All issues
Volume 59 (1990)
- Issue 4 Pages 641-
- Issue 3 Pages 413-
- Issue 2 Pages 219-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
Volume 59, Issue 4
Displaying 1-27 of 27 articles from this issue
- |<
- <
- 1
- >
- >|
-
Akihiro NOSE, Misao NAKAMA1990 Volume 59 Issue 4 Pages 641-648
Published: December 05, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSUsing eight varieties of Saccharum officinarum and one variety of S. sinense, effects of leaf nitrogen content on leaf photosynthetic characteristics were examined on the uppermost full expanded leaf. Four experimental blocks (nitrogen treatment, NT) were established under hydroponics using four nitrogen contents in culture solution. Factors of leaf photosynthesis characteristics investigated in this experiment were as follows; photosynthetic rate and water vapor exchange coefficient under 2000 μmol/m2/s and 240 μmol/m2/s of photosynthetically active radiation (P2000, D2000, P240, and D240, respectively), the contents of total nitrogen (N), soluble protein (SOLP), chlorophyll (CHL), and fraction 1 protein (F 1 P), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity (PEPC). Significant differences among varieties were obtained in P240, N, and F 1 P. All of leaf photosynthetic characteristics and related internal factors examined in this experiment showed significant difference of variance analysis in the nitrogen treatments (NT) and the interaction of NT and variety. On the statistical analysis with whole data in this experiment, P2000 showed highest relationship (r=0.747, P<0.01) to D2000. Correlation coefficients between P2000, and CHL, SOLP, and PEPC were 0.657, 0.648, and 0.556 with significant level at 1%, respectively. The ratio of F 1 P to SOLP was higher in the low leaf nitrogen content (block II) than in block I. The nitrogen use efficiency in photosynthesis of sugarcane was low as in a range of 2.5 to 3.7 mgCO2/mgN/h.View full abstractDownload PDF (956K) -
Iwao WATANABE, Tsugio NAGASAWA1990 Volume 59 Issue 4 Pages 649-660
Published: December 05, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAppearance and chemical composition of soybean seeds (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in germplasm collection of Japan (about 4, 400 samples) were surveyed and analysed by near infrared spectroscopy. 1. Exotic collection from Asia, where soybean has been one of traditional crops, accounted for only about 18 percent of all, which suggested the need for further collection. 2. Grain size was classified on The Evaluation Standard of Soybean Cultivars. Frequency distribution among small, medium and large ones was about 16, 63 and 21 percent respectively. In the collection from Asia, grain size tended to get smaller as the latitude of collection site became lower. 3. About 26 percent was so-called coloured seed-coated (green, brown, black or mottled). The remaining 74 percent was pale yellow or yellow seed-coated. 4. The most frequent hilum colour was brown, amounting to 32 percent, followed by yellow, black, dark brown, pale brown, pale black and green in descending order. 5. In the collection from Asia, the protein percentage tended to increase as the latitude of collection site became lower and the lipid percentage vice versa. 6. The protein percentage tended to increase as grain size got smaller and lipid percentage vice versa. Those black seed-coated cultivars of extremely small grain size had the closest chemical composition to that of wild soybeans (Glycine soja Sieb. & Zucc.). 7. Domestic collection was characterized as large seeded, a little lower both in the protein and lipid percentage and higher in the carbohydrate percentage.View full abstractDownload PDF (1168K) -
Iwao WATANABE, Tsugio NAGASAWA1990 Volume 59 Issue 4 Pages 661-666
Published: December 05, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSChemical composition of soybean seeds (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in germplasm collection of Japan (about 4, 400 samples) was analysed by near infrared spectroscopy to get the following information on the correlation among protein, lipid and carbohydrate percentages. 1. Protein and lipid had hightly negative correlation (r=-0.594**, n=4, 404) regardless of carbohydrate or protein percentage. 2. Carbohydrate and lipid had also a highly negative correlation (r=-0. 561**, n=4, 404) regardless of protein percentage. But the correlation was not significant in lower-lipid·higher-carbohydrate area. 3. Carbohydrate and protein had a negative correlation (r=-0.117**, n=4, 404). But the correlation coefficient was far lower than the other two correlations observed between protein and lipid, and between carbohydrate and lipid. 4. Correlations were different depending on grain size. Protein-lipid correlation was higher in smaller seeded varieties or lines. Carbohydrate-lipid correlation was higher in medium or large seeded ones and lower in small seeded ones. Carbohydrate-protein correlation was moderately high in large seeded ones, but it was fairly low or non-significant in small or medium seeded ones. 5. Some suggestions were made on the method of chemical breeding of soybeans better suited for processing.View full abstractDownload PDF (693K) -
Yuji HAMACHI, Minoru YOSHINO, Masahiko FURUSHO, Tomohiko YOSHIDA1990 Volume 59 Issue 4 Pages 667-671
Published: December 05, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe objective of this study was to clarify the factors causing underdevelopment of husks in malting barley. Materials were grown under six different excess soil moisture treatments combined with shading treatment or low (high) temperature treatment during the husk-size-determination period, i.e., from flag leaf emergence stage to heading stage, when the length and width of lemma and palea rapidly increased. The degree of excess soil moisture treatment was expressed by I (flooding condition) -VI (good soil moisture condition). The growth of lemma and palea were inhibited with the degree of soil moisture treatments (VI→I), and were extremely inhibited by the excess soil moisture treatment combined with shading treatment or low temperature treatment. The growth of kernel in IV∼VI plots, in which the damage were little, were not inhibited. But those in I-IV plots were inhibited with the degree of soil moisture treatments. The husk underdevelopment, which resulted in the exposure of caryopsis through lemma and palea, was severe in IV and V plots under all treatments, and was occured when excess soil moisture was combined with shading and/or low temperature, because of the unbalance between husk and kernel sizes.View full abstractDownload PDF (614K) -
Shuji IIDA, Yoshio SHINMURA, Akira UEMORI, Kozo KUZUNA1990 Volume 59 Issue 4 Pages 672-678
Published: December 05, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWorking time required for tilling, changes in soil conditions, and growth and yield of rice plants influenced by the tilling methods and soil compaction due to machine weight were examined. Under normal paddy field conditions, rice plants, cv. Manryo, were grown in 1978 and 1979 in the following treatments; 1) 12 cm tilling depth, tilled by a small cultivator; 2) 12 cm depth, by a large tractor equipped with the rotary; 3) 18 cm depth, by a large tractor with the plow, and then harrowed; 4) 18 cm depth, by a large tractor with the rotary; 5) Soil compaction in dry condition just after harvest, and then tilled by a large tractor with the rotary, 12 cm depth; and 6) Soil compaction in wet condition, and then tilled by the same way as 5). The rotary tilling method was more profitable as compared with the plowing and harrowing method from the point of view to level off the field surface, and nutrition supply from soil lasted to the end of rice growth in 18 cm depth treatment because of enlargement of root zone. On the other hand, soil compaction attributed to machine weight did not change the hardness, the three phases and the consolidation of soil, but decreased the degree of water permearbility. The result was that the yield of rice plants in 18 cm tilling depth with the rotary method was best, followed by 18 cm depth with plowing method and soil compaction treatments against imagined negative effects.View full abstractDownload PDF (732K) -
Akihito KUSUTANI, Takashi SANBUICHI1990 Volume 59 Issue 4 Pages 679-686
Published: December 05, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThc ripening ability among 39 varieties was compared in order to select the breeding materials for raising new variety which has superior ripening ability. An ideotype for ripening ability was also investigated by using the principal component analyais. 1. The remarkable varietal differencies for ripening ability were found. 「Kitaake」, 「Kitahikari」, 「Kitakogane」and「Narukaze」will be useful as the mother plants for raising new superior ripening variety. 2. From the results of the principal component analysis, in the case of the first principal component, the dry matter production after the heading time was positively contributing, and the culm length, the plant type index and the dry weight at the heading time were negatively contributing to the principal component. In the case of the second principal component, the length fom flag leaf auricle to the neck node of panicle was positively contributing, and the percentage of primary rachis branch grains to total grains per head, flag leaf angle from the horizontal line and the ratoon weight were negatively contributing to the principal component. 3. There was a negative significant correlation (r=-0.70*** between the ripeneng ability at the early stage of ripening and the second principal component. The ripening ability at the late stage indicated positive significant correlation (r=0.69*** with the first principal component. These results suggest that the variety having both large first principal component and small second principal component is an ideotype for ripening.View full abstractDownload PDF (951K) -
Takeshi HORIE, Hiroshi NAKAGAWA1990 Volume 59 Issue 4 Pages 687-695
Published: December 05, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRice developmental stage is quantified by a continuous variable termed developmental index, DVI, of which value at the emergence is detined to be 0 and at the heading to be 1.0. The value of DVI at any moment between these two boundary stages can be given by integrating the developmental rate, DVR, with respect to time, in a similar way as de Wit et al. (1970) applied. We propose the following equation for DVR of rice as a function of daily mean temperature T and day length L, [numerical formula] where G is a minimum number of days required for heading of a given cultivar; Th is the temperature at which DVR is the half of the maximum under a given day length; Lc is the critical day length for development; DVI* is the value of DVI at which the crop becomes sensitive to photoperiod; A and B are the parameters. By utilizing the Simplex method, a least square regression method for non-linear functions, the values of these parameters can be estimated from experimental data sets on rice phenology and the environments obtained under field conditions. The model explained heading dates of Nipponbare rice grown under 35 different conditions with S.E.= 3.6 days, while the traditional effective degree day model explained the same data with S.E.= 6.5 days.View full abstractDownload PDF (937K) -
Hideho MIURA1990 Volume 59 Issue 4 Pages 696-700
Published: December 05, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA two-year experiment was conducted to investigate varietal differences and genetic correlations among yield components of adzuki bean (Vigna angularis) using varieties cultivated in Hokkaido. Furthermore, an experiment was carried out to clarify the inheritance of the components using a set of half diallel crosses between six varieties. Four yield components, the number of pods per main stem and that of branches, the number of seeds per pod and 100 seed weight were analysed. Varietal differences for all of the yield components examined were highly significant. The dominance effects of genes on the number of pods per main stem and that per branches were noticeable, while the additive genetic effects on both components were also significant. The direction of dominance was toward decreasing number of pods per main stem and toward increasing number of pods per branches. The genetic variations for the number of seeds per pod and 100 seed weight were mainly controlled by the additive genetic effects. The number of pods per main stem was genetically and environmentally independent of the number of pods per branches. The additive genetic effect on the number of pods per branches was associated positively with that on the number of seeds per pod and negativaly with 100 seed weight. There was a negative genetic correlation between the number of seeds per pod and 100 seed weight.View full abstractDownload PDF (591K) -
Yusuke GOTO, Takashi TUCHIYAMA, Kiyochika HOSHIKAWA1990 Volume 59 Issue 4 Pages 701-707
Published: December 05, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe relation between tiller age 'Yourei' and panicle growth stage (PS) in each tiller was investigated. Yourei is a scale of plant age expressed by leaf number. The first decimal place indicates the ratio of the length of the emerged part of the expanding leaf blade to its expected final length. Plants (cv. Sasanishiki, 3 plants/pot) were sampled at the panicle formation stage and observed under a dissecting microscope. For analysis we used the complementary age-scale Ho-Yourei (cA) which counted backwards from the flag leaf that just expanded (cA=LN-A, where LN is the total number of leaf on the tiller and A is Yourei). Panicle formation stage (from the differentiating stage of the flag leaf primordia to the late differentiating stage of flower primordia) was divided into 12 stages (pS 1∼pS l2). Variances of PS or cA in individual plants increased with time. The relationship between PS (y-axis) and cA (x-axis) is represented by the equation y=15.95-3.74x. In each tiller (LN=4 to 15), when half of the fourth leaf blade (counted from the flag leaf) expanded (cA 3.3∼3.6), the tiller began to initiate its panicle (PS 3: the increasing stage of bract primordia).View full abstractDownload PDF (744K) -
Yoshitaka ONO1990 Volume 59 Issue 4 Pages 708-714
Published: December 05, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe internode of each stalk in three varieties, NCo 310, F 161 and Yomitanzan rapidly elongated and thickened within 10 days after the time of unfolding of the leaf attached at each node and attained the maximum size within 20 days after the time. Dry matter weight and Brix of the internode in NCo 310 and F 161 continuously increased within 100 days after the time of unfolding of the leaf, while the dry weight in Yomitanzan reached the maximum within 70 days afrer the time. The moisture content of the internode gradually decreased with time. The length and diameter of internodes in the main stalk of F 161 planted every month from June, 1980 to May, 1981 showed the pronounced variation. The length of all upper internodes from 11th node order was significantly correlated with mean daily air temperature, mean daily solar radiation and precipitation during the growing period of each internode. Partial correlations between the length of internodes from 11th to 40th node order and precipitation and between the length of upper internodes from 11th and mean daily solar radiation were positive, but those between the length of internodes from 11th to 40th and the mean daily temperature were negative. The each diameter of internodes from 11th to 30th node order was negatively correlated with the mean daily air temperature and precipitation, but the each diameter of upper node order from 31th was positively correlated with the three climatic factors. Partial correlations of the diameter with mean daily air temperature were highly negative, but those of the diameter with mean daily solar radiation and precipitation were positive.View full abstractDownload PDF (750K) -
Tadashi TAKAHASHI, Kimio NAKASEKO1990 Volume 59 Issue 4 Pages 715-720
Published: December 05, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThree varieties of spring wheat, tall Haruhikari, semi-dwarf Haruyutaka and tall late Selpek, were grown in a 5 cm equidistant square pattern (400 plants/m2) and the 100 ppm of ethephon was applied four and six times at four days interval during the period from double ridge stage to flag leaf emergence (DR treatment) and from flag leaf emergence to anthesis (CE treatment), respectively. The ethephone treatments did not influence the phenological events (Table 1), but inhibited culm elongation (Fig. 1), especially the lower internodes in DR treatment and the upper internodes in CE treatment (Table 2). The effect of shortening in culm length was more in CE treatment and in tall varieties than in DR treatment and in semi-dwarf variety. The water soluble sugar content in culm changed higher in CE treatment (Fig. 2), indicating a highly negative correlation with culm length at milk-ripe stage regardless of the treatments and varieties (Fig. 3). The grain yield in DR treatment was higher in all varieties than those in controls, though not significant, mainly due to the increase in number of ears and grain number per ear (Table 4).View full abstractDownload PDF (606K) -
Osamu KUSUDA1990 Volume 59 Issue 4 Pages 721-726
Published: December 05, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to obtain standard sample size in sample survey of quantitative characters of mechanically transplanted rice, the coefficients of variations (CV) of characters were investigated at growth period of maximum tiller number stage, full heading stage and maturing stage. CV of number of seedling per hill in mechanically transplanted rice was about 40%. CV of characters such as number of tiller, number of panicle, fresh weight, number of spikelet per hill and panicle weight were larger than the CV in hand-transplanted rice on account of variation of number of seedling per hill. The difference between the CV in mechanically transplanted rice and the CV in hand-transplanted rice was large in maximum tiller number stage, but the difference decreased according to growth. It was judged that standard sample sizes of these characters in maximum tiller number stage were 2.3 times the sizes in hand-transplanted rice, the sample sizes in full heading stage were 1.7 times the sizes in hand-transplanted rice, and the sample sizes in maturing stage were 1.2 times the sizes in hand-transplanted rice. While, CV of characters such as plant height, culm length and panicle length were almost equal to the CV in hand-transplanted rice. Therefore, it was judged that standard sample sizes of these characters were equal to the sizes in hand-transplanted rice.View full abstractDownload PDF (785K) -
Hideki SUGIMOTO, Tooru SATOU1990 Volume 59 Issue 4 Pages 727-732
Published: December 05, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of this experiment was to clarify the significance of nodulation of soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) under the excess moisture condition. A pair of nodulating and non-nodulating lines, T202 and T201, were grown in an upland field converted from paddy. Flooding treatments were made in the furrows to the depth of 5 to 8 cm for 8 to 10 days at three different stages: the flower-bud differentiation, the flowering and the ripening. Nitrogen content in the leaf blade and dry matter production of both lines were decreased by the treatments in all stages, however those of T202 were not reduced so much as those of T201. At the flower-bud differentiation and the flowering stages, leaf nitrogen content and dry matter production of T202 recovered to the level of the control within 15 days after the end of the treatments, while those of T201 did not. Decrease in dry matter production induced by the treatments caused the decrease in seed yield, but seed yield of T202 was not reduced so much as that of T201. These differences in two lines were attributed to whether or not fixed nitrogen could be supplied by root nodules. As mentioned above T202, a nodulating line, could reduce excess moisture injury and could soon recover from it. Therefore, it can be proved that root nodules play an important role to reduce the excess moisture injury.View full abstractDownload PDF (660K) -
Yuji Hamachi, Tomohiko Yoshida1990 Volume 59 Issue 4 Pages 733-736
Published: December 05, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe objective of this study was to clarify varietal difference in the thickness of husk in malting barley and to compare the thickness of husk of normal kernel with that of husk-underdeveloped kernel of which caryopsis was exposed though lemma and palea. The thickness of husk ranged from 3.3×10-2 mm to 4.5×10-2 mm among the five cultivars tested. The thickness of husk of cvs. Nirasaki Nijo and Nishino Gold (3.4∼3.6×10-2 mm), which had high content of malt extract (83.2%∼83.8%) and more volume of wrinkles on husk, was less than those of cvs. Amagi Nijo and Kinuyutaka (4.3∼4.5×10-2 mm), which had low content of malt extract (81.3%∼81.9%) and less volume of wrinkles on husk. The weight and content husk of cvs. Nirasaki Nijo and Nishino Gold were 1.93 g per 1000 kernels and 6.1%, respectively, and those of cvs. Amagi Nijo and Kinuyutaka were 2.57∼2.65 g per 1000 kernels and 7.8∼7.9%, respectively. There was not difference in the thickness of husk between normal kernel and husk-underdeveloped kernel.View full abstractDownload PDF (454K) -
Yoshinori YAMAMOTO, Kunihiro HISANO1990 Volume 59 Issue 4 Pages 737-746
Published: December 05, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe leaf blades, top (leaf blade+leaf sheath), or roots of six-leaf aged seedlings of medium maturing rice variety were pruned to various extent and transplanted in normal season to investigate the effects of earliness of seedling establishment due to the damaged part or extent of seedlings at transplanting on the subsequent growth and the characters related to yield. 1) The number of days required to first tiller appearance (DRFTA) might be used as an indicator of the length of establishment period of seedlings with varying damaged part of extent, since DRFTA was significantly and negatively correlated with the volume and activity of new roots at 7-8 days and with tiller number at 19 days after transplanting. 2) Seedlings with longer DRFTA had more main culm leaves and delayed flag leaf expansion or heading date. However, the extent of delay in growth stages was little as compared with that of difference in DRFTA since final leaf number and leaf emergence rate were significantly and positively correlated. Growth rate of seedlings with longer DRFTA was slow after transplanting, but quickly recovered after seedling establishment. And at the heading stage, the total dry weight and the leaf area of seedlings with all leaf blades or roots pruned were about 90% of control seedling. 3) DRFTA was negatively correlated with the maximum tiller number and the panicle number, but was positively correlated with the mean panicle weight. The relationship between DRFTA and panicle/straw weight ratio fluctuated among years because a climate considerably influenced DRFTA effects on straw weight.View full abstractDownload PDF (1030K) -
Shinobu INANAGA, Koji ITO, Tsuneo YAJIMA, Hideo INOU, Shigeru HATANO1990 Volume 59 Issue 4 Pages 747-751
Published: December 05, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effect of temperature on the viability and the elongation of lateral buds (LB) of napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach cv. Merukeron) was examined and the storage of live stems during winter was also tried. LB of field-grown plants were alive when the daily minimum air temperature was 1°C, but died when it fell to -3°C. The viability of LB decreased to less than 50% by low temperature treatments (under zero, for 24 hours). The viability of LB of lower nodes was higher than that of upper nodes in all the treatments of low temperature. The minimum temperature at which field-grown ratoons could survive the winter was in the range from 0.9 to 4°C. By storing detached stems in the soil (60 cm in depth), 40% of LB survived the winter. LB of detached stems did not die nor elongate at 5°C of storing temperature. The activity of the starting of elongation of LB was the highest in the range from 25 to 40°C. From these results, it was concluded that the stems used as seeds and stocks in next year were made survive the winter by cutting field-grown stems before the minimum air temperature falls below zero and then storing them in the soil and such like where temperature can be kept about 5°C.View full abstractDownload PDF (604K) -
Jose R. Jr. PARDALES, Yasuhiro KONO1990 Volume 59 Issue 4 Pages 752-761
Published: December 05, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSorghum (Sorghum bicolor Moench) plants were subjected to increasing drought stress condition for a period from 12 to 21 days after sowing and were compared with well-watered plants at different stages of growth in terms of root development. Droughted plants continued to produce new nodal roots (NR) and NR laterals with time but their number were consistently lesser than that of the control. Seminal root (SR) first-order lateral production was soon arrested by drought and notable reduction followed. Total length of NRs and NR first-order laterals per plant increased with time but at later stages increases were largely due to the presence of newly emerged roots that grew to some degree. Total length of SR first-order laterals was also depressed by drought. The rates of root production and root elongation of each component were generally suppressed by drought stress. Drought also caused marked reduction in the viability of root tips and root cortex. A profound decrease in viable root tips was also noted in all component roots of the control plants but this happened during panicle initiation suggesting a possible relationship between these two events. Rewatering of droughted plants that reached first wilting point caused an increase in both the number and length of the NR components but not the SR components.View full abstractDownload PDF (980K) -
Yoshio INOUE1990 Volume 59 Issue 4 Pages 762-768
Published: December 05, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe infrared thermal imagery was measured concurrently with physiological status in stressed and non-stressed corn and wheat canopies. Thermal images were obtained with an infrared thermography system from a distance of 5 to 20 m. Each thermal image, composed of 512 (H) × 240 (V) pixels with a sensitivity of 0.05°C, was recorded in a video tape every 8 seconds in the field, and analyzed in a laboratory later. A root-reducing treatment was used for simulating environmental stresses, which treatment was carried out by cutting a root system with a thin metal plate at the depth of 20 cm, but brought little apparent change in plant stands. Photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal conductance in the stressed canopy were depressed, which were accompanied with an inverse change in the canopy surface temperature. The maximum difference in mean surface temperatures of the stressed and non-stressed parts of the canopy was no less than 4.2°C in corn and 3.1°C in wheat. Gaussian distribution of spatial temperature frequency in the stressed part shifted toward higher temperature from that of non-stressed part of the canopy, which was visualized clearly on the pseudo-color thermal image while no visible changes were observed directly from the distance. The infrared imagery was effective, especially, for detecting phisiological depression or for comparing various canopies in their physiological status on a remote and real-time basis.View full abstractDownload PDF (785K) -
Tomikichi WADA, Keiko OGAWA, Tatsuya ITO, Hiroaki SUZUKI, Yoji TAKEOKA1990 Volume 59 Issue 4 Pages 769-777
Published: December 05, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDevelopment of pollen mother cells (PMCs) and the cells in anther wall tissues of rice plants was studied by the glycol methacrylate semithin method for light microscopy. During the early stage of PMC formation, four anther wall tissues-epidermis, endothecium, middle layer and tapetum were devoloped. By the release of PMC, hardenning and decrease in permeability were sugested to occur in the cell wall area between middle layer and tapetum. Tapetal cells often divided and became multinucleate. Microfibrillar substances, preserved well with aldehyde fixation, were observed in intracellular vesicles and the callose wall area of PMCs and in the anther sap. Nuclear structures of PMCs appeared rather more clearly by osmium postfixation. During the callose wall disorganization, the nuclear changes of PMCs in meiotic prophase were contirmed. After the release of PMCs, keeping the bordered position upon the tapetal layer, PMCs entered into the mataphase. Cellular contraction, occurred immediately before the first and second nuclear divisions, marked the initiation of karyokinesis. The directions of meiotic divisions to the long axis and to the tapetal inner surface were estimated and the close contact of the released PMCs and their daughter cells with the tapetal inner surface was comfirmed.View full abstractDownload PDF (1359K) -
Tadashi TAKAHASHI, Kimio NAKASEKO1990 Volume 59 Issue 4 Pages 778-784
Published: December 05, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSCrop growth can be estimated by the amount of radiation intercepted by canopy and the efficiency of its conversion to dry matter. Diurnal and seasonal changes of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), both intercepted and reflected by the canopy, were measured throughout a growing season for the spring wheat cultivars Haruyutaka and Selpek. The changes were correlated with total surface area including the leaves, culms, ears and senescent parts. The daily mean values of diurnal changes in penetration and reflection were the same when they were compared in a cloudy day and in a clear day. The penetration decreased with the growth of surface area. After flag leaf emergence, total surface area became 10 m2m-2 or more; After penetration rate decreased down to 10% and below, it did not change. There was a linear relationship between total surface area and the exponential value of the penetration, although the coefficient of light intercepted, Ks, changed with growth stages. On the other hand, reflection did not vary significantly (about 5%). The intercepted PAR was calculated by multiplying the incident solar radiation by the penetration and reflection. A linear relationship was observed between it and the crop growth rate (CGR). However, above 8 MJm-2d<-1> of intercepted PAR, Haruyutaka seemed to be saturated with light.View full abstractDownload PDF (693K) -
Yoji TAKEOKA, Yoshiro TSUTSUI, Kiyoshi MATSUO1990 Volume 59 Issue 4 Pages 785-791
Published: December 05, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA study was undertaken to clarify microscopically the characteristics of morphogenetic alterations in rice spikelets on a straighthead panicle. Plants of an upland rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. H4) were grown by the method "Onae Ishokuho" developed by Matsuo et al. to induce straighthead symptoms. Spikelets fixed with Formaline-acetic acid-alcohol at heading time were dissected under a stereo microscope to investigate morphogenetic changes of sexual organs, the pistil and stamens, and glumes. Some of the spikelets having principal changes were examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Of the total 407 spikelets dissected, 93.9% lacked in both sexual organs and 18.9% developed spikelet-type (S-type) proliferation, in which instead of normal sexual organs small spikelet (s) differentiated. A small protuberance viewed by stereo microscope at the site of pistil was identitied by SENI to be the same as normal spikelet primordium. Of the total spikelets, 3.7% developed pistil hyperplasia to have differentiated more stigma (ta) or pistil (s) than the usual number. Almost all of the spikelets changed the shape of their lemma and palea, and in 40.0% of the total spikelets the palea developed. On the other hand, glumes were increased in 11.5% of spikelets. Spikelets lacking in sexual organs were considered to have possibility to develop any kind of proliferation. It was concluded that initiation of pistil hyperplasia and S-type proliferation were main characteristics in morphogenetic changes of sexual organs induced by straighthead in the present study. Similarity of the changes with other morphogenetic changes by different environmental stresses and its significance were discussed from the view point of spikelet morphogenesis and vegetative proliferation.View full abstractDownload PDF (861K) -
Kazumi MAEDA, K.D.R. WADIA1990 Volume 59 Issue 4 Pages 792-800
Published: December 05, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSLeaf emergence rate on main stem (LER) was investigated using 30 peanut cultivars (cvs.) from 2 subspecies, under irrigated field conditions at ICRISAT Center, India, in kharif (rainy) and rabi (dry post-rainy) seasons. Three or 4 main stem leaves emerged rapidly until 6 to 8 days after seed emergence, but LER declined after then. Difference in the number of days to reach this turning point of LER was insignificant between 2 subspecific cv. groups in both of the seasons, although they differed significantly in the number of leaves on the day of turning point of LER. Initiation of flowering in each cv. group was delayed by about 10 days in rabi compared to in kharif due to lower air temperature during the first 2 months after sowing, and number of leaves on the first day of flowering differed significantly between 2 cv. groups. Leaf emergence on main stem progressed linearly, and LER before the flowering initiation stage (YI and YII) were higher than after the flowering initiation stage (YIII) and differed significantly between 2 cv. groups and seasons, but these differences were not apparent in the stage-YIII. Leaves showed remarkably a symptom of wilting between irrigation and/or rain for all cvs. in both seasons, but leaf emergence was not disturbed by such a water stress. This showed a contrast to daily flower production which was sensitive to the soil moisture conditions.View full abstractDownload PDF (800K) -
Leaf Conductance in Japonica and Indica Rice Varieties : I. Size, frequency, and aperture of stomataSachio MARUYAMA, Koichi TAJIMA1990 Volume 59 Issue 4 Pages 801-808
Published: December 05, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSVarietal differences in leaf conductance were studied in field conditions using 51 rice varieties, including japonica, indica, and japonica-indica hybrid. Leaf conductance of indica and japonica-indica hybrid was clearly larger than that of japonica at panicle formation stage. Cuticular conductance was much lower as compared to leaf conductance, indicating the stomata is the major path of water loss. Thus, we measured size, frequency, and aperture of stomata, and evaluated the relative importance of these factors to leaf conductance. Only slight differences were observed in length of the pore and the guard cells of stoma among rice varieties. By contrast, stomatal frequency of japonica-indica hybrid and semidwarf indica was clearly higher than that of japonica and tall indica. In addition, stomatal aperture of indica and japonica-indica hybrid was remarkably larger than that of japonica. Analysis of relative importance of frequency and aperture of stomata to leaf conductance showed that the leaf conductance was strongly affected by stomatal aperture, whereas it was slightly influenced by stomatal frequency in rice. It is concluded that the stomatal aperture is the major factor which causes the difference of leaf conductance between japonica and indica or japonica-indica hybrid.View full abstractDownload PDF (891K) -
Kiyochika HOSHIKAWA, Shan-Ben WANG1990 Volume 59 Issue 4 Pages 809-814
Published: December 05, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA general observation was conducted on lodged rice culms in cultivars Sasanishiki and Koshihikari grown in paddy fields in 1986, 1987, and 1989. The shape of the cross section of internodes was observed to be not circular, but elliptical with a major and a minor axis. Flattening of internode calculated based on the difference between the major and minor axis was higher in lodged culms than in unlodged ones in the lower internodes. Values of the major and minor axis, which reflect the width of internodes, were lower in lodged culms, also, lengths of the lower internodes were longer than unlodged ones. The broken internode was found to be mainly the IV internode in Sasanishiki and IV, V internodes in Koshihikari. The breaking position in the broken internode was restricted to the portion ranging from 10 to 30% of the full internode length distant from the lower node level. This 20% portion was regarded as a breaking area of the broken internode. The breaking direction was observed to be the minor axis of the cross section of the broken internode in most cases. These results suggested that lodging occurs in limited internodes and at a specialized position and direction.View full abstractDownload PDF (643K) -
Kiyosada HIROI, Abdullah Al MAMUN, Tomikichi WADA, Yoji TAKEOKA1990 Volume 59 Issue 4 Pages 815-823
Published: December 05, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study was undertaken to (I) clarify the gross morphology of the panicle from the view point of growth and differentiation and (II) observe the variation in the panicle structure according to species, strains and genomes in the genus Oryza. In this study 41 strains representing 17 species of wild and cultivated rices were used. Among the characters investigated those concerned with growth were the length of panicle, rachis, internode of rachis, primary branch, and secondary branch, and the diameter of neck node of the panicle, and those concerned writh differentiation were the number of primary branch, nodes in primary branch, secondary branches per primary branch and nodes in secondary branch, and percentage of development of secondary branches. There existed a wide range of an interspecific variation in the panicle structure. In Asian race of O. rufipogon, there had been a reduction in respect of growth and differentiation of panicle of the perennial tyrpe during the course of its evolution to annual type. In terms of growth and differentiation, the panicles of the species representing Angustifoliae were inferior to those of the species representing Oryzae. On cluster analysis the strains could be divided into 5 groups based on the degree of growth and differentiation of the secondary branch in the panicle.View full abstractDownload PDF (861K) -
Ryoichi ITOH, Atsuhiko KUMURA1990 Volume 59 Issue 4 Pages 824-829
Published: December 05, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSChanges in potassium (K) concentration (tissue water basis) of various plant parts caused by the soil water deficit were analyzed from their water and K content (dry weight basis). When soil water content (SWC) decreased, K concentration of leaves in all positions and of all parts of stem increased rapidly and was kept high as far as SWC remained low. The cause of this increase changed with time and differed among plant parts. A rapid decrease in tissue water content resulted in an increase in the K concentration of both stem and leaf at the first step of the soil water dificits. After, the period of the water dificits lasted more, K content of the leaf of water stressed plants became higher than that of the control, and this became the major cause of the higher K concentration. On the other hand, the reduction of tissue water content was still the major cause of higher K concentration in the stem. It was suggested that the stem and the root had a role of a reservoir for K, and K concentration of leaves was preferentially regulated at a favorable level at an expense of stem and root K when the period of soil water deficits extended.View full abstractDownload PDF (652K) -
Hui-lian Xu, Atsuhiko KUMURA, Tohru YAMAGISHI, Ryuichi ISHII1990 Volume 59 Issue 4 Pages 830-837
Published: December 05, 1990
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWheat plants were grown outdoors and in an environment-controlled walk-in growth chamber under two levels of soil water. The photosynthetic rates of leaf blades (Pn) and ears (Pg) were measured at every one hour intervals in the light stronger than photosaturation point. Photosynthesis was depressed by soil water deficit during the day irrespective of above-ground conditions. The depression was much larger in leaf blades than in ear, and among the uppermost three leaves the lower the leaf position was, the larger the extent of depression was. The aspect of the diurnal variation of Pn depended on above-ground conditions. On clear days with higher air temperature and lower air humidity, Pn decreased with time in the daytime and recovered in the latter half of the afternoon. On rainy day, Pn depression was not apparent. The diurnal variation of Pg of ear was not apparent under all conditions. The extent of Pn depression in the daytime was smaller in the second leaf than in the third leaf and larger in the flag leaf than in the second leaf. Under the soil water deficient condition Pn depression was larger and Pn recovery was smaller than under the well watered condition. The pattern of diurnal variation of Pn seemed to be determined primarily by above-ground conditions and only slightly affected by the soil water regime, which suggested, in a sense, that these two factors affected Pn almost independently. However, in details, the combined effects of the soil water regime and above-ground conditions were mainly additive but partly synergistic.View full abstractDownload PDF (814K)
- |<
- <
- 1
- >
- >|