the potato plant or not, and the effect of gibberellin on the tuber formation of potato plants was also studied, using two potato varieties of "Irish Cobbler" and "Norin No. 1" as materials in this experiment. The experimental results, obtained may by summarized as follows. According to the results of wheat leaf test, ultraviolet ray test and acid - and - alkaline treatment which were made using with the paper chromatogram obtained from ethanol extracts of potato tissues, it may be concluded .that there is some gibberellin like substances in the potato tissues. At least one of these substances may be regarded as the gibberellin itself, or seems to be highly similar to the gibberellin. On the relative amounts of natural gibberellin in the various parts of the potato plants, the following series was recognized in order; sprout > stem tip > tuber > middle part of stem > leaf. That some natural growth inhibitor is formed in the various parts of potato plants and it seems to act antagonistically to the gibberellin action, were also ascertained. On the other hand, it was noted that no tuber formation occurred when the gibberellin was applied to the potato plants, even under the short-day condition which usually caused a promotion of tuber formation. Judging from the facts described above, therefore, it seems reasonable to conclude that the natural gibberellin formed in the potato plants may play physiologically some important role in controlling the tuber formation of potato plants.

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馬鈴薯塊茎の末端酸化酵素系の変動について

西山保直, 田川隆

1959 年 28 巻 1 号 p. 134-137
発行日: 1959/09/01
公開日: 2008/02/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.28.134

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The present investigation was carried out in order to obtain further information as to whether some respiratory enzyme system in potato tubers of which activity is inhibited by the application of diethyldithiocarbamate (Dieca) and salcylaldoxime, may play any essential participation in the dormancy of potato tubers or not and also whether any difference of respiratory system may exist between the respiration of the dormant tuber and that of the sprouting tuber or not. The results obtained may be summarized as follows. The inhibitions of O₂-uptake by the tubers due to the treatments with Dieca or salcylaldoxime were reduced if the tubers were stored previously at low temperature or the dormant tubers were treated previously with gibberellin or thiourea in order to hasten their sprouting. A similar situation was found to be true in the case of the secondary-growth tuber. Judging from the results stated above, it seems quite reasonable to assume that polyphenol oxidase may take part in the respiratory enzyme systems in the dormant tubers and this polyphenol oxidase may play an important role in the dormancy of the potato tubers. The inhibiting effects of Dieca and salcylaldoxime on the O₂-uptake of the potato tubers were reduced if when use was made of tubers at their sprouting time and of tubers infected with witches, broom virus which usually show no dormancy. Although the respiration rates of these tubers decreased also under the condition of low oxygen partial pressure of 5 %, a slight respiratory inhibition by the treatment with Antimycin A was recognized. Accordingly, it seems highly probable that some respiratory enzyme system other than polyphenol oxidase may exist in these tubers, but no adequate explanation can be given on the nature of this enzyme system at present. In conclusion, the copper-containing enzyme system, highly presumably polyphenol oxidase and another respiratory enzyme system which is sensitive to low oxygen partial pressure and is not yet identified as to its nature, may play physiologically important roles in dormancy of the potato tubers.

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適令種薯による馬鈴薯作の改善に関する研究 : I. 春作に於ける種薯の月令と生育及び生産力

川上幸冶郎, 高山昭康, 米田正好

1959 年 28 巻 1 号 p. 138-139
発行日: 1959/09/01
公開日: 2008/02/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.28.138

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The object of this experiment is to determine the suitable physiological age of potato seed tubers for spring culture in relation to several varieties. The results obtained may be summarized as follows: 1) From the standpoint of the yield of primes (above 100gr. in weight per tuber) per 10 are, five commercial Varieties used in this study were grouped into types of summer-grown seed tubers and of fall-grown seed tubers; in the former about 6 months of age and in the latter 3 or 4 months of age are suitable for spring culture respectively. 2) Wheeler and Irish Cobbler, which has a long rest period, belong to a type of summer-grown seed tubers, while Norin No. 1, which is late in maturing in spite of its a short rest period, is also a type of summer-grown seed tubers. 3) Ojiro and Unzen are of type of fall-grown seed tubers. These varieties have short rest. period and early maturity. 4) From the results of these experiments, it is note worthy that the fall grown seed tubers of Unzen, Ojiro and Wheeler become of possible use for spring culture of potato.

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適令種薯による馬鈴薯作の改善に関する研究 : II. 秋作に於ける種薯の月令と生育及び生産力

川上幸治郎, 高山昭康

1959 年 28 巻 1 号 p. 140-141
発行日: 1959/09/01
公開日: 2008/02/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.28.140

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The object of this experiment is to determine the suitable physiological age of potato seed tubers for fall culture in relation to certain varieties. The results obtained may be summarized as follows: 1) From the standpoint of the total yield (above 23 gr. in weight per tuber) per 10 are, four commercial varieties used in this study were grouped into typed of early spring-grown seed tubers and of spring-grown seed tubers ; in the former about 3 months of age and in the latter 2.5 months of age are suitable for fall culture. 2) Wheeler which has a long rest period, belongs to a type of early spring-grown seed tubers, Norin No. 1 which is late in maturing in spite of ifs a short rest period, is also a type of early spring-grown seed tubers. 3) Ojiro Arid Unzen are of type of spring-grown seed tubers. These varieties have a short rest period and early maturity. 4) From the results of these experiments it is noted that the spring-grown seed tubers of Ojiro and Unzen and the early spring-grown seed tubers of Wheeler and Norin No. 1 become of use for fall culture of potato.

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小麦の重複受精に関する細胞学的研究

星川清親

1959 年 28 巻 1 号 p. 142-146
発行日: 1959/09/01
公開日: 2008/02/14

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.28.142

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普通小麦の一定環境条件下における受精を観察した. 助胎細胞は卵器に雄核が到達する為に重要な役割を持つと思われる. 卵に於ける受精は, 従来数十時間を要すると言われていたが, 20℃では受粉後4～4.5時間で遂行される事を確めた. 極核の受精はまず2極核中の1核と雄核が融合(第1次融合)して2nとなり次いでそれともう1つの極核とが融合(第2次融合)して3nの胚乳原核となる. 所要時間は卵のそれと等しい. 品種間差異は認められなかった.

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