Japanese Journal of Crop Science
Online ISSN : 1349-0990
Print ISSN : 0011-1848
ISSN-L : 0011-1848
Volume 36, Issue 1
Displaying 1-19 of 19 articles from this issue
  • Osamu SENJO, Masatoshi MINABE
    1967 Volume 36 Issue 1 Pages 1-6
    Published: March 10, 1967
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    For the eight years from 1957 to 64 we have observed and investigated the annual growth of Coptis Japonica Makino, and the whole process of its growth range from sowing to harvesting at a representative producing center in this prefecture. The following are our findings. 1. The whole growth process of the plant may be roughly divided into five stages: (1) the flowering fruit-bearing period, (2) the period in which new leaves and rhizomes grow and lengthen, (3) the period in which they cease to grow in summer, (4) the period in which flower and leaf-buds grow thicker, and (5) the period in which they cease to grow in winter. 2. The second period is that in which its growth is at the highest, and the fourth period is on important one affecting its growing conditions in the first period of the following spring. The nutrition and fertilization conditions of the two periods mentioned above may be considered of most importance for the culture of the plant. 3. The' amount of growth of rhizomes is determined by the number and areas of leaves. In order to forward the growth of rhizomes within a limited short space of time, it is necessary for us to procure a plant with ten leaves or so in a short space of time. 4. A plant more than ten years old becomes senescent in its old rhizomes and of poor quality.
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  • Masatoshi MINABE, Osamu SENJO, Akito MIYAZAKI
    1967 Volume 36 Issue 1 Pages 7-12
    Published: March 10, 1967
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    An experiment was conducted for the forcing culture of Coptis Japonica Makino by means of chemical fertilizers and gibberellin (GA). Young plants of Coptis japonica Makino (sown in 1961) were sand-cultured for five months from April 1 to August 31, 1963, in 10 plots including those given a Hoagland & Arnon's cultural solution for testing element deficiency, a control plot and two more in which 10 ppm GA and 100 ppm GA were added to the control plot, and thus their growing condition was observed and the dry matter weight of their terrestrial parts, subterranean stems and roots were measured. 1. The 10 ppm GA plot showed the best growth, leading to a delay in the differentiation of flower buds, which resulted in a prolonged vegetative growth period and an increased dry matter weight. In the 100 ppm GA plot, the flower bud formation was hastened and even after flower buds were formed, adventitious buds and monster leaves appeared, resulting in a decrease, especially in the drymatter weight of the subterranean stems and roots. 2. The control plot, K deficient plot and Ca deficient plot all showed a satisfactory growth but generally there were indications of excessive fertilization, as seen in some burnt leaves. 3. Chemical injury was conspicuous especially in the double quantity plot, P deficient plot and S deficient plots: in the double quantity and P deficient plots almost all the terrestrial parts withered in about 60 days after planting. 4. Fertilization in a comparatively low temperature period up to the beginning of June was found to give comparatively small chemical damage. 5. The young plant growing period could be shortened by a combined use of N and P fertilizers in proper quantities and 10 ppm GA.
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  • Kinya MATSUURA, Tadao FUKUDA, Tadatoshi IWATA, Kenichi AOKI
    1967 Volume 36 Issue 1 Pages 13-16
    Published: March 10, 1967
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    The occurrence of unclosed glume grains and cracked grains in the paddy rice harvested with combine harvester was recognized by Dr. Suetsugu et al. in 1965. Such abnormal grains are regarded as a problem which should not be overlooked from the viewpoint of process of drying of high moisture-content paddy rice grains. However, such abnormal grains can also be found in the paddy rice before they have been harvested. In the present report, the authors deal with the differences in the occurrence of such abnormal drains according to rice varietal differences and according to rice growing conditions. The test results may be summarized as follows: 1) Unclosed glume grains occur frequently in the case of early-maturing varieties, while occur very seldom in the case of medium-or late-maturing varieties. However, even in the cases of varieties similar in early-maturing, it is clear that the occurrence of abnormal grains varies according to varietal differences. 2) Even in the case of early-maturing variety in which unclosed glume grains are liable to occur, if the heading date is adjusted so as to be delayed to the extent of heading date of medium-maturing variety, the occurrence of unclosed glume grains would be reduced to the extent similar to the case of medium-or late-maturing variety. 3) In the cases of direct-sowing rice plants and densely transplanted ones, there is an increasing trend in the occurrence of unclosed glume grains, as compared with ordinary transplanted ones. 4) Both in the cases of ordinary transplanting and direct-sowing, it shows increases in the occurrence of unclosed glume grains when rice seed is directly sown earlier on the paddy field or when rice seedlings are transplanted earlier. 5) In case where nitrogen is decreased in the amount of application, and phosphate is increased in the amount of application, comparing with the standard application amount, unclosed glume grains will occur more frequently. The same trend can be seen in case where potassium is decreased in the application amoun. Sincere acknowledgment is expressed to Dr. Suetsugu, Director of the Fukui Prefectural Agricultural Experiment Station, for the fact that the above tests have been achieved under his expert direction.
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  • Eizo MAEDA
    1967 Volume 36 Issue 1 Pages 17-24
    Published: March 10, 1967
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    This paper reports the actions of indolederivatives, metallic ions, surfactant and chelating. agents on the cell elongation in lamina joints of rice. The angles increased at 5×10-7 or 10-6M of indoleacetic acid, at 10<-5>M of indoleacetonitrile and indolebutyric acid and at 10-4M of indolepropionic acid. But no increment of the angle was obtained by tryptophan at any concentrations used. As regards to actions of metallic ions, a slight effect of about 15 per cent increment of control was presented at 5×10-6M of cupric ion, nevertheless any effect was not obtained at various concentrations of manganous, ferrous and cobaltous ions. The promotive effect of cupric ion was shown at presence of indoleacetic acid but not of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. However a promotive effect of tween 20 was shown either absence or presence of indoleacetic acid at low concentrations. The effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetate upon the cell elongation was very excellent at absence of potassium maleate buffer but not the presence of the buffer solution. In addition, several problem upon the cell elongation in plants discussed in this paper on the action of the substances using in this experiment.
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  • Jun INOUYE, Tsutomu ANAYAMA, Tsukuda KATAYAMA
    1967 Volume 36 Issue 1 Pages 25-31
    Published: March 10, 1967
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    1) The rate of emergence of plumule decreased with the extension of the period of submer-sion treatment. Under all temperature conditions (20°, 25°and 30°C), the rate of emergence of plumule decreased, with the depth of seeding. 2) The growth of plumule was affected by submersion treatment. This submersion injury was distinct at the treatments, 2 to 5 days after seeding at 30°C. In these cases, the lengths of plumules were about 0.03 to 2.0 cm long. 3) Respiratory activity of plumule was reduced by submersion treatment. In the case of 3 cm-depth seeding at 30°C, the longer the period of submersion, the more was the decrease of the respiratory activity of plumule. 4) The submersion injury to respiration of plumule was strong at the treatments 2 to 5 days after seeding at 30°C, the lengths of the plumules were about 0.05 to 2.0 cm long. The reasons of the bad effects of submersion treatment on the emergence of plumules are as follows: (i) decrease of amount of oxygen in soil, (ii) reduction of respiratory activity, (iii) decrease of energy obtained from respiration, (iv) reduction of growth of plumule, and (v) decrease of the rate of emergence of plumule.
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  • Hiroshi SUGE, Akio OSADA
    1967 Volume 36 Issue 1 Pages 32-36
    Published: March 10, 1967
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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  • Hiroshi SUGE, Akio OSADA
    1967 Volume 36 Issue 1 Pages 37-41
    Published: March 10, 1967
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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  • Yasuo TAKAHASHI, Hiroshi IKEDA
    1967 Volume 36 Issue 1 Pages 42-46
    Published: March 10, 1967
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    Italian ryegrass can be said a very excellent winter crop as a forage crop cultured on paddy fields because Italian ryegrass is adapted well for growing under heavy manuring condition and can be cut frequently with high yield. In order to clarify the significance of culture of such excellent grass in mixtures with legumes, the culture of Italian ryegrass was tested in the esta-blished plots shown in Table 1. As shown in Fig. 1, when sown early in mixtures under light manuring condition, Italian ryegrass shows higher yield than that when sown alone, while when grown under heavy manuring condition, Italian ryegrass sown in mixtures always shows no higher yield than that when sown alone. However, when sown early, even under light manuring condition, Italian ryegrdss sown in mixtures with common vetch or chinese milk vetch shows high yield without any significant difference from that of Italian ryegrass sown alone with heavy fertilizer. Consequently, though it is impossible for deeding in mixtures with legumes to gain higher yield than the case of Italian ryegrass sown alone with heavy fertilizer, it is possible to gain not less than yield under light manuring condition, thus saving the amount of fertilizer applied before seeding. Common vetch is recommended as suitable species for growing it in mixtures with Italian ryegrass because common vetch can be cut early in the spring. After the first cutting, common vetch shows no regrowth. It is, therefore, recommended that fertilizer be applied liberally, as in the case with Italian ryegrass sown alone with heavy fertilizer.
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  • Hiroshi IKEDA, Yasuo TAKAHASHI
    1967 Volume 36 Issue 1 Pages 47-54
    Published: March 10, 1967
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    Yields of Italian ryegrass sown in mixtures with common vetch were tested in 1963 and 1964 under the plan shown in Tables 1 and 2. (1) In case where cutting was not practiced within the seeding year. In the case of test carried in 1963, i. e., when sown late under heavy manuring condition, any great difference was not found, as seen in Table 3, between the plots under different treatments. Under light→heavy manuring conditions, the yield of Italian ryegrass sown in mixtures at the first cutting was higher than that of Italian ryegrass sown alone, while the yield of Italian ryegrass sown in mixtures was less at the second cutting than that sown alone because of no regrowth of common vetch and on account of poor regrowth of Italian ryegrass due to the competition with common vetch. At the subsequent cuttings, any difference in yield of Italian ryegrass was not found. As a result, no great difference was found in total yield between Italian ryegrass sown alone and that sown in mixtures. In comparison of the yield of Italian ryegrass sown alone under heavy manuring condition with that of Italian ryegrass sown in mixtures under light→heavy manuring conditions, the total yield of Italian ryegrass sown in mixtures was less because of less yields at the first and second cuttings. The yield of Italian ryegrass at the first cutting in the case of test carried in 1964 is as seen in Fig. 1, namely, in the cases of early-cuttings (i. e., under the treatments A and B), any significant difference in yield is not found between Italian ryegrass sown in mixtures with common vetch (at the rate of 200 seeds per m2) under light→heavy manuring conditions and Italian ryegrass sown alone under heavy manuring condition, while in the case of late-cuttings (i. e., under the treatments C and D), the yield of Italian ryegrass sown alone under heavy manuring condition is higher. In the case of yield under the treatments A and B, thanks to the great effect of the first cutting, total yield (as shown in Fig. 3) of the plot of Italian ryegrass sown in mixtures at the rate of 200 seeds per m2 can approach to that of Italian ryegrass sown alone under heavy manuring condition, while in the case of yield under the treatments C and D, the yield of Italian ryegrass sown in mixtures becomes less than that of Italian ryegrass sown alone under heavy manuring condition. The reason for that Italian ryegrass sown in mixtures under light→heavy manuring conditions in 1963 was less than that of Italian ryegrass sown alone under heavy manuring condition (as seen in Table 3) lies in the fact that the first butting was practiced in the periods in 1964 corresponding to the treatments C and D. Consequently, when Italian ryegrass is sown in mixtures With common vetch for the purpose of saving the fertilizer to be applied before seeding and intended to gain the yield similar to that of Italian ryegrass sown alone under heavy manuring condition, it is necessary to practice the first cutting somewhat earlier. In doing so, the yield in each cutting can be ironed out and the crude protein yield will become higher as seen in Fig. 4. (2) In case where cutting is practiced within the seeding year. As seen in Table 3, through the first cutting practice within the seeding year. Italian ryegrass sown in mixtures under light→heavy manuring conditions gains the yield similar to that of Italian ryegrass sown alone under heavy manuring condition. But in the case of the first cutting practiced in next spring the yield of Italian ryegrass sown in mixtures is less and lower in total yield than the yield of Italian ryegrass sown alone under heavy manuring condition, because light→heavy fertilizer plots were still kept under light manuring condition until the first cutting in spring. [the rest omitted]
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  • Hiroshi IKEDA, Yasuo TAKAHASHI
    1967 Volume 36 Issue 1 Pages 55-62
    Published: March 10, 1967
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    The study was carried out to clarify the relationship between climatic condition, especially temperature, and the growth of Italian ryegrass sown in mixtures with common vetch. The relationship between temperature and the growth rate of Italian ryegrass calculated from the data of 1961, 1963 and 1964, can be seen in Fig. 1, showing that growth of Italian ryegrass begins about at temperature of 5°C and. becomes optimum about at temperature of 16°C. The same relation was gained from the data of the experiments carried out all over Japan, as seen in Table 1 and Fig. 2. From these facts it can be said that effective temperature for the growth of Italian ryegrass is more than 5°C. It is presumed, therefore, that the sum of daily mean temperatures for the growing periods except days of degrees below 5°C is the total effective temperature for the growth. The relationship between total effective temperature and yield of the first cutting of Italian ryegrass is very close as seen in Fig. 3, except that enclosed by dotted line. As seen in Fig. 4, Italian ryegrass sown in mixtures with common vetch 200 seeds per m2 under light manuring condition reaches to the yield having no significant differences from Italian ryegrass sown alone under heavy manuring, if the cutting is practiced within the range of less 1030°C of the total effective temperature, and under more than 1030°C, mixture shows inferiority, If the amount of seeds of common vetch in mixtures is less than 100 seeds per m2 as shown in Fig. 5, the mixture can not reach to the yield level without significant differences from Italian ryegrass sown alone under heavy manuring at any total effective temperature. From these results, it can be said that by seeding in mixtures with common vetch (at the rate of 200 seeds per m2) with light manuring and by cutting before the total effective temperature reaches 1030°C, we can gain the yield at the first cutting with no significant differences from Italian ryegrass sown alone under heavy manuring. As seen in Report II, the difference in the yield between mixture under light→heavy manuring and Italian ryegrass sown alone under heavy manuring mainly depends on the first cutting, so it can be said that whether or not the mixture under light→heavy manuring can gain the yield almost equal to the yield of Italian ryegrass sown alone under heavy manuring depends on the total effective temperature at the first cutting.
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  • Yuko OGURA
    1967 Volume 36 Issue 1 Pages 63-67
    Published: March 10, 1967
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    1. The rate of transpiration per unit leaf area of the 9, 11, 13, and 15 th leaf of the tobacco plant was measured seven times respectively, during the stage from the leaf length of about 10 cm to after the final length attained. It was demonstrated that the transpiration rate per unit leaf area, measured on the leaves of every stem position, showed a convex curve having a peak at the time when the leaf area reached about 30 per cent and the leaf length about 60 per cent of the final size. 2. The transpiration rate per plant estimated from the above mentioned curves and the lengths of all leaves, showed a convex curve. On the other hand, the transpiration rate per unit leaf area calculated from that of per plant showed a decrement curve, This corresponded to the result cited in the previous report. Therefore, the cause that the peak of the transpiration rate per unit leaf area appeared at considerably early stage was proved to be due to the fact that the peak of the transpiration rate in each leaf on a plant appeared at earlier stage in the elongation of each leaf. 3. The transpiration rate from the three leaves, the largest leaf and adjacent upper and lower leaves, occupied 80 to 50 per cent of the total transpiration rate per plant and this ratio decreased with the growth of the plant accompanied by the increment of the number of leaves. The transpiration rate was generally remarkable in the leaves developing rapidly.
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  • Shin-ichiro KAWATA, Aiya ISHIHARA, Shoichi TSUNODA
    1967 Volume 36 Issue 1 Pages 68-74
    Published: March 10, 1967
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    The seminal root tips of the rice, var. Norin No. 29 were used as materials. Two root tips were grown in each flask containing 15 ml of liquid medium. Cultures were maintained at 26∼27°C in the dark for the periods from half to one month, until the root growth ceased. The following subjects were studied. First, the effects of yeast extract, peptone, casamino acid (casein acid hydrolysate), tryptophane and indole acetic acid on the growth of excised root tips have been investigated. These substances were added singly or in combination to the basic components of medium, i. e., modified White's inorganic salts (containing 0.4 mg per liter of Fe in the form of ferric citrate) and sucrose or dextrose. Among the substances tested, casamino acid were most stimulating to the growth of root tips. Other substances were without noticeably favorable effects. Basing upon these results, the "original medium" were obtained, which was consisted of modified White's inorganic salts, 4 percent sucrose and 0.2 percent casamino acid. Next, the several factors involved in the preparation of the "original medium" have been examined to study their respective effects on the growth of excised roots. The points which have emerged from these experiments were as follows: i. the optimum PH of the medium is . 4.0, ii. the concentration of Fe may be increased to 4.0 mg per liter, iii. the optimum concentration of sucrose is relatively high, about 6 percent, and iv. the autoclaving of the medium at 1.0 kg per cm2 air pressure for five minutes shows best results. In addition to these, it was found that the vitamins (thiamin, pyridoxine and nicotinic acid each in the concentration of 0.5 mg per liter) accelerated the growth of excised root tips distinctly unless they had been sterile-filtered. By all accounts, "improved medium" were constituted as follows: modified White's inorganic salts (containing 4.0 mg per liter of Fe in the form of ferric citrate), 6 percent sucrose, each 0.5 mg per liter of thiamin, pyridoxine and nicotinic acid and 0.2 percent casamino acid. Superiority of the "improved medium" to the "original medium" for the growth of excised root tips of rice were verified. Nevertheless, incapability of "improved medium" to sustain the unlimited growth of excised rice roots were the problem remaining for future work.
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  • Shin-ichiro KAWATA, Kwan-Long LAI
    1967 Volume 36 Issue 1 Pages 75-84
    Published: March 10, 1967
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    Observations with ordinary microscope show that the casparian dots differentiate at the very near parts from the root tips as typical small dots on the radial wall of the endodermis (Fig. 1). The phenomena of bandplasmolysis induced with alcohol reagent is also confirmed (Fig. 2). Further studies with electron microscopy reveal that the morphogenetical process of casparian dots is carried on at the radial wall from its very initiation to the quite differentiated state (Fig. 7, 8, 9, and 10). This fact is something contrary with the suggestion described by Van Fleet16) on observation genus Smilax. The casparian dots, which are not distinguishable with ordinary microscope in the basal part of root, were confirmed to be covered under thickened secondary wall (Fig. 14, 16). The electron micrographs (Fig. 12, 13) also clear up that the partial plasmamembrane of the endodermal cell unify itself together with the casparian dots. This fact no doubt will give the morphological evidence to the unique phenomena of bandplasmolysis through casparian dots of endodermal cells.
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  • Yoshio HOZYO, Keisabro ODA
    1967 Volume 36 Issue 1 Pages 85-93
    Published: March 10, 1967
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    The aim of this study is to make clear the relationship of planting density and culm strength. A brittle culm variety, Sekitorisai-No.1, and a stiff culm variety, Haganemugi, Mitake, and Dorirumugi were used. Plots were 5 m long and 20, 40, 60, 80cm row width with three replicates. In field experiments, desired row width were obtained by thinning the 20 cm row by hand. In glasshouse experiments, plants were sown in 1/2000 a and 1/5000 a pots. These plants were used for the control of the number of ears per plant or the plant spacing. Therefore, in Haganemugi and Sekitorisai-No. 1, the number of ears per plant in the broad row width were more than the one of the narrow width. Culm strength of these two varieties is lowered by the increase of the number of ears per plant. On the other hand, in Dorirumugi and Mitake, the number of ears per plant were regarded as the same between the material of the broad row width and the one of the narrow row width. Culm strength of two varieties is raised by the increase of row width. In material that has been fixed the number of ears per plant, the culm strength is raised by broading the distance among the plants (pot experiments). The same results are obtained by broading the row width in the field experiments. The planting density and row width are related to the culm strength and culm growth. The response of tillering on planting density and planting row width is very important factor to decide upon the variety for cultivation.
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  • Yoshio HOZYO, Hironobu KOBAYASHI, Keisabro ODA
    1967 Volume 36 Issue 1 Pages 94-102
    Published: March 10, 1967
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    A brittle culm variety, Sekitorisai-No. 1 and three stiff culm varieties, Haganemugi, Mitake, and Dorirumugi were used. The present studies were carried out in attempt to get background information on the mechanical properties of brittle and stiff culms. Haganemugi and Mitake, as compared with other varieties, were found to be superior in respect of the moment of inertia of cross sectional area of the culm. On the other hand, Dorirumugi showed a higher value in YOUNG's modules than other varieties. In Haganemugi and Mitake, the dry weight was higher and the amounts of assimilated-14C, cellulose, and silica accumulated in the culms were more than those in other varieties. Therefore, Haganemugi and Mitake are considered to be superior to other varieties in respect of culm growth, as they have large culm diameters and thick culm walls. Dorirumugi was found to be superior to other varieties, so far the number of vascular bundles per unit area of cross section of the culm is concerned. The greater mechanical culm strength in Dorirumugi variety was therefore supposed to be the contribution of the higher number of vascular bundles in unit area corresponding to those in other varieties. Based upon the above facts, the culm stiffness, which is significantly ascribed to the increase in YOUNG's modules or moment of inertia of cross sectional area of the culm, is considered as one of the most important factors for resistance against lodging. Therefore, it might be concluded that the shorter the culm becomes, to a certain extent, the more the buckling load is increased.
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  • Masaharu SHIMIZU, Yoji TAKEDA
    1967 Volume 36 Issue 1 Pages 103-110
    Published: March 10, 1967
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    The effectd of gibberellin which was applied at the stage of panicle primordium differentiation on the rice spikelet morphogenesis were studied cyto-histologically. Newly observed cyto-histological abnormalities were as followings: 1) proliferation of various organs, 2) increase of vascular bundles in number, 3) disarrangement in the situation of organ development, 4) changes in relative position of organs due to the supernumerary organ initiation, 5) incomplete formation of anther loculi and abnormal development of tapete tissues, 6) occurrence of pistils with a normal and an incompletely formed loculi, 7) outgrowth of integuments (?) through the style canal, 8) appearance of concrescence phenomena of low degree etc. As for the increment of organs and vascular bundles in number, two cases have been clarified; one is the additional differentiation of the organs or tissues which were not seen in the normal spikelet, and the other is the well development of the degenerated organs or tissues in the process of phyllogeny or ontogeny. It was considered that such phenomena as incomplete separation of anther loculi, imperfect formation of anthers due to the feminization of androecium, abnormal development of tapete tissue and indehiscence of anthers etc. must be caused fundamentally by a same physiological background in the spikelet morphogenesis. Some discussions were tried on the formative process of two-loculi ovary based on the transformative phenomena of additional carpellary leaves to ovary. The phenomenon of an unusual development of the internal tissues of ovary was considered to be brought about by a so-called "flower vegetativation" in floral organs.
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  • Tamotsu OKAMURA, Seita SUZUKI, Toshihiro SADO, Tuguo MATSUHISA
    1967 Volume 36 Issue 1 Pages 111-112
    Published: March 10, 1967
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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  • Tamotsu OKAMURA, Seita SUZUKI, Toshihiro SADO, Tuguo / MATSUHISA, [in ...
    1967 Volume 36 Issue 1 Pages 112-113
    Published: March 10, 1967
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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  • H. SUGA
    1967 Volume 36 Issue 1 Pages 113
    Published: March 10, 1967
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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