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Volume 30 (1961 - 196･･･
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- Issue 3 Pages 201-
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Volume 30, Issue 1
Displaying 1-24 of 24 articles from this issue
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Mitsuo KUSHIZAKI, Shinobu HOSHI1961 Volume 30 Issue 1 Pages 1-4
Published: October 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn 1958 years preliminary experiment, gibberellin treatments by rather lower concentrations had shown unfavourable effects on the tuber yield and starch content of potato plant (var. Irish Cobbler). These results had rather confirmed the observation of D. G. Morgan and G. C. Mees. Later on, E. C. Humphries in Rothamsted stated his result saying that it was quite sure that the gibberellic acid treatment could increase the leaf area, dry matter and tuber weight, although had had some questions if these effects could last by the maturity time. Following the results of Dr. Humphries, we wanted to repeat our field experiment with higher concentrations of gibberellin. The treatments, as illustrated in Table 1, included 50 ppm twice, 100 ppm once and twice splaying. Detailed comparison of results are made only between plots No. 1, 4 and 5 with the intention of avoiding complication. Gibberellin treatments have brought increases in plant height, leaf area and weights of stem and stolon, but on the other hand reduced the tuber weight and starch content as can be seen in Tables 2 and 3. Another noticeable difference brought by the Gibberellin treatment is the difference of mineral content. Nitrogen contents of treated plants have been strikingly reduced in any form and potassium increased reversely. As it is highly possible that mineral nitrogen in soil should be enough to meet the requirement of potato plant by the time of flower initiation that is about the very beginning of July, we would suggest that the Gibberellin treatment might bring some suppressing effect or inhibition on the nitrogen uptake by potato plant. As to the increase of potassium uptake we haven't any clear explanation at the moment but we might infer that it is closely related to the particular growth of stem and stolon. These particular growth or elongation of stem and stolon brought by the treatment might enhance the metabolic activity and anabolic cell function in these part, so that it could be unfavourable for the tuberization and accumulation of starch. This might be the reason of the delay of tuber formation and the increased formation of deformed tubers. Table 7 shows the slightly increased values of net assimilation rate and relative growth rate on the 1st measurment and the slight reduction of them on the 2nd and the increased leaf area ratios with the both measurements. Judging from these results, it might be possible to increase the tuber yield of potato by the Gibberellin treatment if reasonable nitrogen application could be done; even though, it is still quite doubtful for us whether we could expect an additive effect on the yield from the cooperating function of Gibberellin and nitrogen.View full abstractDownload PDF (618K) -
Mituo KIDO, Shozo YANATORI1961 Volume 30 Issue 1 Pages 5-8
Published: October 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to make clear the physiological characters of rice root grown in ill-drained paddy field, the authors have examined seasonal changes of chemical constituents of rice root and also influences of amount of nitrogen and calcium silicate fertilizers supplied to them. Results obtained are shown in Fig. 1 to Fig. 8. It was recognized that physiologically active root, for instance, which were grown in well-drained field, was in high level of phosphate and protein-nitrogen. Based upon the above facts, the author have concluded that phosphate might be considered to be a most sensitive element as an indicator showing physiological activity of rice root. Iron and silicate are absorbed in surface of rice root with growth and they may be necessary for maintaing physiological activity of rice rot, but the further experiments are required to clear up their relationships.View full abstractDownload PDF (619K) -
Yoshihiro TANDA1961 Volume 30 Issue 1 Pages 9-12
Published: October 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe experiments were carried out to obtain some fundamental information on the fall of embryo from rice kernel in process of cleaning. The results of experiments are as follows; 1) The embryo is detached from kernel at the chalky starch-cell layer that is the outermost layer of endosperm starch-cells and adjacent to epithelium of embryo with the thin layer of flattened cells of endosperm between them. 2) The embryos fall off more easily from kernels in early cultivation than in late cultivation by the following reasons. 3) The chalky starch-cell layer is thicker in early cultivation than in late cultivation owing to the tendency of prematurity in early cultivation. 4) The embryo is larger and juts out more extent from the surface of kernel in early cultivation than in late cultivation on account of the vigorous growth of embryo and the prematurity of endosperm in early cultivation.View full abstractDownload PDF (733K) -
Motosuke OSAKI, Iwao YOKOHATA1961 Volume 30 Issue 1 Pages 13-18
Published: October 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSI. Fluctuations in population of the alatae and the apterae of Myzus persicae (SULZER), Aphis gossypii GLOVER and Aulacorthum solani (KALTENBACH) were Surveyed, sticky traps of BROADBENT style being used with regard to their flight, in experimental potato-field-blocks which were planted at nine different times successively throughout from spring to autumn in Himeji from 1955 to 1958. The results are as follows: (1) The appearance of those aphids has three seasons, marked off by the disappearance and the diminution periods on host and flight, which are relatively stable but without connection with plant growth. (2) M. persicae appears most abundantly in the early and middle part of the first season (from April to June), and also in the middle and late part of the third season (from Octover to December), but scarcely in the second season (from July to mid September); A. gossypii exceedingly in the second season, and also in the middle and late part of the first season, and in the early and middle of the third season; the counts of A. solani is always the smallest. (3) Though the aphid population varies markedly with dats of potato sprouting, the seasonal fluctuation curve of parasitic activity in each species is obtainable by the line connecting the highest value of the aphid population among blocks of each planting date. Such fluctuation curves in different years and aphid species were discussed with regard to flight fluctuation. II. On a virus free potato row planted in a victoria lawn tunnel, adjacent to an alternate open row of diseased poatoes infected with virus Y and leafroll virus, was allowed natural inoculation by opening the tunnel for one week at definite time, in Himeji from 1955 to 1957. The results are: (1) the fluctuation observed in virus transmission in years, seasons and with the dates of sprouting revealed close connection with activities, especially with flight, of the aphids which inoculated the diseases, i.e. virus Y being associated with A. gossypii or plus M. persicae, and leafroll virus with M. persicae or plus A. solani. However, in un-caged blocks, transmission of leafrall and virus Y were rather correlated with the index-value for the whole season infestation of alate aphids, with the relation of M. parsicae plus A. solani to leafroll and A. gossypii plus A. solani to virus Y, the index-value being obtainable by summing up all countings made on every tenth day by the line of parasitic activity. The reason for the affecting of A. solani to the transmission of virus Y must be owing to the abnormal appearance of the species in autumn 1956. (2) The number of days for virus diseases to flow down from inoculated leaves to tubers varied in connection with the aphid population; in relatively shorter period of time the tubers seemed to be infected, if much of inoculations have been occured by many aphids.View full abstractDownload PDF (750K) -
Kanoe SATO1961 Volume 30 Issue 1 Pages 19-22
Published: October 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSStarch contents in the tissues of seed embryo, young seedlings, and adult plants were compared among cereal crops such as rice (A, B, C type, more than 25 varieties of Japanese type and several species of wild rice), wheat, barley, rye, oat, corn, sorghums, proso, barnyard millet and Italian millet. The following results were obtained: (1) Rice plants (including wild rice) always contain much and greater starch grains than the other crops in the parenchymatous tissues of matured culm internodes and leaf sheaths. Corn, sorghum, proso and millets were similar in their starch content in the embryo of seeds or in young seedlings, being feeded by the endosperm, although they contained much starch sometimes. However, in later the adult plants would have a little starch in the matured parenchyma. Wheat, barley, rye, and oat, on the other hand, scarcely contained starch in the embryo of seed and in the parenchyma of adult plant, except scutellum of germinating seeds, matured pollens, pericarp of ovary of the early maturing stage, endosperm cells and so-called statolith starches in root caps and the basal part of internodes and leaf sheaths. (2) Since the starch content in the matured tissues of rice plants is peculiarly abandunt and changes remarkably with the stage of growth and environmental factors, the brief estimation for starch content in the tissues by I-IK solution should be used to estimate the nutritional or physiological state of rice plant.View full abstractDownload PDF (1011K) -
Kanoe SATO1961 Volume 30 Issue 1 Pages 23-26
Published: October 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThrough the growing period of rice plants grown in the paddy field and pots, 5 plants from field and 9 plants from pot were sampled in every seven days, and then the tillers were immediately separated and sorted out. The tillers were classified into three groups: The main-stem group, the 1st order tiller group and the 2nd order tiller group, the locus of each tiller of each group was reserved. Each internode of each group was killed and preserved in FAA solution, then the segments were sectioned by hand and stained with I-IK solution, and the relative starch content was estimated under the microscope. The results obtained are as follows: (1) Young tillers that have less than 3 leaves may grow chiefly getting their energy resources from the mother culms, but since then thny may grow further independently storing transitory starch and increasing the starch content in the matured parenchyma of internode and leaf-sheath. Main-stem and lower locused strong 1st order tillers store much starch in early growing stage, but the amount of starch decreases with rapid emergence of upper locused 1st order tillers and 2nd order tillers. These lately emerged tillers grow depending on early emerged ones, as soon as 3 leaves are formed they also can grow independently and store transitory starch in themselves. All the tillers, regardless the time of emmergence, contain almost similar amount of starch at the time when the panicle primordia are formed. In other word, they might be at the similar physiological state in this period. Hereafter, all the tillers elongate, flower, and mature almost at the same time whereby the starch accumulates or disappears also simulaneously (Fig. 1). (2) Speaking of details, main-stem or lowest locused weak tillers contain relatively much and unvariable amount of starch with their somewhat slow maturation process, and so the restored or remained starch amount at maturity is much in these culms especially in the basal part of stems (Fig. 4). (3) It seems that at least carbohydrates in some tillers readily move to the others when the latters are injured and lose their activity of carbohydrates synthesis at any period of growth, and their translocation seems to have no direct relation to that of flowering hormones (Fig. 7. Fig. 8).View full abstractDownload PDF (647K) -
Hakobu SEKIOKA1961 Volume 30 Issue 1 Pages 27-30
Published: October 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis paper gives the result of research made to find the influence of soil and air temperatures on the translocation of foliar-applied sucrose-C14 in the sweet potato plant in 1960. When plants were held in darkness over night (12 hours) at soil and air temperatures of 15°, 20°, and 25°C respectively, sucrose-C14 applied on a single leaf was translocated mainly into the rots and actively growing stem. The C14 accumulation rate in root was generally much higher in the air temperature treatment condition than in the soil temperature treatment ones, and it increased with decreasing temperature, while that in leaves decreased with decreasing temperature in the both cases. When roots of a plant were divided into two groups and each of halves was exposed to different temperature in darkness for 12 and 15 hours, the translocation and accumulation of sucrose-C14 from four expanded leaves were better at 30°C than 40°C, better at 30°C than 20°C, and at 20°C than 10°C root temperature.View full abstractDownload PDF (1011K) -
Satoshi MAEDA1961 Volume 30 Issue 1 Pages 31-34
Published: October 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis investigation was made to study the influence of cutting frequency on the relation between the exhaustion of root·stubble reserves and the regrowth of shoot in Italian ryegrass. The more frequent removal of leaves showed the less the total production of leaf and the root·stubble dry weight. Throughout all defoliation frequency, the 1st clipping led the most heavily declining both in the shoot yields, and in root·stubble dry weight. And with the progress of repeating of defoliation, the decrease of top yields and stubble·root dry weight following each defoliation were reduced. The concentration of available carbohydrate in root·stubble lowered parallel with clipping frequency. However, the concentration of nitrogen in root·stubble were higher in 50 days interval clipping than unclipping, and with increasing of the frequency the nitrogen concentration in root·stubble lowered. Increasing of clipping frequency appears to rise the ratio of cell wall substances and reserve substances in root·stubble.View full abstractDownload PDF (585K) -
Kaoru EHARA, Waich AGATA1961 Volume 30 Issue 1 Pages 35-38
Published: October 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis paper gives the results of study made to find the influence of air temperature and soil moisture on the growth behaviour of the two legumes and to compare the characteristics related to drought resistance of them. The legumes used in this experiment were ladino clover which is sensible to summer depressive growth and alfalfa which is non-sensible to that damage. Four treatments as shown in Table 1. were applied to them for three weeks in a phytotron. The effect of low soil moisture on the growth of the two legumes was more harmful than that of high air temperature, though the growth of ladino clover was greatly affected by high air temperature. When low soil moisture and high air temperature were combined, the most severe injury was brought to the growth of the two legumes, especially to the growth of ladino clover. From these results, the cause of summer damage is considered to be brought by the influence of low soil moisture content and high air temperature in summer season. In comaparison with the morphological and physiological characteristics related to drought resistance of the two legumes, such as top and rot ratio, reflective index and osmotic value, ladino clover was inferior to alfalfa. By the each treatment, morphological and physiological characteristics of two legumes were adapted themselves to air temperature and soil moisture environment.View full abstractDownload PDF (619K) -
Masao ARAI, Hideo CHISAKA, Kunikazu UEKI1961 Volume 30 Issue 1 Pages 39-42
Published: October 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe noxious weeds in winter cropping on drained paddy fields in Japan are Alopecurus aequalis, Beckmannia erucaeformis, Agropyrum semicostatum, Poa annua, Stellaria uliginosa, S. media, Sagina japonica, Cardamine flexuosa, Galium Aparine and Lapsna apogonoides, and their ecological characteristics, such as dormancy, germination, emergence and longevity of seeds in the soil, are as follows. 1. Freshly harvested ripened seeds of these weeds are more or less dormant (Fig. 1), and the dormancy of them is overcome by autumn in soil outdoors (Fig. 2). Low-temperature treatment (5°C, moist) is effective to overcome the dormancy for 4 species belonging to Gramineae (Fig. 3). The dormancy of most species is overcome by placing the seeds at high temperature (30°C) in moist condition (high-temperature treatment) in normal air or in absence of oxygen for some periods (Fig. 4). 2. Though optimum temperature for germination vary more or less according to kinds, it is generally from 10°or 15°to 20°C. The germination of all kinds of seeds except Alopecurus aequalis is favored by light (Fig. 5). Some seeds do not germinate and others germinate to a lesser degree under the continuous dark condition. No germination occurs in absence of oxygen, and oxygen requirement for germination is not same for each weed (Fig. 6). 3. The maximum elongation length of plumule in a dark germinator varies according to kinds and is correlated with seed size in general. Depth of emergence is generally shallow, but differs with weed kinds (Tab. 1). It is caused by differences of weeds in light requirement for germination and in penetrating power of plumule through the soil layers as well as in the maximum elongation length of plumule in the dark condition. 4. Longevity of seeds in the soil of paddy fields (upland fields condition from autumn to spring) or upland fields is generally short, but it varies from one to two years according to the kind of weeds and moisture content of soil. The longevity of seeds is closely related to the germinating ability within soils. 5. The above-mentioned facts show that these weeds vary in main ecological characteristics in detail each other, though they are adapted to the environmental conditions of winter cropping on drained paddy fields.View full abstractDownload PDF (647K) -
Masao ARAI, Hideo CHISAKA1961 Volume 30 Issue 1 Pages 43-46
Published: October 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe seeds which have awaked from the primary dormancy are then exposed to the secondary dormancy under certain conditions. The following facts were found concerning the secondary dormancy. 1. The seeds which have been kept within submerged soil outdoors become to show poor percentage germination since November, and hardly germinate in a germinator at 20°C in February of the next year, that is to say the secondary dromancy is induced. The secondary dormancy is overcome by August and induced again in November. And this process is repeated till the seeds lose their viability (Fig. 1). 2. With progress of the secondary dormancy under submerged soil, maximum and optimum temperature for germination become lower together with poor percentage germination (Fig. 2). 3. The secondary dormancy is induced experimentally by placing the seeds showing the environmental dormancy under absence of oxygen at low temperature 5°C, and to a certain extent at 20°C, but not induced at 30°C (Fig. 3, 4). 4. The secondary dormancy is overcome by low-temperature treatment (Fig. 5), high-temperature treatment in normal air or in absence of oxygen (Fig. 6), alternating-temperature treatment (Tab. 1) and pricking seeds coats (Fig. 7), as observed with the primary dormancy. And the low-temperature treatment and alternating-temperature treatment are effective similary to overcome the second secondary dormancy (Fig. 8). 5. Accordingly, it was well established that the seeds in the soil, if no germination occurs because of unfavorable condition for germination (such as in lower layer of the soil in poor-drained fields), are forced to go into the secondary dormancy under the condition of oxygen absence at low temperature in winter, and the dormancy is overcome under the condition of oxygen absence at higher temperature in summer. The mechanism of overcoming the secondary dormancy was seemed to be similar to the primary dormancy.View full abstractDownload PDF (655K) -
Hitoshi TAKAHASHI, Minoru MATSUBAYASHI, Hisakazu OIZUMI1961 Volume 30 Issue 1 Pages 47-50
Published: October 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSome growth response after clipping of orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.) under several soil moisture levels were investigated. The results were as follows: When the soil moisture was deficit, the contents of nutrients and water in the plants were so decreased that growth after cutting was pool. Consequently, after several cuttings the yield decreased more severely. The same tendency was observed in the excess humid condition. Water utilization of the plants under such conditions was unefficient. Under favorable condition of soil moisture, the contents of nutrients and water in the plants increased, so stubble and root reserves became greater, and therefore the regrowth after clipping was vigour and the yield of dry matter and protein increased. Moreover, the water use efficiency was high.View full abstractDownload PDF (606K) -
Susumu MIZUNO1961 Volume 30 Issue 1 Pages 51-55
Published: October 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe behavior of calcium in Chiba 74 (runner type) in process of growth and maturity was observed using radiocalcium as a tracer and the effects of calcium deficiency upon chemical composition of it were examined. Roots were grown in gravel culture and they received Ca deficient nutrient solution both after the early stage of growth and flowering stage, while fruits were grown in sand culture with a complete solution until harvest. 0.5 1. of the complete solution including 0.5 mc. of Ca45 Cl2 was supplied to the rooting medium of each plant for 5 days at the three stages of growth. 1. Top growth, flower production, peg and pod formation were hindered significantly by deficiency of Ca after early stage of growth, but plants, which received no Ca after flowering, were not prevented from their flowering and peg or pod formation. 2. The greater part of Ca45, irrespective of its date of supplying, was found to accumulate in the vigorus leaf during the time of the treament with Ca45, and maximum distribution of Ca45 in the leaf never changed till their harvest times, even in the case of withholding Ca from the plants after Ca45 treatment. The distribution of Ca45 was observed mainly in the terminal part at the lateral branch of all the plants, except the control plant which was treated by Ca45 at the early stage of growth, and in the root, accumulation of Ca45 was remarkably decreased at the early stage of growth. Through the whole stage of growth less distribution of Ca45 was observed in the fruit, which involed more Ca45 when it was supplied at flowering stage than when it was supplied at vegetative stage. 3. Ca contents of various parts of plant except the fruit were remarkably decreased by deficiency of Ca after the vegetative stage. On the other hand, it was recognized that no great difference in Ca contents was made between the plant withheld Ca after flowering and the one supplied with the complete solution. The inverse relations, which were caused by the deficiency of Ca after early stage of growth, were found to exist between the following chemical composition; between starch and Ca contents in each organ of the plant, except in the root; between K and Ca in the leaf; between Mg and Ca in the lateral branch and in the root. On the contrary at flowering stage the inverse relation between Ca and other chemical compositions was less distinct in each organ of the plant.View full abstractDownload PDF (684K) -
Hiroyoshi CHUJO1961 Volume 30 Issue 1 Pages 56-60
Published: October 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe reversal of the short day vernalization effect by high temperature and by long days were studied to make clear the role played by short day vernalization in the heading of barley. Low temperature vernalization was reversed at 18°C or more high temperature and this effect was more pronounced as the temperature was high. When the different degrees of temperature were given during the short day treatment, the short day vernalization effect was most pronounced at 18°C and was less pronounced as the temperature was higher than 22°C, though the heading was hastened more or less by the short day treatment even at 30°C. After the short day treatment the retardation of the heading by the high temperature treatment was less pronounced than the above case. The short day vernalization effect indicated early to be stable to the high temperature treatment as compared with the low temperature vernalization effect. In plants which had received no chilling at the stage of sprouted seeds, the hastening of the heading by the short day treatment at 26°C or 30°C was not so large as that at the open air, but in plants which had received chilling, the hastening of the heading by the short day treatment under both temperature conditions were same. There was no relation between the decrease of the short day vernalization effect by high temperature and the winter habit of varieties. In the variety "Kobinkatagi No. 36", such a decrease was something different from those in other four varieties. The hastening of the heading by the short day treatment which was proceeded under different conditions of temperature was more largely affected by the high night temperature than by the high daytime temperature. This reduction of the hastening was closely related to the length of time of the high temperature treatment during 24 hours. This fact suggests that the decline of the short day vernalization effect by high temperature depends more on the partial destruction of the effect of short day treatment by high temperature than on the retardation of the short day reaction by high temperature. This devernalization of the short day effect is pronounced at about 26°C or more high temperature. The short day vernalization effect was reduced when long days were intercalated among short days. This devernalization effect was more pronounced when long days were intercalated separately than when intercalated in a series. The short day vernalization effect was completely reversed when one short day and one long day were given alternately. This devernalization effect was more pronounced when long days were intercalated among the former half of short days or when the temperature during intercalated long days was high. The short day vernalization effect was pronounced even at high temperature such as sprouted seeds could not be chilled. This fact suggests that the short day vernalization effect may play an important part in the heading of barley sown in autumn.View full abstractDownload PDF (712K) -
Teruo YOSHIDA, Enshichi IMAOKA1961 Volume 30 Issue 1 Pages 61-65
Published: October 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the investigation of the principal Pelargonium producing lands of the world it was found that the characteristics of such lands were of yearly average atmospheric temperature ranging from 16 to 18 deg. C. with yearly average rainfall of approximately 1, 000 m.m. and no frost during winter. The Seto Inland Sea district of Japan which is the principal Pelargonium producing land fairly satisfies the conditions of yearly average atmospheric temperature as well as the amount of yearly rainfall, but its monthly average temperature goes down as low as 6 deg. C. with frequent frost during the coldest days of winter. Investigations were conducted on the topography and the wintering of the plant in a small island of the Seto Inland Sea and it was found that frost damages on the Pelargonium had been much influenced by cold air currents. Consequently it was discovered that prospective farms should be chosen so avoidable of cold air current passage as much as possible for the plant. The result of the investigation of the relation between the topography of the farm and the number of the plant withered by frost showed that for the successful wintering of the plant the frequency of frost should not exceed 16 to 20 during the winter season.View full abstractDownload PDF (815K) -
Teruo YOSHIDA, Enshichi IMAOKA1961 Volume 30 Issue 1 Pages 66-67
Published: October 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the most frequent frosting locality of Hakata Island the Pelargonium was planted and a study was carried out during the wintering season as to about what time and at what degree of frost the plant would get withered and the upper limit of the frequency of frost aforesaid was proved to be true. It was also found to be advantageous to have the plant grown thick before the wintering season for avoiding the frost damages.View full abstractDownload PDF (406K) -
Torao OBA, Hisakazu OIZUMI, Soroku KUDO, Kunihiko UEDA1961 Volume 30 Issue 1 Pages 68-71
Published: October 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe variety, Norin No. 4, were seeded on 15th May and 30th June in 1958 and 1959 with two stands, light and heavy. The blooming and fruiting in each node were observed. The results obtained are as follows: 1) The weight of leaves and stems and the number of pods were larger on the early seeding plot than the late one, on the plot of light density than the heavy stand and in the test in 1958 than 1959 especially on the early seeding plot. The percentages of fruiting were not constant with plots. 2) There were a fundamental type of blooming and fruiting in each node of both of the main stem and branches of the plant, the largest number of flowers and pods were observed on the top node and the 6th to 8th node from the top, and the fruiting percentage and mean weight of a seed were high on the node of the second to 5th node. 3) However, there were some differences with production practices, the number of flowers and pods in the branches were changeable in each node but on the main stem they were favorably constant especially on the second to 5th node. Higher yields were obtained when the nodes with many flowers and pods were shown on relatively lower position. The more differences were shown between the most efficient node of flowering and podding the lower fruit-setting percentage were observed. 4) Such differences of flowering and fruiting came mainly from the differences of the duration of sunshine, the light intensity on the lower leaves and the growth of leaves and stems. Consequently, the number of flowers depended upon the amounts of the reserves of assimilates untill the period of the differentiation of flower buds and the pods number depended upon the amounts of the assimilates during 30 days after the blooming stage. 5) It was clarified that the important period and leaf position to decide the number of flowers and pods were different and there were some changeable nodes in the number of flowers and pods with production practices. The data shown might be very important to promote the soybean yields.View full abstractDownload PDF (661K) -
Shin-ichiro KAWATA, Kuni ISHIHARA1961 Volume 30 Issue 1 Pages 72-78
Published: October 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt was found by the authors that the root hair formation and their growth in rice roots are accelerated when the water percolates vertically in the paddy soils, and was thought that certain substances responsible for regulating the root hair development are derived from the compost under the irrigated condition, and they are probably eliminated from the paddy soils by water-percolation (KAWATA and ISHIHARA, 1961 a). The present experiment was carried on to find the morphogenetical effects of some organic acids (formic, acetic and butyric acid) on the development of the root hairs and epidermal cells of the roots by using the ordinary or aseptic water culture method. The following results were obtained. When the concentration of acetic acid was kept between 2.5 mmol and 5.0 mmol., which is known to be frequently found in the paddy soils, it inhibited the root hair formation and their growth to a great extent, but it did not affect the root and epidermal cell elongation so much. This morphological appearance of epidermis of the root treated with acetic acid was similar to that of the rice plants grown in the non water-percolated soils. Formic acid (2.5 mmol. and 5.0 mmol.) and butyric acid (2.5 mmol. and 0.50 mmol.) retarded not only the root hair formation and their growth, but also the root and epidermal cell elongation. From these results, especially in the case of the acetic acid, our hypothesis mentioned above seems to be true. As reported in the previous paper (KAWATA and ISHIHARA, 1961 b) the ribonucleic acid, the metabolism of which is closely related to the process of the potassium absorption in rice roots, was found to exist in the root hairs for a long time. It is suggested, on the basis of these facts, that the development of the rice plants in the paddy fields is affected because of the accumulation of these organic acids in the soils, which control the absorption of nutrients.View full abstractDownload PDF (2692K) -
Kazuo NAGATO, Morie EBATA1961 Volume 30 Issue 1 Pages 79-82
Published: October 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe grain quality of paddy rice cultivated on upland fields was studied in comparison with that of paddy rice cultivated on paddy field or upland rise cultivated on upland field. The results obtained were as follows; 1) The histological differences in kernel between paddy and upland rice were found in the location of central point on the cross section of kernel and in number of aleulon layers on abdominal region of kernel. The central point was located close upon the middle of dorso-ventral diameter in upland rice (dorsal radius/ventral radius=0.9-1.2), and it was deflected toward the abdominal side in paddy rice (dorsal radius/ventral radius=1.3-1.7). Aleulon cells on the abdominal region of kernel were arranged usually in single layer in paddy rice, but frequently in two layers in upland rice. Then the location of central point and number of aleulon layers on abdominal region of kernel did not vary with paddy-or upland-field condition so large extent as the difference between paddy and upland rice. 2) Percentages of abdominal-white grains, milk-white grains and partially-chalky grains, and the specific gravity and thickness of bran layer in perfect kernels were investigated to compare the grain quality. Paddy rice varieties were less in percentages of milk-white grains and partially-chalky grains, higher in spesific gravity and thinner in bran layer than upland rice varieties. Consequently the grain quality of paddy rice was recognized to be superior to that of upland rice. On the comparison between paddy rice varieties grown under upland-field condition and the same varieties grown under paddy-field condition, some varieties were more or less superior in upland-field condition and the others were superior in paddy-field condition. Former varieties were regarded to be more adaptable to upland-field condition than latter varieties.View full abstractDownload PDF (632K) -
Toyoo TOMITA1961 Volume 30 Issue 1 Pages 83-87
Published: October 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSince a particular fraction of rye diffusate obtained by mean of continuous paper electrophoresis strikingly promoted the flowering of winter wheat, uridylic acid, which was supposed to be the main active substance in the effective fraction of rye diffusate, and its analogues were applied to the plants of winter wheat (Norin No. 58) in juvenile stage. The application of uridylic acid (200 ppm) to the 3rd and 4th leaves of the wheat was most effective in promoting flowering and decreasing the number of leaf on main stem. Effects of chilling and chemical treatment on flower-promotion were examined in winter wheat, and a vernalization-like phenomenon caused by chemical treatment was clearly recognized. The experimental results reported in this paper may predict the possibility of the fact in which vernalization is induced by vernaline, although the complete nature of vernaline is not yet known.View full abstractDownload PDF (1664K) -
Aiya ISHIHARA1961 Volume 30 Issue 1 Pages 88-92
Published: October 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present study is concerned with the requirement of low temperature for the vernalization of apical and lateral buds. The in-vitro-culture method was used to ascertain the vernalized condition of the excised buds. The results obtained are summarised below. 1) The excised bud consisted of shoot apex and two or three primordia placed on the agar medium containing glucose and minerals, can be vernalized by low temperature. The retention of vernalized condition in excised stem tips of vernalized plants has been reported earlier. Considering this together with the present finding, it may be concluded that the vernalized condition in the buds is attained by the response of the apical tisshe itself to low temperature. 2) Regardless of the temperature condition during the initiation and development of the lateral buds, they are found to be in vernalized condition, if the seed has been treated by low temperature. This may be called as indirect induction in buds by low temperature.View full abstractDownload PDF (814K) -
Katsumi TAJIMA, Kenzaburo FUNAYAMA, Yasuo OTA, Hiroshi NAKAMURA1961 Volume 30 Issue 1 Pages 93-96
Published: October 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSVariety, Norin 14, was grown under four different levels of nitrogen application (no nitrogen; -N, usual dose: 1N, fifty percent more: 1.5N, and two times usual: 2N) at three locations, Nagano, Konosu and Tachikawa, with an aim of knowing the local differences in ripening process. Another cultural methods such as planting time and planting density were according to the customary practice of respective place. The results obtained are as follows: 1) During the period from transplanting, to heading, Nagano was characterized with the longest sunshine hours although air temperature was almost similar in three places. At the ripening stage, Nagano showed the lowest air temperature though there was no difference in sunshine hours in three places (table 1). 2) Period from transplanting to heading was similar in three places, but the period from heading to maturity differed markedly with places, ranging from 55 days at Nagano to 38 days at Tachikawa, thus indicating the lower the air temperature the longer the ripening period (table 1). 3) Velocity of carbohydrate translocation to the panicles depends on the temperature after heading; it was fast at Konosu and Tachikawa where temperature was high and very slow at Nagano having the lowest temperature (fig. 4). But the prolonged ripening period at Nagano caused a long-lasted accumulation of starch into panicles, resulting in the greatest accumulation by the end of ripening (fig. 5). In addition to this, lower temperature during the ripening stage is considered to be effective in reducing the respiratory conssumption of carbohydrate. 4) Thus the beneficial effect of low temperature at the ripening stage in causing the longer ripening period, although it related to slow translocation, was clearly visualized in the local comparison of the ripening process.View full abstractDownload PDF (663K) -
Shingo ITO, Shigekazu HAYASHI1961 Volume 30 Issue 1 Pages 97-100
Published: October 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSCatalase, peroxidase and cytochrome oxidase activities were investigated quantitatively and histologically on germinating seeds and seedlings of rice plants, upland (Norin No. 24) and lowland (Norin No. 41) varieties, germinated under three germinating conditions: on the water blotted filter paper, immersed in 5 cm depth of water and in vacuum. 1) Catalase activity increased in accompanied with the elapsing of germinating time, and those were very higher under aerobic condition than in anaerobic. Catalase activitiv of the elongated coleoptile submerging in 5 cm depth of water for 4 days were remarkably lower than that of the water blotted filter paper plot, and on the contrary, that of coleoptile and root grown in the latter condition was higher in the former. 2) Peroxidase activity affecting not throughout progression of germination of seeds being even supplied limited oxygen was differed from case of catalase. That is, any germinating conditions for seeds were not promoted its activity. However, on the histological investigations for this enzymatic activity in colouring by means of tetraguajacol, it was high in dermatogen, plerome and hypocotyl tissues of embryoo, in root cap and epidermis of seminal root, especially root hair, and in the tip portion of coleoptile and young leaves of seedlings. 3) Cytochrone oxidase was shown the same tendency to catalase, namely its activity was more lower in seeds germinated under anaerobic conditions than other conditions, and in the coleoptile than in root of seedlings. On histological investigations by Nadi reagent, the activity of cytochrome oxidase was high in dermatogen, periblem and plerome of radicle, and in hypocotyl, cotyledon and plumule, moreover it was high in the root tip portion of seedling. However, activities of enzyme being obtained from coleoptile and young leaves were all over. 4) From above mentioned results, it is considered that catalase and cytochrome oxidase have some connection with elongation after germination of rice seeds, and especially in the latter.View full abstractDownload PDF (551K) -
Hiroshi KURIHARA, Hironaga NISHIKAWA1961 Volume 30 Issue 1 Pages 101-105
Published: October 01, 1961
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1. This experiment was carried out with an aim to get the information concerning the favourable growth-type of potato plants. 2. Irish potatoes were grown on the virgin volcanic ash soil, and 6 plots, to which equal amount of fertilizers were applied, were arranged with the depth and the rate of fertilizers variously combined as follows. [table] A, B, and C denote the depth of fertilizers applied in band, namely, 10, 20, and 30 cm from the surface of soil respectively. Side-number shows the ratio of fertilizers applied. *Fertilizers were applied alike in the respective depth. **Amount of fertilizers applied which has been customarily used in the cultivated soil. 3. The ecological and physiological responses of the potato plants to the treatment described above were clearly distinguished, and 4 growth-types were classified according to the seasonal changes of the quantity of growth, the dry matter produced, and the nuttrients absorbed. 4. Tuber yields were the highest at A7B3 plot, and in order of A3B7, A10, A7C3, ABC, A3C7, (Ak) they decreased gradually. This means that the tuber yields are closely realted with the root-development. It may be also stated that the potato plants absorb almost all of the nutrients from soil up to 20 cm in depth, but not so much from soil over it. From these results stated above, it will be concluded that fertilizers should be applied with consideration of the favourable growth-type of potato plants.View full abstractDownload PDF (646K)
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