日本作物学会紀事
Online ISSN : 1349-0990
Print ISSN : 0011-1848
ISSN-L : 0011-1848
44 巻, 1 号
選択された号の論文の18件中1~18を表示しています
  • 福山 正隆, 武田 友四郎, 大城 正市
    1975 年 44 巻 1 号 p. 1-6
    発行日: 1975/03/30
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    ジャーナル フリー
    In order to make clear the effects of low oxygen concentration treatment for comparatively long period on NAR, RLGR, LAR, RGR and ΔWT in C3-plant, the experiment was conducted. Material used was two row barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Seedlings, about 2.4 leaf stage, were grown for 10 and 20 days in a specially devised growth chamber equipped water culture facilities, at 2.5% O2-0.03% CO2(low oxygen concentration) and 2l% O2-O.O3% CO2 (normal air, control), and light intensity of 45Klx at 20°C leaf temperature under a regime of 10 hr light and 14 hr darkness. And yet, plants at low oxygen concentration were grown under normal air for darkness as same as cotrol ones. The experimental results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. NAR, LAR, RLGR, RGR and ΔWT in plants at low oxygen concentration were 132, 85, 93, 113 and 122% to control plants during 1-10 days, and 119, 75, 93, 92 and 110% during 10-20 days, respectively. 2. From the begining to the end of the experiment, NAR in plants at low oxygen concentration was still greater than that of normal air. This result suggests that the photorespiration of the plant was suppressed at low oxygen concentration throughout the experiment. 3. RGR in plants at low oxygen concentration was lesser than that of normal air during 10-20 days, while the former was greater than the latter during 1-1O days. It can be explained that RGR decreased because of greater decrease in LAR at low oxygen concentration during 10-20 days. 4. It was seemed that ΔWT in plants at low oxygen concentration was greater than that of normal air throughout the experiment, although there was not significant due to the insufficient numbers of experimental plants and so forth. ΔWT in plants at low oxygen concentration, however, will be overcom by that of normal air after longer duration at least more than 20days, because RGR decreased with prolonging of the duration of low oxygen concentration. 5. From the above stated results and previous reports1'2), effects of oxygen concentration on the growth of C3-plants may be shown schematically as fig.3
  • 秋山 侃, 武田 友四郎
    1975 年 44 巻 1 号 p. 7-13
    発行日: 1975/03/30
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    ジャーナル フリー
    Five varieties of corn seeds (Golden Cross Bantam, Kohshu Tomorokoshi, Koh No.3, White Dent Corn and Chokoh No.161) were sown under three different levels of spacing (30cm × 30cm, 45cm × 45cm, 60cm × 60cm) to know the changes and interaction of plant factors constituting canopy photosynthesis. Results obtained are as follows. 1. Within the limit of this experiment, leaf amount regulated the dry matter production of corn. Therefore, high correlation between LAI and CGR was observed at any growth stages. 2. However, if limited the range of LAI in addition to devide growth stage into three (early vegetative stage, active vegetative stage and ripening stage), contribution rate of other plant factors against CGR became clear. That is, during the stages having only poor amount of leaf area, the larger the value of light extinction coefficient K', the higher the CGR obtained. But after leaf amount was plentifully attained, vice versa. 3. Deviding the growth stage and LAI in the same way as 2, positive correlation between NAR and CGR were observed at any growth stages
  • 秋山 侃, 斎藤 吉満, 武田 友四郎
    1975 年 44 巻 1 号 p. 14-21
    発行日: 1975/03/30
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 1975 年 44 巻 1 号 p. 22-28
    発行日: 1975/03/30
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 丸田 宏
    1975 年 44 巻 1 号 p. 29-34
    発行日: 1975/03/30
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    ジャーナル フリー
    Seasonal changes in carbohydrate and mineral contents of the mature hop plants (Humulus lupulus L.) were investigated. Plant materials sampled were separated into six parts: bines, leaves, cones, rootstocks, roots and storage roots. Measurements of carbohydrate and mineral contents were carried out at eleven main stages of a year. Using the data collected, annual course of carbohydrate economy and mineral economy of the hop plants were discussed. Results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. Carbohydrate content of subterranean parts decreased rapidly in early growing season, reached the minimum in June and July, then increased again before harvest. Since acid hydrolizable polysaccharid was maintained at the constant level of about 5% of dry weight the throughout the year, sugars and starch played important roles in carbohydrate economy. Main component of carbohydrate was Sugar in winter and growing season, and starch in accumulation season. 2. The absorption of K2O was rapid in the early growing season, that of N, CaO and MgO in the middle and that of P2O5 and SiO2 in the late season. At harvest, the ratio of each component for N (N:P2O5:K2O:CaO:MgO) was 1:0.3:1.0:0.8:0.2 in the aerial parts, and 1:0.4:0.8:0.6:0.1 in the subterranean parts. Annual absorption of each component (kg/10a) was N, 11.1, P2O5, 3.3, K2O, 9.7, CaO, 9.6, MgO, O.9 and SiO2, 7.8, respectively. 3. Carbohydrate was translocated from the subterranean parts to the aerial parts in April, May and June, increased in both parts in July and August, and then was translocated from the latter to the former after harvest. On the other hand, mineral components continued to be translocated from the former to the latter until the harvest, after which there was accumulation in the former
  • 平 宏和, 平 春枝, 松崎 昭夫, 松島 省三
    1975 年 44 巻 1 号 p. 35-43
    発行日: 1975/03/30
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    ジャーナル フリー
    Investigations have been carried out to determine the influence of primary rachis branch cutting on the protein, fat, ash, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium contents of lowland brown rice cultivated by varied nitrogen dressings. With respect to the cutting, it was shown that the protein, ash, phosphorus and magnesium contents on dry matter basis increased and were negatively correlated with number of spikelets per panicle and that the potassium content in ash decreased and was positively correlated with number of spikelets per panicle. When the protein content increased by the cutting or the nitrogen application, both the treatments weakened the effect each other
  • 津野 幸人
    1975 年 44 巻 1 号 p. 44-53
    発行日: 1975/03/30
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    ジャーナル フリー
    Many investigations have been made on transpiration and photosynthesis of plants. However, the relationship between transpiration and photosynthesis has not been completely estabilished. The study reported here was planned to elucidate the effect of transpiration on the apparent photosynthesis and the relation of temperature and photosynthesis in several crops:sweet potato, rice, soybean and peanut. 1) Experiments were conducted outdoors under full sunlight using an apparatus which has a humidity-controlling system (Fig.1). In early growth stage, photosynthesis was not affected by restraint of the trans-piration caused by increasing humidity in the chamber, but in late growth stage a marked increase of photosynthetic rates occurred by restraining the transpiration (Figs.2-5). These results suggest that water supply from root to the photosynthetic organ turns insufficient in the late growth stage. 2) Fig.6 and Fig.7 indicate the relation of leaf temperature and photosynthesis in sweet potato and soybean plant at various growth stages. In early growth stage, apparent photosynthesis was insensible of high temperature from 30 to 40°C. In late growth stage, however, apparent photosynthetic rates showed a rapid decrease at high-temperature range. These phenomena were also recognized in other crops, e.g., rice and peanut. From results of the investigation for the stomatal opening and fluctuation of water level in sweet potato leaves under various temperature condition, it may be concluded that depression of photo-synthetic rate at high-temperature range was due to a deficit of water content and high stomatal resistance in leaf. 3) In the series of experiments as shown in Figs.2-5, water vapour transfer coefficient (D) was calculated for several crops from the equation presented in the note of Fig.9. There was a close relationship between the transpiration and the ‘D' value. The‘D' values, selected under approximately constant conditions with leaf temperature of 35°C and air volume passing through a chamber of 8-11 m3/hr, showed high correlations to photosynthetic rates in three crops except soybean plant (Fig.1O). The‘D' value is a reciprocal of diffusion resistance(r) which can be divided into two components: (i) resistance in external air during diffusion away from leaf(ra), and (ii) resistance through the stomata(rs). It is considered that the ‘D' mainly depends on 1/rs in the case of Fig.10. Accordingly, when photosynthetic rate is high at high leaf temperature, stomata are widely open. 4) Two factors, total sugar content in root and the ratio of root dry weight (R) to leaf area (F), must be concerned with the water supply from root to photosynthetic organ. Therefore, both factors, whose changes with time are shown in Fig.14, would be correlated to the‘D' values of each growth stage
  • 坂 斉, 松中 昭一
    1975 年 44 巻 1 号 p. 54-60
    発行日: 1975/03/30
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    ジャーナル フリー
    In artificial chlorophyll mutants (albina, xantha, viridis, striata and tigrina) of rice and their parent, a cultivar, Norin-8 (0ryza.sativa L.), several growth and photosynthetic parameters were measured and compared with each other. The following results were obtained: (1) Albina (CM-33, CM-35 and CM-53) and xantha (CM-123 and CM-213) mutants possessed no chlorophylls except for CM-123, one of xantha mutants with a small amount of chlorophyll. These mutnats including CM--123 were lethal after the fourth leaf stage. Viridis (MGS-359, MGS-859 and CMV-44) and tigrina (M-501) mutants were survival, but their dry weights and ear weights were less than their parent, normal rice plant (Norin-8). The other strains, M-516 (striata) and M-511 (viridis), showed almost normal growth patterns. (2) The chlorophyll contents of three viridis strains (MGS-359, MGS-859 and CMV-44) were about half or below of the normal type, especially deficient in chlorophyll b. The ratio of chlorophyll a to b in these viridis types was 9-20 as compared with about 3 in the normal. Also, they showed the higher levels of carotenoid than the normal plants. (3) 0n a chlorophyll basis, three viridis strains have about 1.7 to 3.0 times higher net photosynthetic rate than leaves of the normal rice. The photosynthetic rate on a leaf area basis was the same or slightly low for mutant and normal leaves. Also, the Hill reaction activities on a chlorophyll basis in the Chloroplast suspensions from mutant leaves were about 2 times of normal. The high net photosynthetic rate seems to be directly related to the lower chlorophyll contents of the mutant leaves. (4) The leaf blade in three viridis strains had a reduced thickness compared with normal plants and their spectral absorbance was below that of the normal leaves throughout the visible spectrum, especially in near 550, 600, and 650 nm
  • 川原 治之助, 長南 信雄, 松田 智明
    1975 年 44 巻 1 号 p. 61-67
    発行日: 1975/03/30
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    ジャーナル フリー
    Accurate and plain maps on the vascular bundles of the dwarf part of stem inthe rice plant are illustrated in fig. 1 and 2. The vascular network of the dwarf part of stem presents striking similarity to that of the elongated part of stem on the point of histogenic view. In the swelling elliptical leaf traces of the dwarf part of stem as well as the elongated part of stem, trachieds and xylem parenchyma, containing xylem transfer cells, display a mosaic structure. But, no phloem transfer cell has been found throughout the entire stem. When a leaf is emerging out, the swelling elliptical portions of the leaf traces elaborate their xylem structure, in which xylem parenchyma and transfer cells absorb solutes from transpiration stream and send them toward the shoot apex. This function of the swelling xylem structure was verified by the distribution in the stem of barium absorbed through the roots. The vascular bundles of the stem are classified in which these types, from fig.6, in which these types, from fig.6-1 to fig.6-5, have gradually increasing efficiency with regard to horizontal transport
  • 渡辺 巌
    1975 年 44 巻 1 号 p. 68-73
    発行日: 1975/03/30
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    ジャーナル フリー
    大豆農林2号の生育に伴う個体乾物重および個体炭素重の増加量を測り,純同化量より乾物重への換算率を検討して以下の結果を得た. 1. 換算率は個体の生育ステージと対象とする期間の長短により変化した. 粒肥大初期までは0.62~0.63でほぼ一定であつたが,それ以後は生育が進むほど, また対象期間が短いほど換算率は低下し, O.40という低率を示す場合も認められた. 2. 子実は炭量含有率の最も高い器官であつたが, 登熟期後半においては, 子実の炭素含有率から算出される換算率0.53よりはるかに低い値を示す場合がしばしば認められた. これは炭素含有率の比較的低い貯蔵物質が炭素含有率の比較的高い子実成分に変換するときにおこる乾物重の減少に因るものと思われた. 3. 登熟期における換算率(Y)は, 子実への乾物の分配率(X)が増加するほど低下し, 両者の関係は下記の抛物線の一部(0≦x<3)により近似された. ただし(1)式は平均的な子実成分を示す品種, (2)式は高蛋白品種, (3)式は高脂肪品種の場合である. Y=0.021X2-0.141X+0.625…(1) Y=0.021X2-0.149X+0.625…(2) Y=0.021X2-0.153X+0.625…(3) 4. 対象とする実験材料の子実成分の組成により上記の実験式を選択し, 対象とする実験期間における乾物重の子実への分配率を推定してXに代入し、おおよその換算率を推定することが可能であると思われた
  • 谷山 鉄郎, 沢中 和雄
    1975 年 44 巻 1 号 p. 74-85
    発行日: 1975/03/30
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    ジャーナル フリー
    Air pollution in Yokkaichi city is a typical pollution which is caused by the large amount of emission from the steam power installation chiefly using heavy oil, refineries, and many petrochemical factories. As the percentage of heavy oil in fuel is very high, the most serious trouble is sulfur oxides. During the period of May to September when rice plant or other summer crops are grown, the air pollution is brought on the region of paddy around the city. The present study was conducted to clarify the relations between dry matter and grain production in the rice plant, and sulfur oxides in the air of Yokkaichi area. Since 1958, when the first petroleum combinate was established and began to work actually, the grain production of rice plant in Yokkaichi area decrcased continuously up to date. The citizens there began to complain of asthmatic disease, "Yokkaichi Asthma, " which was caused by the sulfur oxides in an air. Author has discussed about the significance as the indicator plants for monitering of air pollutions through clarifying the relation between the patient number of Yokkaichi Asthma and decrease of grain production of rice plant. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The growth and development of rice plant was inhibited by sulfur oxides in Yokkaichi area. The leaf age, number of stems and plant height were smaller in Yokkaichi city than in Tsu city (control plot). 2. The expansion of leaf area and leaf dry weight in Yokkaichi city intreased more than in Tsu city, but, with the progress of growth, those in Tsu city exceeded those in Yokkaichi city. The degree of decrease was larger in dry weight of stems than in that of leaves. Especially the dry weight of roots at the eary growing stage was severely inhibit by air pollution. 3. Tillers that emerged late were observed numerously in Yokkaichi city. The higher concentration of sulfur oxides in an air, the later heading time. The grain production was lower in Yokkaichi city than in Tsu city, and the percentage of decrease in Yokkaichi city was by 35% in a maximum. 4. Of yield components, number of panicles per hill was affected most remarkably by air pollution following percentage of 1, 000 kernels. The relation between total dry weight or grain yield and concentration of sulfur oxides showed high significant correlation. 5. As a typical visible injury by sulfur oxides on the leaf or leaf sheath, through growing period was not observed, the damage of rice plant seems to be due to the invisible injury. The percentage of decrease in the area of the air pollution at Yokkaichi was 50% in total dry weight and 35% in the grain yield. 6. The decrease of grain production of rice plant has occured since 1958, when the first petroleum combinate was established and began to work actually, the damage was most severe in 1961 and 1965. The relation between percentage of grain production in Yokkaichi area and the number of asthmatic disease which is called "Yokkaichi Asthma." showed a significant correlation. The Yokkaichi Asthma was observed at five years after the decrease of grain production occured in 1958, From this it is extremely important that the indicator plants for monitering of air pollution as the evil omen of effect to human being and to the decrease in production of crop plant are utilized
  • 田代 亨, 江幡 守衛
    1975 年 44 巻 1 号 p. 86-92
    発行日: 1975/03/30
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    ジャーナル フリー
    These studies in series were devoted to clarify the characteristics of white belly kernel which had an opaque part at the ventral portion of its endosperm. In this experiment, leaf cutting, branch trimming, shading and temperature treatments at various stages were conducted to manifest the effects of ripening conditions on the occurrence of white belly kernel. The experimental materials used were Norin-8 and Kinmaze of Japonica type variety and Kosen and Te-Tep of Indica type variety. The following results were obtained. 1. By leaf cutting treatments, the occurrence of white belly and ill ripening kernels was enhanced, but that of perfect kernels was reduced. The appearance of white belly kernels was more frequently occurred by the elimination of both a flag and a subjacent leaf than by the elimination of only a flag leaf. 2. Branch trimming treatments made the occurrence of white belly and ill ripening kernels decrease and made the occurrence of perfect kernels increase. 3. Decrease in the occurrence of white belly and ill ripening kernels and increase in the occurrence of perfect kernels were brought about by nitrogen top-dressing treatments. Nitrogen top-dressing treatments were more effective for the occurrence of white belly kernels in lower branches than that in upper branches. The occurrence of white belly kernels was reduced by increasing contents of top-dressing treat-ments (from O to 1.2g N/pot). 4. Shading treatments at the early ripening stages were effective for the reduction of the occurrence of white belly and ill ripening kernels. Although shading treatments at the latter stages enhanced the occurrence of white belly and ill ripening kernels. 5. The occurrence of white belly and ill ripening kernels was stimulated by high temperature treatments, whereas that of white belly and ill ripening kernels was reduced by low temperature treatments. The occurrence of white belly kernels tended to pararell with that of ill ripening kernels, which had different opaque parts in their endosperm tissues. The occurrence of white belly kernels decreased when rice grains were sufficiently supplied with nutrition and the duration of ripening was prolonged, while the insufficient supbly of nutrition to rice grains and the reduction of ripening period stimulated the occurrence of white belly kernels. From these results, it might be appeared that the occurrence of white belly kernels was mainly influenced by the durability of ripening activity or kernels in the latter stages, i.e., 20 to 30 days after flowering
  • 川田 信一郎, 石原 愛也, 松井 重雄, 咲花 茂樹
    1975 年 44 巻 1 号 p. 93-108
    発行日: 1975/03/30
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    ジャーナル フリー
    The effects of sugar supply on the growth and development of rice root were studied by means of the following two methods for the culture of isolated seminal root provided with scutellum: one was the ordinary "floating culture" in which the whole explant was bathed in the culture solution containing sugar and the inorganic salts of White modified, another was Raggio-Raggio's "bi-media culture" in which the scutellum end of the explant was placed into sugar-containing agar medium and the root portion was bathed in the inorganic salts solution (fig.1). Sugars used were sucrose, D-glucose and D-fructose. Comparing two methods of culture in the growth responses of cultured root to different sugars at various concentrations in medium, the following points were noted. At the first, glucose was the best sugar source for the growth of root in both the culture. Secondly, the optimum concentration of glucose for root growth was distinctly lower in "floating culture" (4 percent) than in "bi-media culture" (7 percent), and the highest concentration of glucose permitting root to grow without any noticeable growth injuries was also lower in the former (4 percent) than in the latter (11 percent). Thirdly, fructose was injurious for root growth even at thc low concentration of 1 percent in "floating culture", while, in "bi-media culture" it supported root growth as well as glucose and sucrose. At the last, the morphological differences were reveald between the root of "floating culture" and that of "bi-media culture" maintaining each on the optimum concentration of glucose. The former, compared with the latter, had dense and developed branching secondary-root as well as thick seminal root, but had sporadic and restrained root hair on root axis. Since these characteristics of the root of "floating culture" in growth responses to sugar and in morphology were considered to be the effects of unnatural manner of sugar feeding, then it might be suggested that "floating culture" was less suitable method of culture for the study of root morphogenesis than "bi-media culture". On the growth responses of cultured root to the concentration of glucose or sucrose in medium, the data obtained in this study led to the conclusion that the higher the sugar concentration, the greater the length and the diameter of the seminal root as well as the density and the total length of the branching secondary-root, if the sugar concentration in medium was below the optimum, irrespective of the method of culture
  • 鈴木 守, 村田 吉男
    1975 年 44 巻 1 号 p. 109-113
    発行日: 1975/03/30
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    ジャーナル フリー
    Using the variety 'Hoyoku' cultured on a fertile soil in the field with nearly an optimum supply of water and fertilizer in an early planting or a normal season, the efficiency for photosynthetic light energy conversion of a rice population was measured under natural conditions for each 3-week period of the whole growth duration. The absobed PAR was obtained from the observed data of short wave solar radiation by the experimental formula of Kishida (1973), and gross chemical energy fixed by the population was obtained from adding the net production to the net production to the dark respiration. Th efficiency for light energy conversion thus determined was found to be fairly uniform during most of the growth period except for the last phase of the grain filling period. ranging from 7.7% to 4.6%. The average and the highest values for the carly planting culture were 6.2% and 7.7%, respectively, and those for the normal season culture were 6.4% and 7.0%, respectively. The ratio of net production to gross production was found to be 72% to 55% in the carly planting culture 77% to 60% in the normal season culture, both with an average value of 67%, indicating that one third of the gross production was lost by respiration
  • 内田 節子
    1975 年 44 巻 1 号 p. 114-118
    発行日: 1975/03/30
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    ジャーナル フリー
    Sugar of flue-cured tobacco leaf is one of the most important constituents that affect the smoking taste and the physical properties of the cured leaf. In the present experiment, to find out the difference of sugar content of leaves between new variety, MC which was bred for low nicotine and mild tobacco, and Bright Yellowr (BY) which has been widely grown, sugar contents of each cured leaf of both the varieties grown in the several districts were investigated. As the results, it was found in many districts that sugar content of upper leaves of MC was hardly decreased compared with that of the leaf at the middle position on the stem which shows the maximum sugar content in the plant. This characteristic of new variety was especially conspicuous at Kanto district: that is, sugar content of the uppermost leaf was the highest of all leaves in the plant. It was also found that high sugar content of the upper leaves of MC corresponded to the high distribution ratio of dry matter to the upper leaves, and that this was correlated with increment of the total dry matter of whole leaves in the plant. The reason why sugar content of the upper leaves of MC often shows high value, was discussed with regard to the difference of leaf number harvested and distribution of activity of root system between both the varieties
  • 井上 駿, 田島 公一, 中根 善一
    1975 年 44 巻 1 号 p. 119-120
    発行日: 1975/03/30
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 大山 勝夫, 岡 成美
    1975 年 44 巻 1 号 p. 121-122
    発行日: 1975/03/30
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 岡澤 養三
    1975 年 44 巻 1 号 p. 123-139
    発行日: 1975/03/30
    公開日: 2008/02/14
    ジャーナル フリー
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