日本作物学会紀事
Online ISSN : 1349-0990
Print ISSN : 0011-1848
ISSN-L : 0011-1848
37 巻, 1 号
選択された号の論文の23件中1~23を表示しています
  • 折谷 隆志, 葭田 隆治
    1968 年 37 巻 1 号 p. 1-6
    発行日: 1968/02/10
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    ジャーナル フリー
    The effect of kinetin on changes in the RNA-content and the rate of incorporation of 32P into RNA during the senescence in detached leaves of Italian ryegrass (4X) were examined. Homogenates of leaves were centrifuged at 2, 000 g. The 4 or 6 fractions of RNA were obtained from the supernatant and precipitate by means of phenol method. The RNA of phenol-phase which was extracted from precipitate (nucleus, chloroplast) showed a high specific activity and this fraction was remarkably influenced by kinetin treatment. In the two experiments which were made with two different concentrations of kinetin, the 9 ppm kinetin maintained the sythesis and suppressed the breakdown of RNA of phenol-phase wich was extrated from nucleus and chloroplast fraction. On the other hands, 25 ppm kinetin inhibited slightly the synthesis and suppressed the breakdown of this fraction largely, Accordingly, it was suggested that kinetin might preserve the integrity of the RNA apparatus by maintaining synthesis and suppressing destruction of rapidly-rabeled RNA (messenger RNA) of nucleus and chloroplast, and thus the protein level is maintained successively, which is essential for the survival of the detached leaf.
  • 野口 勝一, 秋本 嘉彦, 喜田村 俊明
    1968 年 37 巻 1 号 p. 7-11
    発行日: 1968/02/10
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    ジャーナル フリー
    Recently a large number of tobacco planters in our country make it a rule to cover the seedlings transplanted in the field with polyethylene film or melamine coated paper for several weeks, because the coverings are thought to protect tobacco from the frost and to accelerate the growth on the early period. It seems to promise excellent quality and quantity of yield, but it is not always superior. The essential cause of this fact is that the response of growth to the environmental conditions, especially temperature, affected with those coverings has not yet been made clear. This paper deals with the growth of tobacco under the cover-culture in the natural field, and the following results are obtained. (1) The growth of tobacco is dependent upon temperature affected under the coverings, and accelerated by its increase up to a certain level. At the higher temperature over it the growth is retarded by contraries. This tendency is the same to that on the rate of leaf initiation reported in our previous paper. (2) The age of leaves is influenced indirectly by temperature on the early period. Tobacco accelerated growth makes their leaves mature faster, than that grown under low temperature, but tobacco encounterd higher temperature over an optimum, as it produces many leaves and requires too many days for flower-bud initiation and blooming, delays the maturity of leaves. (3) In the duration from transplantation to the blooming, the ratio of the dry matter weight of each organ to the total is scarcely changed with temperature. This suggests that the response in growth to temperature is not localized in a particular organ but under the high temperature, the total weight per leaf area is reduced. It is thought that it is an adaption to keep the balance between production and consumption of photosynthetic products.
  • 津野 幸人, 藤瀬 一馬
    1968 年 37 巻 1 号 p. 12-16
    発行日: 1968/02/10
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    ジャーナル フリー
    It is particularly desirable that it has get both the high tuber yiled and the high starch content of tuber in the actual cultivation of sweet potato. Dry matter percentage of tuber(y) highly relating with the starch content can be calculated as the quotient of the nitrogen concentration of tuber on the fresh weight bassis(z) divided by the nitrogen concentration of tuber on the dry weight bassis(x), i. e. y=z/x×100. Although we would substitute the concentration of phosphorus, potassium or other optional nutrient elements for nitrogen content in the above formula, nitrogen concentration was considered to be most suitable because of the intimate relationship (table 1) between the nitrogen concentration of tuber on the fresh weight bassis and the K2O/N ratio in tuber closely rerating with the tuber bulking. The values of z and x were contrlled by each of the factors. The values of z varied amomng the varieties. The higher the dry matter percentage of tuber in the varieties, showed larger the value of z (table 2). Moreover the value of z was controlled by the K2O/N ratio of tuber in a variety (fig. 1). The value of x was controlled by the amount of nitrogen absorbed and the amount of dry matter produced. As shown in the previous paper, the K2O/N ratio in tuber should be maintained on a high level to promote the tuber bulking. The high K2O/N ratio, however, will tend to the value of y by making the value of z decreased (fig. 1). Terefore, it is very effective that the value of x keeps small in order to prevent lowering the value of y. It would be necessary that the overgrowth of top is prevented by the adequate absorption of nitrogen and the light-receiving system is favourably kept up and also that the photosynthetic activity of leaves is highly maintained by manuring much potassium to nitrogen, in order to produce the tuber with both of high yield and high starch content in the actual cultivation of sweet potato.
  • 赤松 誠一
    1968 年 37 巻 1 号 p. 17-20
    発行日: 1968/02/10
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    ジャーナル フリー
    This experiment was carried out in the paddy field attached to okayama University School of Agriculture by broadcasting KIBIYOSHI seeds on the water submerged condition on June 9, 1964. The treatments of seeding density were 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 hills/m2, and the levels of basic fertilizer (nitrogen) used were 11.4 g, 16.3 g and 24. 5 g/m2. The number of panicles per square meter was about 500 at most. Except in the lowest density treatment (50 hills/m2), the number of spikelets per panicle, the number of grains and the weight of 1, 000 brown rices were hardly influenced by the seeding density and by the amount of the basic fertilizer. The amount of rice yield per unit area was found highly in the treatments where the number of hills ranged from 100 to 200, and in the treatment of 250 hills the rice plant grew too thick.
  • 赤松 誠一
    1968 年 37 巻 1 号 p. 21-24
    発行日: 1968/02/10
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    ジャーナル フリー
    This expriment was done in 1965 in the same place and method as in the previous experiment (No. 6), using a variety of HOYOKU. The treatments of seeding density were 100, 150, 200 and 250 hills/m2. The amount of nitrogen in the. basic fertilizer applied was 9.6 g and the top dressed nitrogen levels were 1.5 g, 3.0 g, 4.5 g and 6.0 g. It was observed that the number of panicles was influenced by the basic fertilizer as well as the top dressing, and in each density treatment, the more top dressed, the more spikelets born and the weight of 1, 000 grains increased. As far as this experiment was concerned, the seeding density of 100-150 hills/m2 and the high levels of top dressing served to increase the grain yield comparatively.
  • 赤松 誠一
    1968 年 37 巻 1 号 p. 25-31
    発行日: 1968/02/10
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    ジャーナル フリー
    With a view to comparing and studying the effects of the amount of fertilizer and different proportions of the basic fertilizer to the tod dressing on rice yield. This experiment was carried out in 1966, using a varity, HOYOKU in the spacing of 150 hills/m2 which was approximately considered a proper spacing in the previous experiment (No. 7). The results showed that 15-18 kg of nitrogen in fertilizer and the proportion of one basic fertilizer to five top dressing increased rice yield and the weight of 1, 000 grains.
  • 木戸 三夫, 梁取 昭三
    1968 年 37 巻 1 号 p. 32-36
    発行日: 1968/02/10
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    ジャーナル フリー
    In this studies we investigated influence of cultural conditions to amount of protein content in rice ripened kernel. The results are summarized as follows; 1) Conditions of many panicle formation per square meter, such as heavy nitrogen fertilization and dense planting, induced to low percentage of ripened grain, and grow small kernels. 2) Injury of root and leaf-blade, and lodging, also induced low percentage of ripened grain and small kernels. 3) Above different conditions grow as same as small kernels, and small kernels are usually protein rich kernels in this studies. The correlation coefficient between net solidity of rice kernel and amount of protein content of kernel was r=-0.903**. 4) According to our previous report, early variety usually formed protein rich kernels than late variety.
  • 前田 英三, 坂 斉
    1968 年 37 巻 1 号 p. 37-44
    発行日: 1968/02/10
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    ジャーナル フリー
    Using the second leaf segments excised from etiolated rice seedlings, a new method was established to research the regulatory mechanism of lamina inclination. The segments were fixed in a glass plate with a binding agent, Aron alpha 202. Exchanging the treatment solutions in the petri dish alternately, it had a great success to control the inclination rate. By this method, the constant rate of inclination is able to continue for 10 hours by added IAA, and the rates of 5 degrees per hour at 5×10&ltl;-5> M of IAA and 2.5 degrees per hour at buffer solution alone were obtained. From the anatomical observation, the adaxial cell of the lamina joint is assumed to be elongated at the rate of 4μ per hour by IAA. In another method with agar plate, it is asertained that an effect of IAA is obvious within 10 minutes after treatment and the effect is the most powerful as the segments were pretreated in distilled water for 24 hours after excision.
  • 前田 英三, 坂 斉
    1968 年 37 巻 1 号 p. 45-50
    発行日: 1968/02/10
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    ジャーナル フリー
    This communication reports the rate of lamina inclination in intact plants under field condition and in excised leaves under experimental condition with various varieties, Japonica, Indica and dwarf types, of rice. Average rate of lamina inclination was 1.6 degrees per day in the intact rice plants at one month after planting. No difference in the rate was obtained among thirteen varieties used. In the intact plants the terminal leaves indicated average inclination rate of 1.3 degrees per day immediately after heading, but great difference was observed in the varieties used. The variety exhibiting the most rapid inclination rate is Te-Tep showing 4.1 degrees per day and the least rate is Jukkoku showing 0.2 degrees per day. From these results the gene control for lamina inclination may by supposed to exert conspicuously in the terminal leaves. In the leaves excised from etiolated rice seedlings, the variety which inclination rate is specially affected by IAA was found in Indica type. Further the inclination rate without IAA was striking in Vialone nano. From such experimental results, it will be effective to employ the rice leaves of Indica type in the new experimental method as established in the previous paper.
  • 前田 英三
    1968 年 37 巻 1 号 p. 51-58
    発行日: 1968/02/10
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    ジャーナル フリー
    When the callus tissues, derived from rice embryos, had been aseptically subcultured for several passages, a thirty-fold increase in fresh weight was obtained after four weeks of culture. Each callus of Te-Tep and Konansen indicated a marked growth, and that of Tan-ginbozu was very slight, especially at low levels of 2, 4-D. Also many roots occurred from the blackening region which was induced as the callus had been inoculated in lower levels of 2, 4-D. Rooting was vigorous in Te-Tep callus, but slightly in Konansen callus, and very rare in Tan-ginbozu. Further this communication reported successful induction of shoot from callus in the second passage.
  • 江原 薫, 山田 芳雄, 梅津 頼三郎
    1968 年 37 巻 1 号 p. 59-64
    発行日: 1968/02/10
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    ジャーナル フリー
    Experiments were carried out to determine the effect of light intensity and nitrogen fertilizer supply on the yields and nitrate nitrogen contents in bahiagrass and bermudagrass. Four levels of light intensity were 100, 75, 50, and 25 per cent of incident light, and two levels of nitrogen fertilizer were 4g (high-N level) and 1g (low-N level) per pot (1/5, 000 a) respectively. A reduction in light intensity was associated with a decrease in yield, and the an increase in nitrate contents in both grasses. The yields in both grasses tended to be higher in high-N level than in low-N level under the conditions of sufficient light intensity (100 and 75 per cent of incident light), but under insufficient light intensity (50 and 25 per cent of incident light) this tendencies were reversed. From this experiment, accumulation of nitrate nitrogen in plants indicated that the rate of assimilation could not keep pace with the rate of uptake. Protein contents in both grasses tended to be higher in high-N level plots than in low-N level plots under all experimental conditions.
  • 渡辺 和之, 尾崎 薫, 屋敷 隆士
    1968 年 37 巻 1 号 p. 65-69
    発行日: 1968/02/10
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    ジャーナル フリー
    The authors made these experiments by growing sweet potato in Wagner's pot in order to probe the effects of soil air composition, soil bulk density and their interaction on the growth and yield of crops. Six treatments were made: two levels of soil air composition (the treatment where N gas was injected in the soil to decrease O2 concentration, and standard treatment), three levels of soil bulk density (loose, medium and compaction treatments), and their combination. The managing period was 42 days since the 76th day after planting when tuber-thickening stage of sweet potato (from August 23 to October 4). The results obtained may be summarized as follows. 1) As the soil became denser, total dry weight and the weight of tuberous root became smaller, and further the rate of the weight of tuberous root against total weight also decreased, which worsened the distribution of dry matter to the weight of tuberous root. However, the weight of the top parts and non-tuberous root was not affected so much by soil bulk density, and made little difference from that of the standard treatment. 2) When N gas was injected in the soil to decrease O2 concentration in soil air, total dry weight decreased in loose soil, but in the compact soil it was liable to be about the same as that of the standard treatment or to become somewhat greater. Whether the soil was compact or loose, tuberous root was hindered from thikening by N gas injection and decreased in production. It was found that the thickening of tuberous root was affected by soil air composition in the loose soil much more than in the compact soil. It was also observed that the rate of the weight of tuberous root against total weight was decreased by N gas injection treatment. On the other hand, the weight of the top parts and non-tuberous root was liable to become somewhat greater, probably because the thickening of tuberous root was checked by N gas injection treatment. 3) The authors examined the interaction of the effects of soil air composition and soil bulk density on the weight of tuberous root. As a result, it was found that when the soil was made compaction and further O2 concentration in siol air was decreased the thickening of tuberous root was hampered considerably and decreased in production. In this case, the effects of the decrease of O2 concentration in soil air were relatively small under the condition of compact soil.
  • 渡辺 和之, 尾崎 薫
    1968 年 37 巻 1 号 p. 70-74
    発行日: 1968/02/10
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    ジャーナル フリー
    By managing so that a tuberous root forming place and a nutrient-absorbing place could be distinguished, the authors made these experiments to probe the effects of aeration treatment to each place and the amount of fertilizer (ammonium sulfate and potassium sulfate) on the growth of the top parts and the thickening of tuberous root. The results obtained may by summarized as follows. 1) The authors investigated the effects of aeration treatment in the soil where nutrient-absorbing chiefly took place, the condition of the soil where tuberous root was fomed being equal. As a result, it was observed that the growth of the top parts and the thickening of tuberous root were checked by the poor of the soil aeration and the soil compaction of a nutrient-absorbing place. However, when air was injected and O2 concentration in soil air was increased, the growth of the top parts and the thickening of tuberous root were remarkably promoted. On the other hand, when N gas was injected in that place and O2 concentration in soil air was decreased, the growth of non-tuberous root was promoted and the weight of the top parts increased, although the thickening of tuberous root was hampered and its weight decreased. When the soil of a nutrient-absorbing place was loose and the soil aeration was kept to be excellent, both the growth of the top parts and the thickening of tuberous root were greatly promoted and-the weight of tuberous root could be increased. 2) The authors examined the effects of fertilizer treatment to a tuberous root-forming place and a nutrient-absorbing place on the thickening of tuberous root. As a result, it was found that to apply much nitrogenous fertilizer (ammonium sulfate) promoted the growth of the top parts remarkably but hampered the thickening of tuberous root to some extent. On the other hand, to apply a great deal of potash fertilizer (potassium sulfate) hardly affected the growth of the top parts. but promoted the thickening of tuberous root and increased its weight. 3) The authors examined the effects of soil aeration to tuberous root-forming place on the growth of the top parts and the thickening of tuberous root, the condition of a nutrient-absorbing place being equal (in water culture). When N gas was injected in the soil and of concentration in soil air was decreased, the growth of the top parts was not affected so much, but the thickening of tuberous root was checked and its weight was decreased considerably.
  • 長戸 一雄, 河野 恭広
    1968 年 37 巻 1 号 p. 75-81
    発行日: 1968/02/10
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    ジャーナル フリー
    With the purpose of making clear the factors concerned in milling-loss of hulled brown rice, laboratry milling-test was conducted on 80 samples of 36 varieties. Checked grains, opapue grains and the other abnormal grains were exluded from each sample prior to milling to obtain the reasonable and fundamental data on normal grains, for these abnormal grains have complicated effects upon milling-loss according to the degree of imperfection. Milling-loss was discussed in conformity to the following designation; Usual milling loss(%)=(1-Weight of white rice after milling/Weight of brown rice before milling)×100 Pure milling-loss (%)=(1 Mean weight of white rice of perfect shape/Mean weight of brown rice)×100 Therefore, usual milling-loss=Pure milling-loss+Crushing-loss Pure milling-loss(%)=Milling-loss of endosperm+Milling-loss of embryo Mean weight of embryo Milling-loss of embryo (%)≒weight of embryo/Maen weight of brown rice×100 Because, almost all embryos fall off by usual milling. 1. Relation between percentage of embryo to grain in weight and pure milling-loss. The ratio of embryo to grain in weight is varied by environment as well as by variety, and increases under high temperature during ripening and the other unfavourable environment for grain growth. The percentage of embryo to grain in weight forms itself a part of milling-loss as above mentioned, therefore, fairly high correlation (r=+0.888) was recognized between the percentage of embryo to grain and pure milling-loss. (fag. 1) 2. The milling-loss of endosperm is supporsed to be affected by thickness of bran and depth of groove (crease) on kernel. Thickness of bran on dorsal side and on lateral side and depth of the deepest groove on grain were measured, then the measurements were indicated as the ratios to √^3(grain weight.) drain weigh. Correlation coefficient between thickness of dorsal bran and milling-loss of endosperm and that between thickness of lateral bran and milling-loss of endosperm were 0.475 and 0.481 respectively, consequently, it is supporsed that more important and basic factror will concern to milling-loss of endosperm. (fig. 2, 3) Any significant correlation could not be recognized between depth of groove and milling-loss of endosperm. (fig. 4) 3. Relation between percentage of basal-white grains to normal grains and milling-loss of endosperm. Percentage of basal-white grains to normal grains (basal-white grains are included in normal grains.) in number (x) indicates the grade of insufficiency of starch accumulation into grain and high number of this percentage shows low density of starch in cells especially in peripheral region of basal portion of grain, and low density of starch in cell shows softness of cell. Correlation between log and milling-loss of endosperm was very high (+0.922) as shown in fig. 5, therfore, it is pointed out that soft starch cells in peripheral region are easily pared off by milling and milling-loss of endosperm depends mainly on the amount of soft starch cells pared off by milling. (fig. 6) 4. Relation between percentage of basal-white grains to normal grains in number (x) and pure milling-loss is composed of milling-loss of endosperm and milling-loss of embryo. Milling-loss of embryo is nearly equal to the percentage of embryo to grain in weight, and the percentage of embryo to grain has fairly high correlation (+0.702) between log x (fig. 7), and milling-loss of endosperm is also closely correlated with log x, consequently, high correlation (+0.851) is recognized between log x and pure milling-loss. (fig. 8) 5. Relation between pure milling-loss and usual milling-loss. The grains which have more numerous soft starch cells in peripheral region have higher pure milling-loss and at the same time, some of them are crushed more easily by milling on basal portion of them, then they have higher usual milling-loss. Accordingly, high correlation (+0. [the rest omitted]
  • 星野 正生, 大泉 久一
    1968 年 37 巻 1 号 p. 82-86
    発行日: 1968/02/10
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    ジャーナル フリー
    To determine the length of time in which newly developing organs depend upon reserve assimilates for their growth, the following experiments were carried out. Ladino clover plants were exposed to 14CO2 for 2 hours in an assimilation chamber. After 48 hours all plants were completely defoliated, selected plants were harvested at the time of defoliation and others were harvested 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 days later. (The mean temperature during the experiments was 16.9°C). Harvested plants were radioautographed and the radioctivity of leaves which had developed since defoliation was measured with a gas flow counter. The experiments were performed 3 times. The major results and interpretation are as follows; 1) The specific activity of 14C in emergent leaves decreased rapidly in the first 6 days. and decreased slowly thereafter. This indicates that developing leaves depended on reserve assimilates only for about six days in these experiment. 2) Total activity of 14C in newly developing leaves continued to increase until 15 days after defoliation. In other words, reserve assimilates continued to translocate into the leaves until about two weeks after defoliation. 3) These result, together with those previously reported (Proc. Crop. Sci. Soc. Japan 36:269-274), indicate that emerging leaves are dependent upon reserve assimilate during their first week of development. Although they continue to utilize resesves during the second week, the young leaves are themselves exporting essimilates during this period and presumably are no longer dependent upon reserves.
  • 星川 清親
    1968 年 37 巻 1 号 p. 87-96
    発行日: 1968/02/10
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    ジャーナル フリー
    In the cases of whole test sample varieties, the number of cell layers has a close proportional relationship to the length of longitudinal diameter of the endosperm. Such proportional relationship is also observed, though somewhat less clearly than in the case of longitudinal diameter, in the cases of the dorso-ventral (breadth) and lateral (thickness) diameters of the endosperm, respectively. The number of cell layers and the length of longitudinal diameter show a remarkably varietal difference, and they are in inverse proportion to the number of cell layers and the length of breadth and thickness. The whole number of endosperm cells has no proportional relationship in general to the length of longitudinal diameter (or number of cell layers), except for very long endosperm varieties. The whole number of endosperm cells shows a high correlation to the 'size' which is represented by the product of longitudinal, dorso-ventral and lateral diameters, but it does not show any definite correlation to the 'shape' which is represented by the ratio between longitudinal and dorso-ventral diameters. In general, varieties distributed in the low latitude region, especially indica rice varieties which are cultivated preyalently maintly in India, etd. are long and thin in endosperm shape, small in size (volume), and less in number of cells. On the other hand, varieties distributed in high latitude regions, irrespective of North-east Asian or European areas, are shorter and thicker in endosperm shape, medium in size, and medium in the number of cells as well. In Africa and in a part of Europe, most of the varieties show a tendency to remarkably long and thin endosperm shape, very large size and to remarkably large number of cells. In the respective parts in these regions, it is noticed that the varietal differences in endosperm size, shape and number of cells are almost insignificant. However, only in the cases of varieties prevalent in Pacific island areas in South-eastern Asia, it seems to form exceptions, where it shows significantly great varietal differences in size, shape and in number of cells. It can be made clear that Japanese varieties' endosperm belongs to the shortest type in shape and to medium type in size because of their large thickness, thus these are grouped into the medium varieties in the number of cells.
  • 星川 清親
    1968 年 37 巻 1 号 p. 97-106
    発行日: 1968/02/10
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    ジャーナル フリー
    Starch deposition in endosperm cell starts from the 4th day after anthesis. At the outset, several numbers of very small starch granula ('granulum' used herein, id defined to be an unit of a compound granule, and 'granule' is defined to be the whole starch content consisting of an amyloplast) deposit almost simultaneously in each proplastid. Cytoplasm of the endosperm cell is in the very rudimental state at this stage, and the proplastids are full of variations in shape, and most of them are irregular oval-shaped ones, but some have amoeba-like shape. The proplastids multiply by means of their own constriction or segmentation division during the subsequent one or two days. Therefore, it can be said that almost all the proplastids are already endowed with several (or at least one) starch granula in the structure from the outset of their formation. With the growth of proplastid in size, number and size of granula become increased also. It is considered appropriate that the developing proplastid should be known as 'amyloplast' after the time when the self-multiplication has ceased and the granula deposition in the plastid stroma has been closed. After this stage, amyloplast takes the oval shape. Starch granulum takes the polyhedral shape in the stroma from the outset of its formation, and it may not be right to say that the space limitation results in change in the granulum shape from spherical to polyhedral one. Although 'shell structure' or 'daily growth rings' is not found in rice starch granulum, the ununiformity in. the stratified structure of the granulum section suggests that there is a fair possibility that the growth of the granulum is accelerated in the manner in which new starch molecules are added to the outside of 'the existing granulum. Amyloplast is enveloped loosely in the plastid membrane of double structure. The membrane has many creases and seems to keep some partial contacts with endoplasmic reticulum. It is also noteworthy that a golgi body (dictiozome) can be found almost always at the near side of amyloplast. Such structure is considered to have some relationship to the introduction of reserve substances into amyloplast and the synthesis of starch in the amyloplast. By the 15th day after anthesis, the starch granules that started to develop from the 4th day reach about 20μ each in major axis, thus almost completing morphologically. In the mature amyloplast, about 50 to 80 granula are included. From the above evidence, it is clear that rice starch granule has the characteristic of compound granule from the start of its development, and undoubtedly it consists of a single amyloplast. Such results support the BUTTROSE'S opinion, but offer opposition to the views on the part of AIMI and MURAKAMI who insisted upon that compound starch granule consisted of several amyloplasts.
  • 正田 充慶, 東瀬 士郎
    1968 年 37 巻 1 号 p. 107-111
    発行日: 1968/02/10
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    ジャーナル フリー
    The behavior of stomatal opening in the field-grown tobacco (Bright Yellow variety) was investigated by silicone rubber method. The results obtained are summarised as follows: (1) In the immature leaves with deep green color, the stomatal opening showed a diurnal change with the maximum aperture at 12 a. m.. In the mature leaves with light green color, on the oher hand, the stomata remained closed throughout day and night. In addition, more immature leaves had longer hours of stomatal opening in a day. (2) The stomatal aperture of tobacco leaves in the mid-day (about 11 a. m.) was observed every day in order to examine the time course of change on the stomatal movement after topping. In the early mature stage, the active stomatal movement in response to the change of environmental condition occurred in each position on stalk. After the leaves attained maturity, the stomata lost their active movement and remained almost closed. In the cutter leaves, the stomatal closre occurred around the time when the leaves became suitable for priming. In the smoking and tip leaves, on the other hand, it occurred about a week before priming.
  • 吉田 照雄, 高市 清臣, 亀岡 和雄
    1968 年 37 巻 1 号 p. 112-117
    発行日: 1968/02/10
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    ジャーナル フリー
    (1) The oil of Cinnamomum sp. leaves is accumulated within oil sacs distributed in both palisade and spongy tissues. (2) The oil sacs of young leaves are more or less of small type and the accumulation of oil drop therein is also a small amount. Along with the growth of the leaves in a stem, however, the size of the oil sacs as well as the oil drops therein increases. (3) Generally, the density of the oil sacs is high in the upper leaves (young leaves), and the diameters of the oil sacs and oil drops are large in the intermediate and lower leaves (matured older leaves). (4) In the high oil yield strains the density of the oil sacs and also the degree of fulfillment of oil drops within the oil sacs is high, and the number of oil drops contained in protoplasm is greater. (5) It is considered that the rise in temperature raises the yield of oil.
  • 吉田 照雄, 東 富士雄, 猪川 重徳
    1968 年 37 巻 1 号 p. 118-122
    発行日: 1968/02/10
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    ジャーナル フリー
    (1) In the spice Perilla sp., oil glands are distributed chiefly on the surface of leaf blades. Oil drops are present also in mesophyll cells, but they can hardly be extracted by steam distillation. The coefficient of correlation between the number of oil glands per unit area and the percentage of the oil yield is very high. (2) The air temperature has close relation as its external factor controlling the oil production, and the oil content increases under the high temperature condition (reaching its maximum in August). The ear development is also related with the oil content, and the oil content in the leaves gets lowered significantly with the sprout of the ears. As its cause, it is considered that, by the formation of the ears and flowers, its internal substance is consumed and also by the transformation flow (movement from the leaves to the flowers and ears) of the essential-oil-forming substance, the secretory function of essential oil within the oil glands is lowered. (3) The chemical composition of the essential oil was examined by gaschromatography and it was found that the oil of leaves has higher percentage of l-perilla aldehyde and somewhat less percentage of l-linalool, l-menthol and l-perilla alcohol as compared with that of ears.
  • 野口 勝一, 山中 弘久, 三木 肇
    1968 年 37 巻 1 号 p. 123-128
    発行日: 1968/02/10
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    ジャーナル フリー
    The environmental conditions in coverings were continuously observed in the same field in which the growth of tobacco was examined and reported previously. Two kinds of covering materials were tested. One is transparent polyethylene film whose edge is burried in furrow, the other is melamine coated paper whose one is touched on furrow surface. Results obtained were ae follows: 1) The air temperature is higher in cover of transparent polyethylene film than in cover of melamine coated paper. The relative humidity in the cover of transparent polyethylene film is almost saturated except for a few hours in the daytime, but that of melamine coated paper is almost equal to the relative humidity of the outer air. 2) As the cover of transparent polyethylene film is almost closed, there is the cycle of vapour, that is, the vapour evapotranspirated from soil and plants condenses on inside surface of film, and these water drops fall again on soil surface. The water drops protect the plants in the cover from abnormal high temperature because the water drops reflect a part of solar radiation, and transfer latent heat to outer air when the vapour condenses on inside surface of film. 3) The relationship between total solar radiation (R: cal/cm2hr) and air temperature in cover of transparent polyethylene film (T: °C) is shown in the following experimental formula. T=0.32R+6.9 4) At 10 cm depth of soil, the soil temperature ir usually higher under the cover of transparent polyethylene film than under the cover of melamine coated paper, and the difference of the maximum and minimum in diurnal change is lees under the cover of melamine coated paper than under that of transparent polyethylene film. 5) The heat flux transfered into soil and the amount of heat to warm air in covers were calculated. The former is about one third, and the latter is one several hundredth of solar radiation reached in both covers respectively.
  • 立道 美朗
    1968 年 37 巻 1 号 p. 129-134
    発行日: 1968/02/10
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    ジャーナル フリー
    A plant chamber for the measurement of photosynthesis was devised by the auther to study photosynthesis in tobacco plants. The dimensions of the chamber were 70 by 70 by 120 centimeters. The temperature was controlled by a household air conditioner installed in the wall, which circulated the air in the chamber at the speed of 50 centimeters per second. Using a CO2 enriching apparatus, the concentration of CO2 in the chamber was kept at 300 ppm by changing the flow rate of supplying air. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. With regard to the diurnal change of photosynthesis in the individual plant, the so-called "mid-nap" was not observed, which had been pointed out by some investigaters, but photosynthesis was constant from 8 a. m. to 5 p. m. in a day in June. Photosynthesis of the individual tobacco plant was satulated at the same light intensity as in the case of a single leaf. 2. Photosynthesis in the individual plant attained to the highest value at the time before topping, but the respiration in it at the time of topping. The ratio of respiration to photosynthesis was lowest when photosynthesis showed the highest value, and the ratio was retained at 0.1 to 0.15. 3. Photosynthesis per unit leaf area reached a peak about 30 days after the time of topping. The similar results were obtained with the detached leaves grown in the field. 4. High correlation has been observed between protein nitrogen content per unit leaf area and photosynthetic activity per unit leaf area through out the growing season.
  • 宮崎 督三, 立道 美朗
    1968 年 37 巻 1 号 p. 135-139
    発行日: 1968/02/10
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    ジャーナル フリー
    An investigation was made on the relation between photosynthetic activity and the amount of internal constituents, especially of nitrogen components, and furthermore, on the difference of their relation between varieties. Using two flue-cured tobacco vareities, Hicks and Bright Yellow, photosynthesis and respiration were measured on the detached 6th, 9th and 11th leaves from the bottom, after the time of topping to that of harvest The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. Photosynthesis and protein nitrogen content on leaf area basis decreased gradually with the progress of leaf age. But the decrease was rather steeper in protein nitrogen, total nitrogen and potassium concentration on dry matter basis. 2. Correlation between photosynthesis and above mentioned nitrogen constituents had most intimate relation with photosynthesis. This result revealed that protein nitrogen content had most intimate relation with photosynthesis. Potassium concentration was also seemed to be related with photosynthesis to some extent. 3. Partial correlation between protein nitrogen content, potassium concentration and photosynthesis were calculated to study independent relation values between each constituents and photosynthesis. The partial correlation coefficient between photosynthesis and potassium, independent of protein nitrogen content, was lower than that of simple correlation coefficient between potassium and nitrogen protein content. From this fact, it was assumed that potassium would not affect on photosynthesis directly, but indirectly through the metabolism of protein. 4. Difference of each components in two varieties was compared in the course of growing stages of tobacco. Photosynthesis, respiration and nitrogen contents were higher in Hicks than in Bright Yellow, but Photosynthesis per protein nitrogen content was lower in Hicks. The difference of photosynthetic activity was considered to originate from the difference of protein level.
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