日本作物学会紀事
Online ISSN : 1349-0990
Print ISSN : 0011-1848
ISSN-L : 0011-1848
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29 巻, 1 号
選択された号の論文の58件中1～50を表示しています
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  • 稲種子の発芽過程における水分の吸水様相 : 特に発芽遅速よりみた各相の意義について
    高橋 成人
    1960 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 1-3
    発行日: 1960/09/01
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.29.1
    ジャーナル フリー
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    1) The pattern of water absorption in rice seed. is divided into three phases i. e. the imbibition stage (phase A), the germination stage (phase B) and the growth stage (phase C). From the view point of water absorption in seed, the velocity of germination is regulated by two factors, phase A and phase B. 2) Phase A shows the process of the initial excessive water absorption which continues for 18-24 hr. when imbibition for whole seed is finished. Phase B shows the stage of organization for germination. At this phase the increase of water absorption is not remarkable : if it happens, the rising is dull. The last period of phase B means the germination, that is, the appearance of tissue of embryo through its surrounding coats. Phase C is the secondary visible water absorption and it is concerned with the growth after germination. 3) The seed coat is the main factor regulating the phase A. Phase B may be mainly governed by the activation of aleurone layer and the translocation of some substance for activation in embryo through the vascular bundle in the seed coat and hydrolysis in endosperm. 4) Phase B is apt to be more affected than phase A by the environmental condition of plant growth, ripening and storage of seed.
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  • 水稲の穂揃期ならびに減数分裂期の窒素追肥の効果について
    山口 邦夫, 石山 六郎, 斎藤 正一
    1960 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 4-6
    発行日: 1960/09/01
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.29.4
    ジャーナル フリー
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    Nitrogen top-dressing applied at full heading stage was found less influential in increasing yield than top-dressing applied. at the Panicle primordia initiation stage or at pollen mother cell meiosis stage in nothern district of Japan. The reason is supposed that in this district, increasing yield of rice is especialy due to increasing number of ears per plant or number of spikelets per plant which are increased by top-dressing applied at pollen mother cell meiosis stage (top-yield) or at the panicle primordia differentiating stage, whereas the increasing yield does not directly connect with increasing seed setting rate and decreasing trash rice. It is noticed that white-core grain percent (white-core grain has long been appreciated by brewers in Japan) is increased by nitrogen top-dressing applied at the full heading stage with decreasing trash rice.
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  • 窒素・炭水化物の消長が水稲の登熟に及ぼす影響
    平野 哲也, 鎗水 寿, 小野寺 守一
    1960 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 7-10
    発行日: 1960/09/01
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.29.7
    ジャーナル フリー
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    We have been considering that nitrogen dressing at the heading stage of rice plant is rather unfavorable for the ripening. From the results of our experiments, however, it was made clear that it is possible to increase the fertility or grain weight by supplying the top-dressing of nitrogen to the rice plant which was very low in contents of nitrogen at heading stage. Furthermore higher yield was obtained by the top-dressing of nitrogen at the early period of flower primordia differentiating stage than that the heading stage. This is due to the increase of spikelets per panicle, even though the fertility and grain weight were decreased. High yielding rice plants-more than 900∼975 kg. per hectare in brown rice-showed higher fertility compared with that of the rice plants which were cultivated with the usual method. The cause of the high fertility has been considered as follows : Nitrogen content of high yielding rice plants was lower than that of ones cultivated with usual methed before heading. After heading, however, higher accumulation of nitrogen than the control was observed. Much starch was produced and stored in the straw, especially in leaf sheath and culm, in the heading stage of high yielding rice, compared with the control. After heading starch translocated rapidly into ears. Until about 20 days after heading, starch contents in the straw once decreased, but in the following period, they increased again.
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  • 作物の登熟機構に関する生理的研究 : (X) 水稲種実内に於けるりん酸の組織的分布と登熟に伴う消長および「りん酸小体」について
    相見 霊三, 藤巻 和子
    1960 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 11-14
    発行日: 1960/09/01
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.29.11
    ジャーナル フリー
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    The localization and quantity of inorganic phophorus in rice kernel during ripening were measured by histochemical method. Inorganic phosphorus is localized mainly in a special protoplast structure which we termed "phosphorus body", not in the amyloplast itself. The amount of this phosphorus was largest at the stage of yellow ripeaing, in which the highest accumulation of starch is performed. The amount of this phosphorus decreases again after this stage. Conversely, some other kind of phosphorus, probably polyphosphate, is highly accumulated in the aleurone layer. Based on the results mentioned adove, an hypothesis regarding the behavior of phosphorus in rice kernel during ripening was presented : when starch is synthesized by phosphorylase, the liberated inorgaic phosphorus is trapped temporarily in the phosphorus body, and accumulated in the aleurone layer as a form of polyphosphate.
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  • 小麦の幼穂形成と節間伸長との関係および稲麦の形成過程上の差異
    細田 友雄, 岩崎 文雄
    1960 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 15-16
    発行日: 1960/09/01
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.29.15
    ジャーナル フリー
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    The experiments were carried out to study a relationship between flower formation and elongation of internode in cereals. In the present report, especially, the effects of temperature on flower formation and elongation of internode in wheat are concerned, and compared the wheat with the paddy rice plant from the standpoint of the flower formation and elongation of internode. In this experiment, wheat varieties NORIN No.53, YUYAKE KOMUGI and NORIN No. 64 were used as materials. Seeds of each variety were sown in two thermo-controlled green-house (0°∼14°C) or (5°∼30°C) and out of door (-5°C∼23°C) respectively. The flower-formation was indicated by the double-ridges stage of main shoot apex. The formation of vacant space was taken for a sign of elongation of internode as we had reported. Dissected stem tips were fixed in F. A. A. and were embedded in paraffin wax. Serial sections (cut at about 15μ) of them were stained with 1% gentian violet solution. In an early stage of vegetative growth, none of nodes was observed in the shoot apex. Nodes were observed at below the growing point of the apex after flower initiation. In all the experiment, the elongation of internodes began after the flower formation. However, in all the varieties, flower formation and elongation of internodes were accerelated by high temperature. Namely, flower formation and elongation of internodes in NORIN No. 53 occurred on 39 days after planting in green house of high temp. and 114 days after planting in out of door of low temp. But, no alteration in this order of flower formation and elongation of internode was recognized by applying high or low temperature. Thus, it became clear that there is a difference in the formation of the flower and elongation of the internodes between wheat and paddy rice. As we had reported already, the initiation of internode elongation in paddy rice plants takes place before the flower formation, and the elongation of internodes seems to be independent to the flower formation. On the contrary, the initiation of internode elongation in wheat occurred after the flower initiation under all the different conditions. Thus, we may conclude that there is a closer relation between flower formation and beginning of elongation of internodes in wheat than paddy rice plants.
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  • 栽培時期を異にする水稲の生育経過に関する研究 : III. 暖地早植稲の生育相と多収に関与する気象その他の要因
    佐本 啓智, 杉本 勝男, 宇田 昌義, 山川 勇, 鈴木 嘉一郎
    1960 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 17-18
    発行日: 1960/09/01
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.29.17
    ジャーナル フリー
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    1) Changes of the growing phase, chemical components and the root development in early transplanted rice showed similar tendencies to those in the plant of "early-season-culture". (I, II). 2) The grain yield by early transplanting culture was proved higher than that by ordinary culture; the result was assigned mainly to the increased numbers of panicles and grains per unit area and non-reduction of ripening-percentage in spite of the increase in grain numbers. 3) The increases of tillers and panicles in early transplanted rice are considered to have been induced by higher percentages of nitrogen, total sugar and starch in the plant at the tillering stage, the accumulation being possibly assignable to lower temperatures during the early stages of growth. 4) Moreover, or later stages abundant sunshine and many healthy roots after the heading time might have promoted assimilation and smooth translocation of carbohydrates to the numerous grains in early transplanted rice.
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  • 畑作水稲の栽培法に関する研究 : 畦幅および播種期に対する適応性について
    長谷川 新一, 竹村 義一, 中山 兼徳
    1960 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 19-22
    発行日: 1960/09/01
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.29.19
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    Paddy rice and upland rice (four varieties, respectively) were grown in upland field during 1958 and '59, and subjected to the following treatments: row distance of 20 or 60 cm, combined with sowing dates of 8 May or 5 June. The results obtained were as follows: (1) In the case of early sowing, the grain yields of both crops obtained from the 20 cm spacing were greater than the yields from the 60 cm spacing, but the yield increase of paddy rice caused by row distance of 20 cm as opposed to 60 cm was about 20 per cent and was greater than those of upland rice (0∼10 percent). As a result the yields of paddy rice from the 20 cm row spacing were higher than those of upland rice except the variety Norin No. 1, though the former from the 60 cm row spacing were lower than the latter except the veriety Norin No. 12. The main reason for these greater yield increase of paddy rice was the conspicuous increase of the number of ears and the straw weight per unit area, in addition the decrease of the average weight per ear was not so remarkable as that of upland rice. (2) In the case of 20 cm row spacing, the grain yield decrease of paddy rice caused by late sowing was less than that of upland rice. Therefore the yields of paddy rice were much higher than those of upland rice in the case of late sowing. This was due to the facts that the average weight per ear and accordingly the weight ratio of grain to straw of paddy rice did not decrease so markedly as that of upland rice. (3) The difference of the ratio of leaf blade to sheath is considered as one of the main factors which brought about the difference of the adaptability to the close row spacing and late sowing of these two crops. Namely, the higher ratio of leaf blade to sheath of upland rice as compared to paddy rice reduced the amount of solar radiation, lowered the temperature and raised the humidity of the air between the row more markedly under the close row spacing condition, retarding the vegetative growth of crops. (4) Though the leaf blade of upland rice was larger than that of paddy rice under the usual row spacing condition, it decreased to about the same size as that of the latter under the close row spacing, but the ratio of blade to sheath remained as high as those under the wide row spacing, or rather raised by late sowing, resulting in the remarkable reduction of the weight of leaf sheath. Therefore the yield of upland rice sown late under the closer row spacing was lower than that of paddy rice because of the small amounts of carbohydrates stored by uhe time of heading and the low photosynthetic ability after heading under the low temperature in the maturing time.
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  • 畑作物の初期生育促進に関する研究 : 第1報 陸稲の初期生育に及ぼす肥料並びに土壌水分の影響
    中村 公則, 御子柴 晴夫, 村田 孝雄
    1960 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 23-25
    発行日: 1960/09/01
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.29.23
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    In orber to increase the yield of crops in the cooler region of Japan (Tohoku), it is important to accelerate the early growth. The purpose of the present study is to find out how to accelerate the growth of the upland rice plants. The relationships between the kind and amount of fertilizer and early growth were studied in the controlled climatic chambers (about 16.5°C). On the other hand, the effect of soil moisture on the growth was observed in a glass room. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The influence of the amount of fertilizer upon the early growth of upland rice plants being at the about third leaf stage was obviously recongnized. That is, the absorption of nutrients and the growth of plants increased in proportion to the amount of fertilizer (the maximum in this experiment was 2.0 g N, 4.0 g P2O5 and 2.0 g K2O per 1/5000 a pot). 2. The degrees of acceleration of the early growth was maximal from nitrogen and decreased in the order phosphorus, pottasium, among the three elements of fertilizers. 3. In the case of the soil moisture content over 50 % of the maximum water holding capacity (120 % of dried soil), germination, growth and absorption of nutrients were scarecely affected by the soil moisture. But these decreased in proportion to soil moisture below 50%. Moreover, the effect of fertilizer was obviously observed in the former. But in the latter case, both germination and growth tend to be fallen with the increase of fertilizer.
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  • 陸稲の早期栽培に関する研究 : 1. 早期移植栽培における苗の素質と植え傷みの関係について
    林 政衛, 鈴木 幸三郎
    1960 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 26-28
    発行日: 1960/09/01
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.29.26
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    Experiments were carried out to study the oharacters of seedling related to the post-transplantation withering in early-transplanting of upland-rice. The results were as follows. (1) The following characters are related to the post-transplantation withering: i. When the following characters increase, the witherings increase. Plant height, green weight, leaf surface area, amount of transpiration, and content of total nitrogen ii. When the following characters increase, the witherings decrease. Carbohydrate content and dry-matter percentage. (2) Above listed characters are varied by the growing methods of seedlings. To sum up, however, such seedlings as under mentioned less wither by transplanting. i. Seedlings grown in earlier season. ii. Seedling at the 4.0∼4.5 leaf stage. iii. Seedlings grown in the instrument for nursery ("Shitunaiikubyoki") iv. Upland nursery seedling grown under light application of nitrogen or subjected root prunning before transplanting.
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  • 水稲収量成立原理とその応用に関する作物学的研究 : LVII.空気中の炭酸ガス濃度の多少が水稲の収量・収量構成要素および稲体組成に及ぼす影饗
    松島 省三, 和田 源七, 田中 孝幸, 岡部 俊
    1960 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 29-30
    発行日: 1960/09/01
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.29.29
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    The effects of highly concentrated air with CO2 on the growth, the yield, the yield components and the chemical compositions of rice plants were examined in a field as well as in pots. Some noteworthy results were obtained as follows from an experiment, in which poted rice plants grown in a highly CO2-concentrated (0.1 %) phyto-torone were compared with those in natural condition. The rice plants treated with high concentration of CO2 were (1) more numerous in number of tillers and less in plant height, (2) higher in dry weight, in the amount of starch and sugar, in total carbohydrate, in total nitrogen and potassium, (3) mostly more numerous in number of panicles per plant, in number of spikelets per panicle, in percentage of ripened grains, and in consequently, (4) higher in yield and straw weight than those in the natural condition.
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  • 水稲における収量成立過程の解析 : 第6報 物質生産における最適葉面積とその意義について
    武田 友四郎, 玖村 敦彦
    1960 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 31-33
    発行日: 1960/09/01
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.29.31
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    This paper gives the results of research made to find out the changes of the optimum leaf area for the production of dry matter in paddy rice plant with accordance to growth stages.
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  • 作物の瓦斯代謝作用に関する研究 : 第10報 同化室内CO2濃度落差の問題
    武田 友四郎
    1960 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 34-36
    発行日: 1960/09/01
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.29.34
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    This paper gives the results of research made to find out the measuring method of photosynthetic rate comparable to that found under natural conditions.
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  • 湿田における水管理に関する作物学的研究 : VI. 落水処理が水稲の分けつ発生に及ぼす影響
    香山 俊秋, 宮坂 昭, 伊藤 栄治, 江口 和雄
    1960 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 37-39
    発行日: 1960/09/01
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.29.37
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    Though there has been reported by some workers that draining a paddy field generally tended to suppress tillering of the plants on it, the present authors have found many exceptions in the matter by their five years' experiments. The influence differed according to the growth stage. When draining was started at the growth revival stage of the plant after transplanting, it affected the tillers to decrease in number. But when started at the critical stage where the last fructiferous tillers develop, of when started at the floral initiation stage, draining was found more favorable for increase of tillers rather than continuous submergence. Draining decreased the ammonium content in the soil at every stage. It made the soil temperature low in cooler weathers, but high in hotter one. It depressed the nitrogen absorption at the earlier stage, but promoted it at the later stage. Greater importance should be assigned to the soil temperature and the nitrogen absorption than the water content and the ammonium amount in the soil as the factors affecting tillering.
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  • 乾湿田における水稲の生理生態学的研究 : VI. 水稲根の主要成分含有率の変化
    木戸 三夫, 梁取 昭三
    1960 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 40-42
    発行日: 1960/09/01
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.29.40
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    The authors investigated constitutional changes of rice root cultured in well-drained and ill-drained paddy fields. 1) By the phenol method and spodogramm hydrogen chloride treatment method, remarkable amounts of silica were found absorbed on the epidermis and outside of the central cylinder of rice root. 2) By phenol method, we supposed that iron and silica deposited together on root epidermis and that certain cells of root epidermis were especially rich in iron and silica as compared with others. (Fig. 3) And by spodogramm hydrogen chloride treatment we found the silica of epidermis of rice root to be of indeterminate form as shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5. 3) By spodogramm hydrogen chloride treatment we found that the outside of central cylinder of rice rice root was silicified and that silica of central cylinder showed cell shapes like that of leaf blade and not like the epidermis silica of root. (Fig. 7, 8, 9, ) 4) According to analytical results, iron and silica were rich in well-drained rice root compared with ill-drained rice root, and well-drained rice root showed a tendency to increase iron and silica at late growth periods, but ill-drained rice root showed rather decreases of those components at late periods. 5) In order to correct the percentage values of constituents against the soil residua in root sample, calculation was made by the formula as follows: [constituent weight/sampling weight-(iron weight+silica weight)x100] 6) Soluble nitrogen was rich in ill-drained rice root as compared with well-drained rice root, but differences in protein nitrogen contents was not recognized, and protein nitrogen in rice root decreased in late growth periods, while soluble nitrogen did not changed according to the growth. 7) Phosphate decreased in late growth periods, and well-drained rice root was rich in phosphate as compared with ill-drained rice root. 8) It is considered that iron, silica, and phosphate contents in rice root had a positive correlation to root metabolic capacity, and soluble nitrogen had a negative correlation. By studies on constitutional changes in rice root cultured under various conditions it would be able to make clear the physiological functions of the organ.
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  • 湿田における灌漑水の地下慘透と水稲の登熟 : 穂孕期以後の慘透について
    林 政衛, 橋爪 厚, 篠塚 清次郎, 五十嵐 暁三
    1960 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 43-46
    発行日: 1960/09/01
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.29.43
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    Experiments were conducted to know the infuluence of water-percolation on the ripening of rice, using paddy-field and some pots, during three consecutive years, 1957∼1959. The results were as follows. 1) Water-percolation was effective to promote the absorption of nutrients, carbon-assimilation and the ripening, resulting in the increased yield of rice kernel. This effect of percolating water was observed similarly in the plot where percolation treatment was initiated at 10 days aftr heading as well as in the plot where the treatment was initiated at booting stage. Thus, water percolation in an ill-drained paddy field is necessary and important for the middle stage of ripening and after wards. 2) The effect of water percolation on increasing yield varies according to the status of plant growth, environmental factors for ripening, etc, and this effect is considerally remarkable in the case where the ripening percentage is low.
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  • 水稲の赤枯病に関する栄養生理的研究 : VI. 過剰の二価鉄が水稲の生育, 養分吸収および体内代謝に及ぼす影響
    馬場 赳, 田島 公一
    1960 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 47-50
    発行日: 1960/09/01
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.29.47
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    In order to make clear the relation between the excessive ferrous iron and the occurrence of "Akagare", several experiments were carried out. Results of experiments are as follows: 1) On adding surplus Fe++ to the culture solution, tiny blackish browh spots appeared on the lower leaves. These leaves, subsequently, turned brown or reddish brown and died off. Heavy nitrogen fertilization, lack of phosphorus and potassium, concomitant addition of butyric acid, and low pH of soution intensified such effect of Fe++ as described above. 2) Discoloration of leaves due to surplus Fe++ occurred most severely at the vigorously tillering stage, and more severely at the booting stage of the plant. At the same time severe brown discoloration of grain due to surplus Fe++ occurred at the stage of heading and flowering. 3) The yield of rice was decreased extremely by the addition of surplus Fe++ at the booting and early ripening stage, and to a less extent at the vigorously tillering stage. 4) Resistance to the surplus Fe++ which showed a close relationship with the accumulation of starch at the base of shoot was generally parallel to the resistance to "Akagare" in rice varieties. 5) Nutrients absorption was inhibited in the order P2O5, MnO>K2O, SiO2>NH4-N, CaO. Respiratory rate and cytochrome oxidase 'activity of root were retarded by surplus Fe++, while respiratory rate and peroxidase activity of leaf blade were promoted, irrespective of the decrease of cytochrome oxidase activity. Both the content of protein-N of leaf and the content of total sugar and starch of shoot were decreased, while the content of soluble-N was increased by Surplus Fe++. 6) The fact that quite the same tendency was observed as to the changes in respiration and metabolism with both the plants subjected to excessive Fe++ in this work and those affected by "Akagare" in previous works, suggests that the excessive ferrous iron has some relationship with the occurrence of "Akagare".
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  • 根の機能に関する細胞生理的研究 : (IV) 水稲体における茎葉部より根部への積極的な酸素供給
    相見 霊三
    1960 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 51-54
    発行日: 1960/09/01
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.29.51
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    Changes in oxygent content of the solution surrounding the root were measured with eirher the intact or excised root separately by means of polarography using microplatinum electrode. Rice plants (var. Aichi asahi) were grown by solution culture up to its ten-leaf stage and they were used as material. When an excised root was immersed in the solution was shut off from the open air, oxygen content of the solution rapidly decreased at the rate of 0.101 ml/l/min/gm. In case of intact plants, however, the oxygen content rapidly increased after a slight decrease and reached its maximum after about 4 hours. On the other hand, when the plant from which the upper part (leaves and culm) was cut away at the base was set up to the apparatus in such a position so that the cut surface might be exposed to open air, increase of oxygen content in the solution was considerably slight and oxygen concentration did not reached its maximum at all. From these results, it was concluded that oxygen can also be send into the root from leaves through the plant body in intact rice plant and its supply excesses the amount of oxygen consumption at the root. Accordingly it is assumed that there exists some physiological mechanism for the active transportation (pumping up) of oxygen in rice plant body.
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  • 通気組織系の発達と作物の耐湿性との関係 : 第12報 水・陸生植物の根中におけるガス含量と酸素濃度
    有門 博樹
    1960 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 55-56
    発行日: 1960/09/01
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.29.55
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    It is ascertained that the specific gas content in the roots is varied according to the degree of development of the ventilating system, indicating that lysigenous intercellular spaces in the roots serve as the air canal in the course of oxygen transportation from the top.
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  • 根の特性からみた栽培稲品種 : (V) 根中の燐と還元抵抗性
    長井 保, 田中 実
    1960 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 57-59
    発行日: 1960/09/01
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.29.57
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    As already reported by many researchers, varietal differences of the resistability against soil reduction are mainly caused by the oxidizing power of roots, that is, by the energy releasing power for the maintenance of metabolic activities. Under the reductive soil conditions, it was also pointed out that the fall of the root respiration occured, accompanying with the degradation in the phosphorylation processes of sugars in roots. Therefore it is assumed that the more resistant, varieties may produce the organic phosphates much more in contrast to the inorganic ones, under both natural and abnormal conditions. From these viewpoints, the authors determined varital differences of organic and inorganic phosphorus compounds in roots, both quantitatively and qualitatively, in order to show the relationship between their conetnts and the varietal resistabilities. The experiments composing the studies and the main results obtained were as follows: 1) The absorption of 32p measured by the counting method (Tab. 1): The more resistant variety (Norin 69) absorbed the radioactive element much more in roots than the less resistant one (Norin 36), at both the 6 th an 9 th leaf stages. It was also ascertained under abnormal conditions. The abnormal condition means the plots which were treated whith hydroquinon in order to deprive the plants and the medium of oxygen. 2) Phosphate contents in roots determined by chemical analyses (Tab. 2 & Fig. 1): Contents of both organic and inorganic phosphates were more or less larger in the roots of the more resistant variety (Norin 37), as compared with the less resistant one (Norin 41), under both conditions mentioned above. It was almost always assured at every growth stages selected. Besides the ratios of the organic phosphates to the inorganic ones because higher in the normal plants than in those injured by the chemical. It was especially true in the more resistant variety (Fig. 2). 3) Organic phosphates found by the qualitative analysis (Fig. 3): The paper chromatographic method applied to the acid soluble organic phosphates in roots showed that 3-phosphoglyceric acid was never recognizable in both varieties treated. From this fact, it was inferred that some of organic phosphates to be translocated migth be vanished or not synthesized when the root respiration was checked. 4) Anatomical observations of roots treated with hydroquinon (Fig. 4): Epidermis and its neighbouring tissues wer discolored yellow or brown. It was also alike in stele, of which strands seemed to be stoppered. These phenomena suggest that nutrients migration from root to top may be largely disturbed.
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  • 水稲冠根の発生および初期成育と葉の維管束との関係
    猪ノ坂 正之
    1960 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 60-62
    発行日: 1960/09/01
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.29.60
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    Some experiments were carried out to make clear the relation between the leaves and the roots. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1) As shown in Fig. 1, adventitious root primordia were initiated at two levels in the nodal region. The root primordia initiated at the basal part of internode are called "upper roots" for convenience sake, and the other ones at the disc of insertion of leaf are called "lower roots". The upper root primordia at a given nodal region were initiated earlier than the lower ones at the disc of insertion of leaf above, and then both the primordia were finished the increase in number at about the same time (Fig. 2). 2) In nodal region, the upper root primordia were initiated from the median side to the wing side of the leaf above, and the lower root primordia, on the contrary, were initiated from the opposite side (Fig. 3 and 4). 3) As shown in Fig. 5, the degree of the elongationan of root primodia in nodal region showed the same tendency as the order of the initiation of root primordia. 4) After the emergence of root from the nodal region, as shown in Fig. 5, the growth was found similar to the results mentioned above. From the results described above, the reason of "phyton concept" is interesting to the writer.
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  • 禾穀類の根鞘に関する研究 : VII. 稲の根鞘毛について
    野田 愛三, 林 甚太郎
    1960 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 63-65
    発行日: 1960/09/01
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.29.63
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    A research was made on the development of coleorhiza hairs. Four varieties, a drought resistant upland rice, Sensho, a non-resistant upland rice, Shindai Okoshi, a non-resistant paddy rice Norin no. 10, and intermediate resistant paddy rice, Shuho were used. The results obtained were as follows: 1) In a moist chamber, a large number of coleorhiza hair was formed at the germination. The diameter of coleorhiza hair exceeded that of root hair in all the varieties. However, as for the length, coleorhiza hair exceeded root hair in the two varieties of upland rice. The former fell behind the latter in Shuho variety, and the two were on a same level in Norin no. 10. 2) As for the germination rate, the seed of Sensho sprouted faster on dry soil than in paddy condition. On the contrary, Norin no. 10 sprouted faster in paddy condition. On dry soil, starch was translocated to the coleorhiza and to the tip of seminal roots faster in Sensho than in Norin No. 10. Many coleorhiza hairs were noticed in dry soil condition, but did not in paddy condition. 3) The coleorhiza hairs did not develop under a little supply of air nor in a paddy water of reduced oxygen content. The lower limit of air supply necessary for the development of coleorhiza hair seemed to lie near 2.5 % of normal condition.
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  • 水稲における分岐根の発達について その2
    藤井 義典
    1960 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 66-68
    発行日: 1960/09/01
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.29.66
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    As previously mentioned (1959), branching of root, ie, formation of primary, secondary, tertiary rootlets and so on, proceedes at the same pace as the leaf emergence at a successive node in rice, wheat and corn plant. In this experiment, the auther has planned to observe morphologically the mechanism of root branching and to make clear the growth of roots in paddy rice. The results obtained were: 1. In a transverse section of the roots in rice, wheat and corn it was observed that, the branch-roots originate from the cell of the pericycle opposite the phloem of the vascular bundle of its root, but not from the points opposite the xylem. Conseguently, the formation of the branch-roots is correlated with the number of the phloem. Therefore, with late maturing varieties the number of the branch-roots, is greater than with earlier maturing varieties because the late maturing varieties have many phloems than those of the earlier ones. 2. Observing morphologically the root branching, it was found that branching has a close relationship with the curvature of the root. The branch-roots are produced usually at the convex portion of the curvature, but not at the concave portion. Moreover the greater is the curvature the greater and bigger the branch-roots. And also when the roots were curved artificially, the same tendency was recognized as in the natural condition. 3. When we compare the curvatures of the roots growing in paddy field condition with these in up-land condition, the former was more gentle than the latter and big branch-roots were few in paddy field condition than in up-land.
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  • 水稲の根と地上部間の相対生長
    森 敏夫
    1960 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 69-70
    発行日: 1960/09/01
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.29.69
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    It has been found that the relative growth of the root and shoot in rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) may be expressed by allometric formula, y=bxα, where x is the dry weight of shoot, and y the dry weight of root, while b and α are constants. The constant α represents, in this report, the ratio of the logarithmic growth rate of root over the logarithmic growth rate of shoot, and b the weight of the root when the shoot weighs one gram. The formula may also be written as log y=log b+α log x, so that when the measurements are plotted on a double logarithmic grid the points fall on a straight line. The value of α is therefore equivalent to the regression of log y on log x. As it did not vary greatly in any of the experiments with one exception of H2-S treatment the effect of treatment on the value of α may be supposed not to be so large. The value of α drops strikingly at respective heading stage showing minus value. It has also been shown that this formula can be applied to the results reported by many other investigators of root and shoot growth in rice plants, however the values of α were higher than those of the author's data.
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  • 作物の根の機能に関する研究 (第1報)
    戸苅 義次, 折谷 隆志
    1960 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 71-74
    発行日: 1960/09/01
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.29.71
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    Considering that the roots are not only the organs from which absorbs the nutrients and water, but also synthesize the various chemical substances necessary for growth, authors investigated the physiological functions of the roots of the rice plant by means of the several treatments, such as the cutting off the roots, low temperature, H2S addition to the culture solutions, and high reduction of the soil. Obtained results are as follows; 1) The cutting off the roots brings about the standstill of the plant growth and simultaneously the marked decrease in the protein content of the shoot with corresponding increase in the non protein nitrogen. 2) The roots apparently possess the functions not only absorbing the nutrients and water, but also maintaining the protein level of the plant. 3) This function is inhibited by the treatments of the roots, such as above mentioned, and the degree of the inhibition changes variously according to the kind of the treatments. 4) The results by means of the paperchromatographical analysis suggest that the protein breakdown brought by the cutting off the roots and low temperature is on account of the inhibition of the process concerning with the polymerization of the amino acids, in the case of high reduction of the soil it comes from the inhibition of the process involving many steps from the formation of α-keto acid to the transamination.
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  • 暖地における水稲生育に及ぼす灌漑水温の影響 : V. 幼穂発育に及ぼす高水温の影響 : 特に根の発育との関連において
    植木 健至
    1960 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 75-78
    発行日: 1960/09/01
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.29.75
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    The experiments were carried out to know the bad effects due to high water temperature upon the young panicle development of the rice plant in reference to root growth. I. Pots with rice plants were immersed in the water tank which were regulated to three constant temperatures, namely, 26°C, 32°C and 37°C during the period of the young panicle development. One set was placed in the open air and the other in the greenhouse. (a) In the outdoors, by the 32°C threatment, the number of developed spiklets per panicle were decreased but the number of differenciated spiklets were not affected and both numbers were decreased by 37°C treatment, comparing 26°C. These injuries were promoted in the greenhouse, especially in the plants with 37°C treatment heading was not observeb. (b) At both 32°C and 37°C treatment, the amount of roots reached the peak at the middle stage of young panicle development, and thereafter decreased once, and again increased until heading date at 26°C. The number of rotten root of the plant remarkably increased at high water temperature plots, especially in 37°C plots during the later half period of young panicle development. II. In the paddy field, the effects of lowering water temperature by continuous watering during the period of of young panicle development were investigated. The temperature condition in each plot is shown in Fig. 5. The total number of developed spiklets per hill showed the greatest value in the plots which subjected to ca. 26°C in mean temperature and less than 32°C in maximum temperature. From the results of experiments, the following consideration may be made. Optimal water temperature to the young panicle development of rice plant lies at 25-30°C. Higher water temperature than ca. 32°C increases the number of root rot of the plant and consequently couses the damage of the development of spiklets.
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  • 水稲生育に及ぼす地温の研究 : 第1報 生長調整物質の消長および窒素, 炭水化物代謝に及ぼす地温の影響 (1)
    竹島 博二
    1960 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 79-81
    発行日: 1960/09/01
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.29.79
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    Growth regulating substances, carbohydrates (sugars and starch), and nitrogenous compounds (proteid nitrogen and soluble nitrogen) were chemically analysed at various growth stages of rice plants, in order to show the relationship between soil temperature and those substances. Plants of different growth stages were subjected to various soil temperatures such as 30°C, 25°C, 15°C, 30°·20°C, and 30°·15°C (the last two in the series of temperature means changes from high to low) for 10 days. The results were as follows: 1) The contents of the growth-promoting-substances in roots at 15°C or 20°C were much more than those at 30°C. Their largest amounts were, however, found in the plots of alternating temperature. 2) The amount of growth promoting substances in root decreased as the plant grew. They were almost hardly detectable at the highest tillering stage, but they appeared again when the ear primordia began to differentiate. 3) Growth promoting substances were able to be extracted from leaf sheaths including young panicles in 30°C plot, but in 20°C plot they were scarcely recognizable. 4) Larger amount of proteid nitrogen seemed to be accumulated in 25°C and 20°C plots at each stage of growth than in 30°C and 15°C plots; especially in 30°·20°C plot its accumulation was most vigorous. 5) The metabolism and translocation of carbohydrates such as starch and sugars seemed to be most active at 25°C. Low temperatures such as 20°C and 30°·20°C, on the contrary, disturbed the migration of those substances to ear from culm.
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  • 水稲品種の生態に関する研究 : IV. 節間伸長に関する二三の考察
    八柳 三郎, 竹内 徳猪
    1960 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 82-84
    発行日: 1960/09/01
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.29.82
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    The authors have investigated and examined the internode elongation in relation to the process of the ear emergence of rice plant, continually from the last report. In general the number of elongated nodes of rice plant was found to increase with a individal which has produced many leaves on a main culm within a same variety grown under a same cultural condition. Also the number of elongated nodes varies with different varieties and cultural season. Especially, regarding to cultural season, the individuals which have many elongated nodes tend to increase in number in the case of late planting of late maturing variety. This appearance may be due to a multiple action of day-length and atmospheric temperature change caused by the transfer of cultural season, but may mostly be due to the influence of atmospheric temperature. Thus, the number of elongated nodes in early or late maturing variety as well as the time of initiation of internode elongation may be determined by these factors. As we had suggested in the last report that the limiting or optimum atmospheric temperature for the period of young panicle differentiation of rice plant was not the same for the maturing time, we now ascertained that the time of the young panicle differentiation was not same as the time of internode elongation in case of early maturing variety and that they were same in case of late maturing variety. In other words, we considered that the atmospheric temperature necessary for the young panicle differentiation is different with the one for the internode elongation in case of early maturing variety, but both are about same in case of very late maturing variety. Accordingly, the number of elongated nodes of late maturing variety which has more elongated nodes than early one depends upon the temperature circumstances. And generally, the upper elongated internodes (1st, 2nd, 3rd internode as counted from ear-neck) which occupy the large part of culm length among all elongated internodes may be controlled greatly by low temperature, and on the contrary, the lower elongated internodes (4th, 5th, 6th internode as counted from ear-neck) which occupy a small part of culm length will elongate even by a little higher temperature than the limiting temperature. Therefore, in case of very late maturing variety, which has many elongated internodes and a short range from optimum temperature for young panicle differentiation to one for internode elongation, variation of number of elongated internodes will be observed frequently. On the other hand, in case of early maturing variety, the optimum temperature for young panicle differentiation differs from the one for internode elongation, so that the increase or decrease in number of elongated internodes or in culm elongation is less than these of late maturing variety. Moreover it is presumed that this phenomena might be promoted to some extent by the other factor the response to day-length of varieties.
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  • 水稲鞘葉の伸長に関する研究 (第2報)
    菅原 友太
    1960 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 85-88
    発行日: 1960/09/01
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.29.85
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    In the previous paper the author has reported the fact that the rice coleoptile elongates more rapidly and more extensively under anaerobic condition than in aerobic conditions. The reason, however, why the coleoptiles of rice plants are capable of growing even under anaerobic conditions is not definitely understood. The present experiment was undertaken to prove the effect of anaerobic conditions on the elongation of coleoptiles, and activities of enzymes in rice plants. Rice seed can be germinated and grown for 15 to 20 days competely submerged under water. If the water is aerated, shoot and root growth are stimulated. Elongation of coleoptile is inversely related to oxygen supply, and also the elongation is retarded by using a metabolic inhibitor (NaF). The activity of alcohol dehydrogenase can be inhibited by NaF, or oxygen supply. Aeration, therefore, redues alcohol dehydrogenase activity by decreased enzyme synthesis, not by inactivation of the enzyme by oxidation. Increased alcohol dehydrogenase activity resulting from ethanol addition to germinating rice seeds under anaerobic conditions suggests rice plant alcohol dehydrogenase is an adaptive enzyme. From the results of these experiments, it may certainly be stated, that the growth of rice coleoptile under anaerbic conditions has a close connection with the alcohol dehydrogenase in geminating seeds, but has not a direct connection with the amounts of alcohol in germinating rice seeds under anaerobic conditions.
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  • 糯米の〓化現象に関する実験 : 第3報 澱粉粒表面構造の電子顕微鏡的観察
    渡部 忠世, 岡本 一
    1960 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 89-92
    発行日: 1960/09/01
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.29.89
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    It was investigated with electronmicroscope, how the surface structure of starch granules was affected by the different contents of water in grains. Materials used are shown in Table 1 and the following results were obtained. 1) In all the figures illustrated, it is shown that the starch granules have similar shape of the pentagonal dodecahedron, of which the diameter is 6μ in an average. The surface of starch granules is covered less distinctly with microgranules, notwithstanding water contents. 2) Fig. 1∼5 show the surfaces of glutinous granules with various water contents. The surface of the moist granules is of comparatively even structure in the cases of 22% (Fig. 1 & 2) and 19% (Fig. 3) of water contents. The most desiccated granules in which the Ryokka phenomenon is completed, however, have the very uneven surface with a noticeable feature, just like that of the pumice (Fig. 4 & 5). 3) Granules of non-glutinous starches, when, desiccated. are also more unevenly structured in the surface (Fig. 9) as compared with moist granules, such as 23% (Fig. 6 & 7) and 19 % (Fig. 8) of water contents. But the distinctive features mentioned above can not be recognized. Explanation of the plates Fig. 1&2 Glutinous granules, 22% of water contents Fig. 3 Glutinous granules, 19% of water contents Fig. 4&5 Glutinous granules, 8.7% of water contents Fig. 6&7 Non-glutinous granules, 23% of water contents Fig. 8 Non-glutinous granules, 19% of water contents Fig. 9 Non-glutinous granules, 9% of water contents
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  • 心白米に関する研究 : 第3報 胚乳澱粉細胞組織の発達と心白との関係
    江幡 守衛, 長戸 一雄
    1960 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 93-96
    発行日: 1960/09/01
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.29.93
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    In order to investigate the development of white-core structure in rice kernel, some observations and measurements were conducted on the cross sections of rice kernels. Results and discussion are summarized as follows: About 5 to 6 days after flowering, a radial arrangement of starch tissue which mainly consisted of thin cells became clear to be seen. And the thin cells especially along the dorso-ventral diameter remained thin and sometimes opaque through the entire ripening period. The radial tissue was well-arranged in the common kernels, whereas polygonal large-cells enclosing a bundle of thin-cells were observed in the white-core kernels. The progress of translucentization of starch tissue of white-core varieties was somewhat sluggish in early stages of ripening. Generally the growth of kernel was rather rapid on its abdominal side in early ripening stage except for several days after pollination and on its dorsal side in the later stages. The ventral side of the kernel of white core variety showed the better growth, especially at the sarly stage of the kernel development, compared with that of common variety. It is considered that vigorous developent of ventral side causes more but thinner cells in that side and thinner cells in the opposite side, resulting in the formation of inavcive tissues of thin cells along the dorso-ventral diameter, and censequently the occurrence of white core in those tissues.
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  • 稲籾長期保存方法に関する研究 : 第2報 採種方法と種籾の活力について
    伊藤 博, 林 健一
    1960 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 97-99
    発行日: 1960/09/01
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.29.97
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    In order to carry out successfully seed raising of a large number of rice varieties it is most important to be equipped with a practical method of processing seeds which would be equally safely and efficiently applicable to any of the varieties dealt with. After studying some different methods of processing rice seeds varying in the stage of maturation since 1958, the authors found out a very useful method so-called "directly dryig method". In that method, safely dried rice seeds of about 7% moisture are prepared for storage in 3 days after harvesting, the time of which may be favorably ranged between 40th and 50th day after heading. Threshing seeds with a thresher of 550 m/min (M) without drying the whole plant on racks after harvesting, and then hot air drying of the seed at 40°C for 3 days (N) immediately after threshing are the most important parts of that method. In the present report, the moisture content, viability, and longevity of rice seeds treated through that method were shown with special comparison with those by other methods. Since that method was applied to seed raising of rice varieties as the genetic stocks a remarkable improvement in its efficiency was brought about in the authors' laboratory.
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  • 稲および燕麦の胚盤の吸収組織について
    檀上 勉, 猪ノ坂 正之
    1960 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 100-102
    発行日: 1960/09/01
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.29.100
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    The experiments were carried out to observe the tissues of vascular bundles and epithelium of scutellum in rice and oat seeds, with reference to the process of absorption of nutrients of endosperm during germination of the seeds. 1. The arrangement of vascular bundles in the scutellum was observed. A broad strand situated in a median plane of scutellum are divided into several fine branch strands on each side of it. These branches curve round and extend backwards, a few again being divided. In oat, all branches disappear on the way near to the level of scutellar node, but in fice, a few branches are continued almost to the base of sctellum. 2. The length and width of epithelium cells were compared at various locations of the scutellum. The development of epithelium cells during germination varies with the locations. 3. The arrangement of vascular bundles and the development of epithelium cells might be closely related to absorption of nutrients of endosperm.
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  • 小麦における再開頴小花について : 不受精による不稔頴果の早期調査法
    星川 清親
    1960 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 103-106
    発行日: 1960/09/01
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.29.103
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    In case of failure in pollination at flowering time in wheat, the ovary expands hypertrophously (Fig. 1, B) and the abdominal side push open the lemma, thus giving rise to so-called reopen floret about 3 days after flowering. During an early period (3∼5 days after flowering) the ovary retains the ability of fertilization. In natural conditions, however, there is little additional pollination on the stigma of reopen floret, and besides, the fertility of the pistil is lost since the 5∼6th day. Therefore, all of the reopen florets do not produce grains. The properties of the reopen floret obtained by the present experiments are able to be utilized for early surveying the empty flower percentage caused by failure of fertilization.
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  • 小麦の胚嚢形成に関する研究
    星川 清親, 樋口 明
    1960 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 107-113
    発行日: 1960/09/01
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.29.107
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    Megagametogenesis of common wheat was examined embryologically paying attentions not only to the egg apparatus and polar nuclei but also to the antipodals whose activities were thought to contribute to the early development of the endosperm. The results of daily observations were summarised as follows: During 10∼8 days before flowering (for short "b. f." in the rest), embryo sac gave rise to 8 nucleate stage through 3 times of nuclear division comprising a micropylar and central quartet (Figs. 1-5). Then of 8 nuclei, 3 at the micropylar end gave rise to the egg apparatus; 3 at the chalazal side of the central quartet gave rise to antipodal cells; and remaining 2, one from each quartet migrated into the micropylar vacuole without cell membrane formation, and gathered to form the polar nuclei. 2 synergid cells started protrution in their charazal sides next day (7 days b. f.), and maturated by 2 days b. f., thus they became slightly senile on flowering day. The egg cell entered into growing at 6 days b. f. and continued its growth till flowering day. 2 polar nuclei getting closer mutually were located near the egg apparatus by 3∼2 days b.f. In mature embryo sac they were in close contact with each other, however, never fused prior to fertilization. Very interesting observations were obtained in the development of antipodal cells. Immediately after the formation of 3 antipodal cells, they entered into cell division to fill up the chalazal vacuole (Figs. 7∼10). These additional cell divisions proceeded 4 times and resulted in about 40 cells which occupied the chalazal half space of the embryo sac by 4∼3 days b. f. (Fig. 14). After the 2nd division, one of the antipodal cells which was located at the chalazal pole showed a singularity and divided to form a haustrium composed of some special shaped cells at 6∼5 days b. f. (Figs. 10∼14). The antipodal haustrium was short-lived and degenerated after the 4th or the last division of other antipodal cells and the contiguous antipodal cells also begun to degenerate continuously. However, antipodal cells in micropylar side increased in their size accompanying with rapid enlargement of the embryo sac that occurred from 2∼1 days b. f. (Fig. 16). on the flowering day, antipodal complex was situated in somewhat lateral side of the embryo sac, and consisted of 12∼17 large, mature cells (Fig. 17). The number of the antipodal cells had little relation with the varietal and environmental differences but varied with the age of the embryo sac remarkably (Table 2). Based upon these observations, the authors thin that the antipodal cells contribute to the growing of the embryo sac during before flowering. By 2 days b. f. the embryo sac came to obtain the ability to fertilize, however, its subsequent development was somewhat incomplete. On the day before flowering the embryo sac was able to give rise to normal seed if artificially pollinated, although its anthers were not yet mature.
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  • 大麦の短日春化性に関する研究 : 1. 発育の差異による短日春化性の大小
    中条 博良
    1960 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 114-116
    発行日: 1960/09/01
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.29.114
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    Relations between short day vernalization effects and the degree of plant development due to ageing and differences of temperature and daylength, were studied, using the variety of naked barley, "Ichiwase" (winter barley type). The younger the plant was, the more pronounced was the vernalization effect. If plants had not received low temperature, plants of order than about 6 leaves of main stem had all the same effect, and even in plants of 12 leaves of main stem, heading was hastened by several days by the short day treatment. Heading was hastened by the short day treatment in plants which had received chilling for 0∼25 days at the stage of sprouted seeds, while heading was delayed in plants which had received chilling for 30 days or more. Chilling for 30 days was not enough to vernalize the plant completely in this experiment. The longer the plant had received chilling at the stage of sprouted seed, the shorter was the length of time from sowing to the beginning of short day treatment which could hasten the heading and at the same time the earlier was the nullifying of hastening of heading due to the increase of short days. When plants were sown on October 16, November 15, and December 15, 1959 and were grown outdoors under natural daylength, short day vernalization effects were decreased as the age of plants increased, and were nullified on the plants treated by short day on around December 10, December 30, and January 10, respectively. When plants had stet, treated by low temperature at the stage of sprouted seeds or during growth, short day vernalization effects were nullified at the early stage of growth. Short day vernalization effects were not nullified at the stage of double-ridge formation but at the stage when plants were vernalized to some degree. This degree of vernalization was lower than that by which the hastening of heading was maximum.
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  • 馬鈴薯の生育相に関する研究 : 第II報 器管別生長について
    栗原 浩, 大久保 隆弘
    1960 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 117-120
    発行日: 1960/09/01
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.29.117
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    In order to obtain fundamental information for cultivation, the experiments were performed to make clear the growing process of various parts of potato plant, by measuring the length of leaves and stems, the thickness of stems and their dry matter contents every 5 days. In this experiment Danshaku-imo (early variety) and Norin-No. I (medium-late variety) were used. And the crops were grown with a single stem per plant. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1) Analogical growth is found among the individual leaves on the lower, middle and upper parts of the main stem under the first flower cluster, and the number of leaves in each part are 5. 5. 5 in Danshaku-imo and 6. 6. 3 in Norin No. I. The number of leaves of the lower or middle parts are equal to that of rhizome nodes and have a close relation to their leaf divergence. So, it may be deduced that the leaf divergence is different among varieties. 2) The elongation of stem length become vigorous since the time of bud formation and stops at the end of flowering time. The thickness of stem increases rapidly after the bud formation and shows the maximum at the last flowering of the first cluster. 3) Growth of primary stolon continues from the sprouting till 10 days after buds formation and that of secondary stolon continues from 5 days before buds formation till the end of the first cluster flowering. 4) The elongation of lateral stems and the growth of tubers begin at the same time, and also the increasing curves of their dry matter show the paralell figure. It seems that high temperature (over 28°C, the max. temp.) brings about abnormal growing of main stems, on the other hand, it disturbs the growth of lateral stems and tubers. 5) It may be said that the maturity of potato variety means the length of growing period which keeps pace with the growth of lateral stems and tubers. 6) The upper limit value of leaf area index of the potatoes under the normal condition may be found about 2.7 to 3.0.
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  • 馬鈴薯の塊茎形成とgibberellinとの関係について
    岡沢 養三
    1960 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 121-124
    発行日: 1960/09/01
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.29.121
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    The present investigation was undertaken to ascertain the variations of natural gibberellin contents in the potato plant cultivated under the different environmental conditions. Certain varitions of natural gibberellin contents in the leaf blades due to the different environmental conditions were ascertained, e. g., a considerable decrease in amount was resulted from the exposure to the necessary low temperature (13°C) under short-day conditions (8 hours day-length), both of which are most favorable factors for tuberization of potatoes. Similarly, decline of the gibberellin content in the tubers was also resulted, keeping pace with the senility of tubers which are stored for a long duration of time over their rest period. When senile tubers were exposed to diffused light in the green house for about one month. Such tubers recovred their sprouting activity. At the end of this treatment, the amounts of natural gibberellin contained in the treated tubers were found to have increased markedly. From these results, it seems reasonable to assume that the amount of gibberellin contained in potato plants may be one of the principal factors for the tuber formation.
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  • 適令種薯による馬鈴薯作の改善に関する研究 : IV. 春作に関係ある種薯の休眠経過
    高山 昭康
    1960 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 125-126
    発行日: 1960/09/01
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.29.125
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    Experiments were carried out to test the rest period of the three types of seed tubers using five varieties of potato, in relation to the spring culture. 1) Three varieties, Ojiro, Unzen, and Norin No. 1, had a short rest period of two months; Irish Cobbler, the longest period of four months; Wheeler, the medial one of three months. 2) The rest period of the summer grown seed tubers is longer than that of the spring grown seed tubers. The rest period of the fall grown seed tubers, however, is longer than either of them. A little difference in rest period is found in the varieties of the shorter rest period, while those of the longer rest period have much difference. 3) The varieties of the shorter rest period have a character of the faster process of emerging from the resting state than those of the longer one. The differences in emerging process are also found in the seed tubers; the spring grown seed tubers have the faster process than that of the summer ones. 4) In view of these properties of resting state of both the varieties and the seed tubers, the time to complete their rest period are as follows: [table] The results of these experiments suggest that, though the summer grown seed tubers of Irish Cobbler completing its resting state in January have been usually used for the spring culture up to now fall grown seed tubers, which have the shorter rest period and complete its state in February can be also used for the spring culture. (Contribution From the Laboratory of Plant Breeding Hyogo Agricultura College, No. 41)
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  • 甘藷の乾物重歩合の高低差が生じる原因に関する研究 : 第4報 乾物重歩合の異なる品種の含水量日変化のちがいについて
    平井 源一, 西川 満
    1960 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 127-129
    発行日: 1960/09/01
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.29.127
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    The experiments were made to know the difference of varieties, high or low dry matter content. Result: (1) As to the quantity of water per 1 gram dry matter, the varieties of low dry matter content attain to the minimum at earlier time of the day and increase more rapidly in the afternoon, than those of high day matter content. (2) It is observed that the diurnal fluctuation of water contents in the tops and in the root-tubers run parallel one another. (3) The ratio of the amount of transpiration (T) to absorption (A) T/A is higher than 1 in summer and early autumn, but later it decreases gradually, and falls lower than 1 in autumn. The ouantity of water per 1 gram dry matter decreases in the period of high T/A ratio and the percentage of dry matter content increases. These facts are recognized to be more remakable in variety of percentage of high dry matter contents.
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  • 水田雑草タイヌビエの生理生態学的研究 : 第1報 種子の初期休眠について(1)初期休眠と外被との関係並びに初期休眠覚醒に対する温度および酸素の影響
    荒井 正雄, 宮原 益次
    1960 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 130-132
    発行日: 1960/09/01
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.29.130
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    Fundamental studies in eradication of barnyard grass (Echinocloa crus-galli Beauv. var. oryzicola Ohwi), an annoying weed in rice cultivation, have been done by the authors with physiological and ecological techniques. The present report deals with the primary dormancy in the seed, and the results of experiment are as follows; 1. It was elucidated that the primary dormancy was due to the presence of the pericarp and epidermis and not of the shell coat (Fig. 1). It was also suggested that the delayed germintaion of the dormant seed might not be associated with impermeability of the seed coat to water. 2. A high temperature treatment (40°C∼50°C) was found effective in overcoming the dormancy, and a wet condition at 5°C was also effective in accelerating the process of after-ripening, though it was ineffective at 20°and 30°C. Both non-and deep-dormant seeds showed no response to the alternated temperature. But the dormancy of partially dormant seeds were overcome by the treatment, the effectiveness being attributed to the low temperature as well as alternation of temperature (Fig. 2). Freezing treatment (-5°C) was effective in overcoming dormancy only in partially dormant seeds (Fig. 3). 3. In order to judge the effect of the storage at various temperatures in overcoming dormancy, both the freezing treatment and the storage treatment in submerged soils were carried out with the seeds that were considered to have been processed to a certain degree of dormancy through air-dry storage. The storage at 5°C promoted overcoming of dormancy, but storage at the optimum temperature for germination lead the seeds back to deeper dormancy (Fig. 4). 4. The storage in nitrogen gas (without oxygen gas) acclerated awakening of the seed from dormancy, and this acceleration was more remarkable in the partially dormant seeds, and awakening was faster at 30°C storage condition than at 5°C condition (Table 1).
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  • 水田裏麦作における麦と雑草の競争機構ならびに雑草害診断方法
    荒井 正雄, 片岡 孝義
    1960 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 133-136
    発行日: 1960/09/01
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.29.133
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    Experiments were carried out under various cultural and weed conditions in cropping of barley (and of wheat in some cases) on drained paddy fields with either of the two culture methods, i. e. the tiller-seeding method and the drill-seeding method. In the former, seeds are put in the upper soil layers of the field in broad bands by plowing with a rotary power tiller, and in the latter, seeds are sown in drill rows with narrow spaces between them by a drill-seeder. In the study by the present authors, however, seeds were sown by a rake and by hands respectively instead of machinery. The results obtained were as follows: 1) The competition between barley (or wheat) plants and weeds (mainly Alopeculus aequalis SOBOL.) became serious from about the beginning of the internode elongation period of the crops, but was stabilized after the heading time, the process reflecting the competitive characteristic of the crop and that of the weed, each associated with its growth habit, plant height and so on (fig. 1). 2) The mechanism of competition between crop plants and weeds was analysed from the viewpoint of the "density-effect" in mixed plant population as proposed by KIRA, et al. The final productive relations in the community including crop plants and weeds changed almost proportionally to the increase of the weed-density (fig. 2). That is to say, the production of weeds, increased along a curve very akin to a straight line, while the production of barley (or wheat) plants decreased almost perfectly linearly in proportion to the increase of the weed-density. As the result of the fact that the decrease in barley (or wheat) production was greater than the increase in weed production, the total production of the community decreased also slightly in higher densities of weeds. Then, the ratio of barley (or wheat) plants to the total production of the community declined linearly as the weed-density increased. Finally, the yield decrease of barley (or wheat) caused by weeds was highly related first to lowering of the ratio of weeds to the total production of the community, and secondly to the decrease of the total production of the community, but was little related to lowering of the ratio of the grain weight to the whole plant weight of the crop. Then, these competitive relations differed with cultural conditions such as rate of seeding, amount of fertilizers, width of the planting row, and mutual relations between the kind of crop (barley or wheat) and the kind of weeds in the community; these differences had a plainly visible effect on the ratio of weeds to the total production of the community (table 2). 3) Considering the weed-density, the ratio of weeds to the total production of the community and the weight of weeds in comparison with each other as an index for diagnosing the weed damage (table 3), it is evident that the weed damage of winter barley (or wheat) on drained paddy fields, the weed community being nearly uniform, can be diagnosed most accurately in an early stage by examining the weed-density.
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  • 連続濾紙電気泳動によるRye Diffusateの分劃およびそのスズメノカタビラの開花に及ぼす効果
    富田 豊雄
    1960 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 137-138
    発行日: 1960/09/01
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.29.137
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    Several substances contained in the rye diffusate have been continously collected by the method of continous paper electrophoresis. The seeds of annual meadow grass (Poa annua L.) were sown on the top of agar block partially soaked in each fraction, adjusting the pH from 3.5 to ca. 6. The seedlings grown on the agar block were transplanted into the plastic pot later, and were placed under the long day condition. The plants treated with the fractions of 2∼3 and 6∼7 flowered earlier than the control. The number of leaf were also few in those plants. Almost similar results were obtained in this experiment, comparing with the data reported previously.
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  • 畑作除草作業体系の確立に関する研究 : 第III報 陸稲の生育収量に及ぼす畦内雑草の影響
    川延 謹造, 加藤 泰正, 町田 寛康
    1960 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 139-142
    発行日: 1960/09/01
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.29.139
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    It is regarded as weeds in the row that have the largest relation to the competition between crops and weeds, but the influence of weeds in the row was showed not to be so large as we expected. Especially, when weeds between the row were eradicated, weeds in the row did not exert any appreciable influence on the crop yield. Those weeds as Chenopodium album, Polygonum orientale and Amaranthus Blitum, that grow very rapidly, gave the largest reductions in crop growth. So, it would be the shading by weeds and not the competition for nutrition that principally brought about the crop damage. On weeding in the upland rice field these points must be kept in mind and weeding at two periods, few weeks after germination and the stage of flower bud differentiation, would be resulted in less reduction of the upland rice yield.
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  • 輪作様式の差異が作物収量並びに地力に及ぼす影響について
    浦野 啓司, 小田切 弘一, 丸山 寛治, 山口 利茂
    1960 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 143-146
    発行日: 1960/09/01
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.29.143
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    The effects of the difference of crop rotation on the yields of crops and the soil fertility were investigated. The results obtained were as follows: i) In the rotation containing the soybean the yield of corn was higher but the yields of wheat and barley, especially the forwes, were lower than those in continuously cropping of corn. From the viewpoint of changes of chemical and physical properties of soil, it seemed that the top soil had been relatively good conditions, while subsoil were quite opposite. ii) The yields of corn, wheat and barley in the rotation containing sweet potato were either lower or the same as those of continuous croppings. It was observed that in top and sub soils the consumption of organic matter and nitrogen was remarkable. iii) In the rotation containing potato radish and hairly vetch the yields of corn and wheat were higher than those of continuous, cropping and tended to increase grodnally with years. These were supported by the fact that the properties of top and sub soils were remarkably favorable conditions. iv) The yield of corn in the rotation containing hairly vetch showed very high level. Though it was recognized that top and sub soil were very fertile in nitrogen, they showed strong acidity and lacked in exchangeable bases and phosphorus.
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  • 茶樹の凍霜害防除に関する研究 : (第4報) 被覆法における被覆の高さと保温効果
    高橋 恒二, 青野 英也, 田中 静夫, 築瀬 好充
    1960 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 147-148
    発行日: 1960/09/01
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.29.147
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    The warmth keeping effects of the coverings over tea bushes 30, 60 and 90 cm in height above the tops of the plants respectively were investigated for frost prevention. The effect of that of 60 cm height was the largest. Under the 30 cm covering the air temperature was lowered, owing to that the straw mat was put just below the inversion layer and the air temperature under in was influenced by the diffusion of cold air. The air temperature under the 90 cm covering was obseved to be lower than that under the 60 cm covering. But, in practice, the warmth keeping effect with the same covering material should be higher under the high covering than under the low one. Therefore, a test with flowing air was carried out. The air temperature under the high complete covering was found to be kept higher than under the low one. But no difference in air temperature was observed under the high or low coverings only on the top side, and in regard to the horizontal distribution of temperature, that under the high covering was lower at the wind-ward side than at the lee-ward side. Therefore, we recognized that the warmth keeping effect was influenced easily by flowing air under the high covering without side walls.
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  • 茶樹の耐寒性に関する研究 : V) インド種・インド雑種および中国種の耐寒性
    原田 重堆, 中山 仰, 加納 照崇, 酒井 慎介
    1960 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 149-150
    発行日: 1960/09/01
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.29.149
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    The degree of the frost hardiness of Indian, Indian hybrid, and Chinese varieties was compared each other in the refrigerator, and several factors relate to it were also studied. The frost hardiness of Indian hybrid varieties was about intermediate in them. The dehardening in spring was accompanied with the decrease of the sugar content in tea leaves, but the water content in them did not decreased at that time. The size of the tissue cells in tea leaves seemed also to have some relation to the frost hardiness. The relation between the frost hardiness and the rate of respiration or photosynthesis of tea leaves was also examined, and no evident relation was observed.
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  • 畑作物の光合成に関する研究 : 第1報 8種の夏作畑作物における圃場の個体群の光合成の日変化と日射および気温との関係
    村田 吉男, 猪山 純一郎
    1960 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 151-154
    発行日: 1960/09/01
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.29.151
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    Diurnal changes in the photosynthesis of eight species of field crops were persued. The species used were: upland rice, sweet potato, soybean, groundnut, buckwheat, sesame, foxtail millet, and orchard grads. The photosynthetic rate of whole plants was measured in the field by a transportable apparatus at different stages of development in each crop. From measurements carried out from 1957 to 1959, the following results were obtained: 1) Diurnal changes in the photosynthesis of the eight species studied showed strong correlation with those in the horizontal light intensity, the correlation becoming higher and higher as the leaf area index of each species increased. No substantial relationship was observed between photosynthesis and the air temperature or the time of day itself. 2. The shape of light-photosynthesis curve was different among different species; those possessing erect leaves, e. g. groundnut, had higher values in their light saturation point, while those possessing horizontal leaves, e.g. sweet potato, had lower values.
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  • 甜菜の光合成に関する研究 : 第2報 日射と甜菜同化能力に就て
    大島 栄司
    1960 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 155-157
    発行日: 1960/09/01
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.29.155
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    Experiment has been carried out in order to elucidate the cause of diurnal changes of apparent assimilation of sugar beet plant. The results obtained are briefly summarized as follows; Apparent assimilation per one plant was the sum of assimilation in each leaf exposed to light. Apparent assimilation of one leaf was closely related with the light receiving efficiency of the leaf. The light receiving efficiency of each leaf depended on the direction of the leaf, the inclination of leaf petiole against soil surface, and the degree of bending of leaf blade. As sugar beet plant of the growing stage has a few leaves, the variation of light recieving efficiency of each leaf largely effects on the sum of apparent assimilation of each leaf, namely, on the diurnal changes in apparent assimilation of one plant.
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  • マメ科植物 : 根瘤菌共生系と地温 : I. 大豆の初期生育および根瘤形成に及ぼす地温の影響
    前田 和美
    1960 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 158-160
    発行日: 1960/09/01
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.29.158
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    The effects of rhizosphere temperature during about 40 days after seeding upon the growth of some autumn soybean varieties and rhizobial infection or nodule formation and their subsequent development were studied, especially, from the viewpoint of the "leguminous plant-Rhizobium symbiotic complex". For the experiments, following plots were designed: HH…about 27°C throughly; LL…about 22°C throughly; HL and LH…about 27°C (vs. 22°) for 15 days after seeding land 22°(vs. 27°) for the rest. The data were obtained in '58 and '59 under the green house condition by quarz sand culture containing no nitrogen fertilizer and inoculated with the rhizobia. 1) It was observed that the period from the emergence to falling-off of cotyldons in the LL-plot plants were about 3 days longer than that in the HH-plot ones, and the development of both aerial and subterranean parts of the former were inferior to those of the latter (Fig. 2∼5 and Tab. 1). 2) Effects of lower rhizosphere temperature upon the top growth of soybean may be characterized into two types; (i) the direct reduction or shortening in size or length of some organs or portions of the plant (e.g., hypocotyl length, size of primary and foliage leaves when they expanded entirely, and their petiole length etc.) and (ii) mere delaying or lag of growth stge (e. g., inferiorities in plant length, number of leaves, and total leaf area per plant etc.). 3) With regard to the number of nodules formed on the LL-plot plants, irregularities were found, while the dry matter weight of nodules was inferior respectively to the HH-plot ones. The value of "nodule d. m. w./total plant d. m. w." (Relative ammounts of nodule formation) of the LL-plot was decidedly larger than that of the HH-plot (Table 1). In connection with the carbohydrate supply by host plant to the symbiont, these results may suggest that the "symbiotic effects" may vary under the different conditions of rhizosphere temperatures.
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  • 飼料作物の根系発達特性に関する研究 : (III) 施肥法と青刈大豆, コモンベッチ, ホワイトデントコーン, エンバクの根系発達
    川竹 基弘, 西村 剛, 志村 清, 石田 良作
    1960 年 29 巻 1 号 p. 161-162
    発行日: 1960/09/01
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.29.161
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    The methods of fertilizer application tested were as follows: 1) Subsoiling, 2) Broadcasting, 3) Drilling beside planting rows, 4) Drilling between planting rows. With corn and oats, the method of drilling beside planting rows brought the best top growth. With immature soybean and common vetch, it was superior by subsoiling. The yield in each crop was similar in tendency to the top growth, except that of common vetch which decreased owing to lodging caused by excessive growth by the subsoiling method. Drilling between rows brought about the most inferior growth and yields in all the crops. Effects of the difference of the method on the root development were recognized with common vetch and oats as differences in distribution of roots around and beneath the fertilizer placed. Subsoiling application promoted the penetration of roots in common vetch only. It was observed that the roots which distributed around the fertilizer were white and fresh. Though no data about the relation between top growth and root weight were obtained in this investigation, the authors assumed detailed studies of quality or viability of root should be important to elucidate such a relation.
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