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Volume 60, Issue 2
Displaying 1-18 of 18 articles from this issue
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Eiki KURODA, Kazuo HONJYO, Mitsugu HIRANO1991 Volume 60 Issue 2 Pages 213-219
Published: June 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA large number of sterile spikelets were induced by low-temperature at the booting stage of rice plants during the middle to the end of July in 1988. The authors investigated various aspects of occurrence of sterile spikelets and the difference in fertility percentage of spikelets at different sites on the panicle with reference to the difference in heading date among tillers. The difference in heading date between the main stem and the tillers and varietal differences of them were studied by investigating whole stems of planted hills in paddy fields. There was a large varietal difference in the heading date among whole stems on a hill. The difference in heading date between the main stem and each primary tiller in the individual rice plants was divided into the 3 classes. (1) The tillers originating from 4th to 6th main stem nodes (middle tillers) headed earlier than the main stem, and the heading in tillers originating from 2nd and 3rd main stem nodes (lower tillers) delayed ; (2) The heading in the main stem and middle tillers was almost the same, and lower tillers headed later ; (3) The whole primary tillers headed later than the main stem, and the heading in the lower and upper tillers significantly delayed. The fertility percentage significantly varied according to slight differences in heading date, and the individual stems at the same heading date showed great variation in fertility percentage. However, an obvious difference in fertility between the spikelets on the main stems and the tillers was not observed. There were 2 types of spikelet fertility pattern ; i. e. 1) the spikelets located on the upper part of panicle showed the lowest fertility and fertility increased foward the down part of the panicle and 2) little variation in fertility was found according to the spikelet locations on the panicle. Furthermore, fertility percentage of spikelets at each Location on the panicle was almost equivalent between the main stems and the tillers. From the above results, we concluded that the difference in fertility due to different locations on the panicle was influenced by the difference in the developmental stage of spikelets at different locations on the panicle and that it was closely correlated with the difference in susceptibility to low temperature among spikelets on the panicle.View full abstractDownload PDF (804K) -
Takeshi IKEDA1991 Volume 60 Issue 2 Pages 220-224
Published: June 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe rice plants cv. Koshihikari were planted in 1/2000 are pots with three or four hills in four different hill arrangements. The objectives of this experiment were to clarify : (1) bending angles of culms at ripening and/or maturity stages, (2) spreads of culms in hills and (3) curving patterns of the most windward culms, conducting under various wind treatments. The results were as follows: 1) Bending angles were very small at ripening stage where major axes of three hills planted in a straight line were parallel to wind, and also small at maturity stage where major axes of hills were at right angle to wind. 2) Spreads of rice culms were likely to decrease at maturity stage where major axes were parallel or right to wind. 3) The curves drawn by the most windward culms with increasing wind speeds were approximated by quadratic equations.View full abstractDownload PDF (560K) -
Tomio WATANABE, Yoshio TAKEICHI1991 Volume 60 Issue 2 Pages 225-233
Published: June 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present study was conducted to make clear the cause of promotion the sterility due to cool temperature at the booting stage by too much nitrogen application with investigating the relationship among the amount of nitrogen applied as basal dressing, treatment of cutting leaves and location of hills in the field and sterility under the different sunshine condition in 1982 and 1983 when cool-summer damage were occurred in paddy rice plants. The results are as follows. (1) For these two years, the sterility index has increased linearly with the amount of nitrogen and the increasing rate has been higher under the longer sunshine condition. The perfect unhulled rice yield index has decreased linearly under the longer sunshine condition. On the other hand, it indicated the curve of secondary degree with maximum value of about 11 kg/ 1O a of nitrogen under the shorter sunshine condition. (2) The increase of nitrogen application enlarged leaf area and the shading percentage in the space between rows. It prevented the rising of temperature in the space between rows, at the inside of the leaf sheath, of water and of earth on clear day. (3) Improvement of light-intercepting characteristics at the most sensitive stage to cool temperature by the treatment of cutting leaves decreased the sterility. It was caused by the rise in temperature at the inside of the leaf sheath. (4) The sterility of the hills at the edge of field, which received more sunshine, was lower than that at the inside of field. Within the same hill at the nearest furrow to levee in the west side of the field, the sterility of the panicles at the side of levee was lower than that at the side opposite to levee. (5) It can be concluded from these results that one of the causes of promotion the sterility due to cool weather at the booting stage by too much nitrogen application as basal dressing was the obstruction of temperature raising at various points surrounding rice plants with the deterioration of light-intercepting characteristics accompanying overluxuriant growth.View full abstractDownload PDF (1051K) -
Koichi YOSHIDA, Hisayasu SATO, Hisashi UESHIMA, Nobuaki ISHII, Michino ...1991 Volume 60 Issue 2 Pages 234-240
Published: June 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn adzuki beans (Vigna angularis) the degrees of lightness, shade, and uniformity for red color of the seed coat are very important indices on estimation of seed quality in Japan. This study was conducted to evaluate the variation of seed coat color for adzuki beans, which were collected from growers in Hokkaido area in 1987(369 lots) and 1988 (203 lots). Seeds were filled in a cover of petri-dish, adjusted to face without hila, and flattened by pressing with the proper dish. Then, the probe (8 mm in diam.) of a colorimeter was put and moved closely on the surface to measure at different points of visual field. In each seed sample 20 measurements were done and averaged for the values of color indices based on L a b-Color Space. The values of b (degree of yellow), L (lightness), and a (degree of red) varied 34%, 14%, and 8% among seven cultivars, respectively, with higher values of b and L for 0tofuke-shozu, Erimo-shozu, and Takara-shozu. Differences in the seed coat color within cultivars (Erimo-shozu) were detected among locations and years. The values of color indices were associated with the growing period and seed size, being markedly high for b and L at Tokachi District. Seed coat color was widely varied also among growers at the same district, but being much less responsive to post-harvest conditioning (drying period). The values of L, a, and b were closely related to each other within and among cultivars. Obtained data suggest that seed coat color of adzuki beans could be appreciably improved through breeding and management practices.View full abstractDownload PDF (819K) -
Makoto TSUDA, Shinichi TAKAMI1991 Volume 60 Issue 2 Pages 241-246
Published: June 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe increase of heading time in proportion to cumulative water stress (an integrated estimate of the degree and duration of water stress) was demonstrated in a wetland rice cultivar Koshihikari subjected to water stress during early stages of panicle development. Since the yield decrease of rice under drought is generally attended with the delay of the heading time, it was expected that panicle weight might be reduced by water stress imposed at the early panicle development stage. To prove this hypothesis, we conducted an experiment in which the relation between the panicle weight and cumulative water stress was examined. Potted plants of three cultivars differing in maturity (Koshinishiki, Koshihikari and Norin 18) were subjected to different water treatments at the spikelet differentiation stage of development on the main culms. Control plants were kept continuously submerged. In the drought treatment pre-dawn leaf water potential declined during the stress cycle. Such water stress caused delayed heading and decreased panicle weight per plant. The delay in the time of heading and the reduction in panicle weight under drought were proportionally related to the cumulative water stress. The reduction in panicle weight per plant per unit cumulative water stress was greatest in Koshihikari, followed by Norin 18 and Koshinishiki. Such ranking is also seen in the number of spikelets per plant data. The results also suggest that the reduction in the panicle weight by water stress during early stages of panicle development was associated with that in the number of spikelets.View full abstractDownload PDF (710K) -
Nobuo CHONAN, Toshiaki MATSUDA, Tetsuro TSUCHIYA1991 Volume 60 Issue 2 Pages 247-254
Published: June 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRice seedlings of 7.2 in leaf age were transplanted into pots containing culture solution. The control plants received the complete solution and the N-deficient plants received the -N solution. Samples for electron microscopy were cut from the central part of the 7th leaf blades 0, 15 and 34 days after expansion (DAE) . In the control plants, a large amount of starch grains in the chloroplasts from leaves 0 DAE was disappeared and the inner membrane system of chloroplast was more developed at 15 DAE. The decrease in inner membranes and the contraction of chloroplasts were observed at 34 DAE. In the N-deficient plants, however, the decrease in inner membranes and the contraction of chloroplast were occurred at 15 DAE, without disappearance of the starch grains. The protophloem sieve element-companion cell complexes of small bundles showed an apparent degeneration at 0 DAE, but the degeneration was not observed in the metaphloem, in which the P-plastids appeared in the thick-walled sieve elements. In the control plants, a part of the metaphloem had begun to degenerate at 15DAE and the greater part of the metaphloem was degenerating at 34 DAE. In the N-deficient plants, however, an extensive degeneration was observed at 15 DAE. The degeneration of phloem was characterized by the plasmolysis of sieve elements and companion cells, the swelling and breakdown of mitochondria, and the accumulation of osmiophilic globules in the companion cells. It can be considered that the degeneration of metaphloem is closely related to the decline of transport activity in the senescent leaf.View full abstractDownload PDF (1464K) -
Kuniyuki SAITO, Sinya KASIWAGI, Takahiro KINOSITA, Kuni ISHIHARA1991 Volume 60 Issue 2 Pages 255-263
Published: June 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to clarify the characteristics of high yielding rice varieties, total dry matter production, yield and harvest index were compared in 1988 and 1989 among the two early and three medium varieties, which were used in the previous paper, with refference to dry matter accumulation in the panicle. Panicle dry weight increased rapidly after the heading time. The increase was resulted from translocation of the reserves from the stem and leaf (-ΔS) to the panicle and of the assimilates produced after the heading ( ΔW) . Stem and leaf weight decreased after the heading (-ΔS) and reincreased at the late stage of ripening ( + ΔS) . The difference in the amount of -ΔS and +ΔS were observed among the five varieties. Both leaf sheath and culm dry weights decreased after the heading, but the dry weight reincreased only in the culm. These changes in the stem (leaf sheath and culm) dry weight conincided with the changes in total sugar and starch concentrations. In the early varieties, Nan.jing 11 showed higher yield and harvest index (H. I.) as compared with Akihikari owing to larger sink size and larger -ΔS, in spite of a little smaller Δw. In the medium varieties, higher yield and smaller H. I. in Musasikogane than those in Nipponbare were due to larger Δw and larger +Δ S, respectively ; higher yield and H. I. in Milyang 23 than those in Nipponbare were due to larger ΔW and the smallest reincrease in + ΔS ; Milyang 23 showed the highest yield and H. I. among the three varieties because both reserves and assimilates were completely translocated to the panicle which has larger sink size.View full abstractDownload PDF (1049K) -
Kiyoshi TAKAHASHI1991 Volume 60 Issue 2 Pages 264-270
Published: June 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRice coleoptiles usually have two vascular bundles, but grains occasionally have two, three, four or five bundles in some rice cultivars, such as ‘Tokyo-tozo-mochi'. The external or internal factors which affect the number of vascular bundles were investigated using ‘Tokyo-tozo-mochi', one of the Japonica upland rice cultivars. Plants were grown in the pots under natural conditions, then they were transfered into several environmental and cultural conditions within 10 days of 5 th to 15th day after flowering, because it is known that the additional vascular bundles are formed within this period. Among several environmental and cultural conditions, low air temperature (17/12°C, day/night) was most effective to induce the additional vascular bundles in coleoptile. Another set of plants was applied with several plant growth regulators such as ethyene, gibbereillin A3, inodole-3-acetic acid, benzyladenine, abscisic acid and brassinolides through leaf surface by foliar spray during the same period with that in the above experiments. Paclobutrazol (PP-333, inhibitors of gibberellin biosynthesis) was also given to plants through roots by soil application on the 5th day after flowring. Among plant growth regulators, gibbererillin A3 and benzyladenine were most effective as the inducer of additional vascular bundles. Low temperature may affect the formation of additional bundles through enhancing the endogenous level of plant hormones such as gibberellin.View full abstractDownload PDF (913K) -
Gloria S. CABUSLUY, Librada C. BLANCO, Shigemi AKITA1991 Volume 60 Issue 2 Pages 271-277
Published: June 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe variation of seedling growth, which may affect seedling salt tolerance, of 12 rice cultivars was examined based on the pattern of seedling fresh weight histogram. Some cultivars showed a normal distribution pattern while other cultivars exhibited an irregular or multimodal histogram. The variability in seedling growth histogram almost coincided with that in the embryo weight histogram. After one cycle of selection from a major peak in the seedling fresh weight histogram, the number of peaks in the seedling growth histogram of the next generation plants was considerably reduced. When seedling salt tolerance within the rice cultivar was studied (by growing one-week-old seedlings for 30 days under salinized and control culture solutions), the seedling dry weight histogram of the cultivar in salinized condition coincided well with that of the control. Larger seedling had higher relative weights under salinized conditions, lower sodium ion content, and lower Na/K ratio than smaller plants. Variability in seedling growth within a cultivar, therefore, would affect the quantitative evaluation of salt tolerance (e. g., survival ratio and growth rate) of rice seedling. The possibility of selecting salt-tolerant materials from a given cultivar was also examined. The results were not consistent because of various factors involved in establishing seedling salt tolerance. It is suggested that cultivars should be genetically purified first before they are used in salinity response studies.View full abstractDownload PDF (677K) -
Nobuhiro HIGUCHI, Eizo MAEDA1991 Volume 60 Issue 2 Pages 278-282
Published: June 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe scanning electron microscopy-light microscopy method (SEM-LM), routinely prepared SEM specimens can be reprocessed for light microscopy (LM), is presented. In this method, specimens were embedded with the water-soluble resin glycol methacrylate (GMA), which offers a broad histological stainability for LM, so the present method is applicable to several types of specimens.View full abstractDownload PDF (718K) -
Yoshie S. MOMONOKI, Tokuhiro MOMONOKI1991 Volume 60 Issue 2 Pages 283-290
Published: June 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo study for physiological role of acetylcholine (ACh) in plant cultivars of yard-long bean, cucumber and radish, the relationship between ACh levels and leaf response with leaf wilting and its recovery by heat stress was compared between cultivars adapted to the tropical zone (tropical evergreen lowland rain forest zone) and to the temperate zone. Potted-plants were exposed to a jet air of warm (30°C) air for 2 min or 3 min using a hair-dryer. Acetylcholine content was determined by a pyrolysis gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector. Cultivars from the tropical zone were distinguished by low degree of wilting and a rapid recovery from wilting. And then, the amount of ACh in tissues was more than 2-10 fold in leaf, stem, node, root than that of cultivars from the temperate zone without stress. Futhermore, ACh content after heat stress changed significantly in leaf, stem, pulvini, node, leaf-blade, petiole and root of plants. Little to no change in ACh content following leaf wilting and recovery by stress was found in cultivars adapted to the temperate zone. Thus, a quick leaf response with leaf wilting and its recovery in cultivars from the tropical zone may be controlled by a rapid ACh movement resulting the enzyme activity of ACh hydrolysis in pulvini, node or root of plants.View full abstractDownload PDF (757K) -
Rewat LERSRUTAIYOTIN, Shoji SIGENAGA, Naoki UTSUNOMIYA1991 Volume 60 Issue 2 Pages 291-297
Published: June 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMalting quality of hexaploid triticale ( × Triticosecale Wittmack) was analysed in comparison with that of barley as a standard, and wheat and rye as parental species, by using the micro-malting method. Triticale malt had higher diastatic power than rye and wheat, and was particularly higher than barley. Malt extract and extract yield of triticale were almost as high as the levels for rye, while those of barley were rather low. An average value of total malting loss obtained from 11 cultivars of triticale was lower than that of hexaploid wheat and malting loss from shoot and root was lower than that of barley and hcxaploid wheat. Total and soluble nitrogen were high in triticale. Steeping period of triticale was shorter than that of barley by about four-fold. The high diastatic power, high malt extract, and short steeping period in triticalc malt seemed to be advantageous industrial brewing characteristics, while high total nitrogen and low germination capacity appeared to be disadvantageous.View full abstractDownload PDF (719K) -
Akio MATSUZAKI, J.Neil RUTGER1991 Volume 60 Issue 2 Pages 298-305
Published: June 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSeven near-isogenic lines which were derived from rice cultivar "Calrose" were sown on June 8, 1985, and transplanted on June 25 at the fourth leaf stage in rice facility of the University of California, Davis. Each plant was marked by a felt pen on every even leaf of main culm to count the number of flag leaf. At leaf number index (LNI) 85 to 95, young panicle length was investigated. At heading stage, all panicles of about 50 plants per genotype were dated their heading date on their flag leaf, and at harvest each panicle was recorded its node location from which it emerged. A high correlation coefficient between LNI and logarithm of young panicle length was obtained in all genotypes, so it was considered that LNI was an excellent index to estimate young panicle developmental stage, when the total number of leaves of genotype was known already. In ES-201, panicle of main culm and tillers headed nearly the same time, whereas in the other 6 genotypes, heading date of main culm was later than that of the first headed tiller panicle. Especially main culm heading of S-201 was delayed more than 2 weeks than that of the first headed tiller panicle. Primary tiller which emerged from 6th node on main culm headed at first in the genotype excluding ES-201. As the 6 genotypes other than ES-201 showed the most advanced young panicles in their 6th node at LNI 85 to 95, above-mentioned behavior seems to bc a characteristic of these genotypes. Heading date of main culm in M- 302 and S- 201 was prolonged by low temperature compared to that of Calrose 76 and M7, respectively. This might be based on their tolerance to low temperature for the uppermost internode elongation. An early heading genotypes showed less number of flag leaf (M-101) or higher leaf emergence rate (ES-201) than that of later ones (M7 and S-201), respectively.View full abstractDownload PDF (788K) -
Hiroyasu MICHIYAMA, Hitoshi SAKA1991 Volume 60 Issue 2 Pages 306-311
Published: June 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe examined the changes of the endogenous ethylene levels in the leaf sheaths and the panicle in the life cycle of rice plants. The ethylene concentrations in the gas air squeezed from the leaf sheaths ranged from 12 nl/l to 22 nl/l in the active-tillering stage. Then, the ethylene was decreased to the concentrations of 6 nl/l-8nl/l in the early panicle formation stage. A peak of ethylene concentration in the leaf sheath was observed at the heading and anthesis stage. At this stage the ethylene concentrations were 16 nl/l to 18 nl/l. Ethylene was hardly detected in the leaf sheaths 14 days after heading. The tendencies mentioned above were observed in the fluctuation profiles of the ethylene contents per leaf sheath and also in the fluctuations of the ethylene content per 1g fresh weight of leaf sheath. During vegetative growth stage, ethylene concentration was higher in the older leaf sheath (the fourth leaf sheath from the uppermost leaf unfolded) than in the younger one, although this tendency was not observed during the reproductive growth stage. In the panicle, ethylene level was remarkably higher than that in the leaf sheaths. The ethylene concentration in the squeezed gas air from the panicle was 97 nl/l at the heading and anthesis stage. The concentration increased rapidly after anthesis and reached 220 nl/l fourteen days after heading. As the gas air content in a panicle gradually decreased after anthesis, the ethylene contents per panicle and 1g fresh weight of panicle showed a peak at around the heading and anthesis stage.View full abstractDownload PDF (697K) -
Atsushi OYANAGI, Akiko SATO, Michihiro WADA1991 Volume 60 Issue 2 Pages 312-319
Published: June 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSGrowth angles of inclination of primary seminal roots for 133 Japanese wheat varieties were examined in an agar medium. Germinated seeds were set on a 0.2% agar medium and the initial emergence directions of the primary seminal roots were adjusted horizontally. Two days after setting, growth angle of inclination, defined as the angle between the root growth direction and the horizontal direction, was measured with a protractor. Root geotropic responses of the varieties were represented by the values of the growth angles of inclination of the roots. Varietal variation was found in the growth angles of primary seminal roots. The inclination angles ranged from the smallest, 4 °for Minaminokomugi, to the largest, 64°for Norin 58. Varieties which were bred in the northern part of Japan had large root growth angles and varieties which were bred in the southern part of Japan had small root growth angles. Prostrate-type or high degree of winter habit varieties had large root growth angles. On the other hand, erect-type or low degree of winter habit varieties had small root growth angles. As results of an additional experiment, no significant difference in root elongation rates and in root diameters was found between Minaminokomugi and Norin 58.View full abstractDownload PDF (742K) -
Jen-Hsien WENG, Ching-Yih CHEN1991 Volume 60 Issue 2 Pages 320-321
Published: June 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (333K) -
Makoto NAKATANI, Michitaka KOMEICHI1991 Volume 60 Issue 2 Pages 322-323
Published: June 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (377K) -
Yukio SUGIMURA, Nao TOI1991 Volume 60 Issue 2 Pages 324-331
Published: June 05, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (870K)
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