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Volume 61, Issue 3
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Youji NITTA, Kiyochika HOSHIKAWA1992 Volume 61 Issue 3 Pages 339-348
Published: September 05, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe formations of the crown root primordia in the unelongated stem portion of rice plant at 21 days after heading were investigated by light microscope as every serial cross sections with consideration to the position of crown root primordia. Our detailed anatomical observations revealed that regardless of the rooting bands, the root primordia were most frequently formed just below the nodal plate and rarely formed above the nodal plate, with changing numbers of root primordia successively throughout all the unelongated stem portion above around the 4th node. In general, the root primordia were formed more in number, externally in the upper portions of the stem, and internally in the portion where peripheral cylinder of longitudinal vascular bundles (PV) was not divided by the large vascular bundle of leaf sheath and various vascular bundles such as nodal vascular anastomoses developed. These results did not fit the well-known 'Nodal root' and the 'Shoot unit' related to the position of root primordia initiation, hence, we propose the new 'unit' consisting of three positions, that is, 'Divided Portion (DP)I', 'DP II', and 'non-DP' by considering the form of the PV in cross sections.View full abstractDownload PDF (1324K) -
Akiko SATO, Kazuhiro SUENAGA, Hiroyuki TAKADA, Kazumi KAWAGUCHI1992 Volume 61 Issue 3 Pages 349-355
Published: September 05, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe emergence and survival of tillers and their contribution to yield of three varieties, Asakazekomugi, Norin 61 and Norin 64, were examined in four different soils to find the limiting factors to grain yield. Grain yield was the highest in Gray Lowland Soil (GLS) and lower in Red Soil (RS), Thick High-humic Andosol (THA) and Light-colored Andosol (LCA). Lower yields in the three soils were caused by a small number of spikes. In RS the emergence of Tc (coleoptile tiller), T1-T3 (tillers in the axils of first-third main atem leaves) and T1P (tiller in the axil of T1 prophyll) were the same as those in GLS, but the survival rates of these tillers were lower. The emergence and survival rates of TR (other tillers) were also lower than those in GLS. In THA and LCA the emergence rates of Tc, T1, T1P, and TR were lower than those in GLS. These rusults suggested the need of supplementary nitrogen application from January in RS and phosphoric-acid application before seeding in THA and LCA. Norin 64 had higher emergence and survival rates of T1 than the other two varieties, resulting in the higher yield in THA and LCA.View full abstractDownload PDF (753K) -
Yusuke GOTO, Mitsuo SAITO1992 Volume 61 Issue 3 Pages 356-363
Published: September 05, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSUnder the two types of nitrogen dressing which prevail in Miyagi prefecture, rice cv. Sasanishiki was cultivated in the paddy field, and the tillering pattern was analyzed. One type of nitrogen dressing is 3.0 g N m-2 for basal dressing and 1.0 g N m-2 at the early panicle formation stage (N 3.0 plot); the other is 4.5 g Nm-2 for basal dressing only (N4.5 plot). Primary tillers emerged from the second (T2) to the seventh (T7) node of main stem, and secondary tillers mainly from T3 and T4. Number of tillers increased more rapidly in N4.5 plot than in N3.0 plot, and plant age expressed by the leaf number of the main stem advanced more rapidly in N4.5 plot. At vigorous tillering stage, t he tiller increasing curve of N4.5 plot plotted against the plant age overlapped with that of N3.0 plot. On the contrary, the number of tillers in N4.5 plot showed slightly higher than that of N3.0 plot, supposing all tillers emerged according to the Katayama's synchronous theory. The authors inferred that this inconsistency was due to differences in growth speed (leaf expansion rate) between the main stem and each primary tiller.View full abstractDownload PDF (933K) -
Gen-ichi HIRAI, Hiroyoshi CHUJO, Osamu TANAKA, Takashi HIRANO, Masayo ...1992 Volume 61 Issue 3 Pages 364-368
Published: September 05, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effect of relative humidity (RH) on the growth and dry matter production of rice seedlings was investigated at the early vegetative stage. Plants were grown for 10 days under 60 or 90% RH at 12-hr day/12-hr night temperatures of 22/18 (low), 28/24 (moderate) and 34/30 (high) °C. Dry matter production of the plants grown at 90% RH was higher at low and moderate temperatures, but much lower at high temperature than that of the plant grown in 60% RH. The increase of root dry weight was more influenced by RH than that of the top dry weight. Thus, the relative value of top weight to root weight (T-R ratio) of the plant grown under 90% RH decreased at the low temperature, but increased at the high temperature, as compared with that of the plant grown under 60% RH. At the moderate temperature, T-R ratio of the plant grown in 90% RH was almost the same as that of the plant grown in 60% RH. These results indicate that the effect of humidity on growth and dry matter production must be considered in association with the temperature.View full abstractDownload PDF (617K) -
Tomizou YAMAMOTO, Kohei TANAKA, Kazuhiro KADOSHIGE1992 Volume 61 Issue 3 Pages 369-374
Published: September 05, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe Influence of nitrogen release from paddy soils on the grain yield of rice plants was investigated, and the optimum amount of nitrogen fertilizer application was estimated for each of the soil nitrogen level. The amount of soil nitrogen released (SNR) from paddy soil was estimated theoretically by the kinetic method. The result showed that the amounts differed remarkably among soils. The amount of soil nitrogen absorbed (SNA) by rice plants was estimated from the nitrogen accumulated in the rice plants grown in the field with no nitrogen fertilizer. The average value of SNA/SNR was 70-80%. The yields of Nishihomare increased in proportion to the amount of SNA when the amount of SNA was less than 8 kg/ 10 a. The yield reached the plateau when it was about 9 kg/10 a and the yield did not increase in the field having above 9 kg/10 a of SNA. Consequently, it was recognized that the decrease of the amount of nitrogen fertilizer application was needed in that field. In the case of Hinohikari, a high quality rice variety, the optimum amount of basal nitrogen was 6 kg/10 a in the field where soil nitrogen level was low, 4.5 kg/10 a in the field where SNA was 7-8 kg/10 a, and less than 4.5 kg/10 a where SNA was more than 8 kg/10 a.View full abstractDownload PDF (754K) -
Tsuguhiro HOSHINO, Yoshinori TANIGUCHI, Seiji ITO1992 Volume 61 Issue 3 Pages 375-379
Published: September 05, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effect of harvesting time on wheat qualities was investigated with three main cultivars in Tohoku district, Kitakamikomugi, Koyukikomugi and Nanbukomugi from 1988 to 1990. These cultivars were harvested at pre-maturity, maturity and post-maturity by combine and the grains were dried at about 35°C by air-forced oven until 12% moisture content. The grain and 60% extraction flour were analyzed for crude protein and ash content. The dough characters were exmamined by Brabender machines. The ash content of 60% extraction flour, straight flour and ship stuff, and sedimentation value had statistically significant differences among the harvesting times. But the crude protein content of grain and 60% flour and ash content of grain were not significant. The ash content decreased and milling efficiency quotient increased in the late harvesting time. The flour extraction (%) was significant among harvesting times but its differences were very small. The B/M and milling score increased but semolina production rate decreased in the late harvesting time. Farinogram characteristics changed into tight dough, while extensogram characteristics changed into runny dough in late harvesting time. It is concluded that the better quality wheat could be harvested by late harvesting time if heavy rain is not encountered.View full abstractDownload PDF (616K) -
Kazuo TERASHIMA, Shigemi AKITA, Nagao SAKAI1992 Volume 61 Issue 3 Pages 380-387
Published: September 05, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe objective of this series is to investigate the relationships between root lodging tolerance and root characteristics of rice (Oryza sativa L.). In this paper, the pushing resistance was measured in different cultivating conditions and among cultivars including Japanese and USA varieties by the method developed by Uemura et al., to evaluate the contribution of anchorage ability of each rice cultivar to the root lodging tolerance. High negative correlation was found between pushing resistance and root lodging degree of each cultivar examined. Sowing depth and water management affects the pushing resistance, but the effect of sowing density in a row on the pushing resistance was not clear. Varietal difference in pushing resistance was larger compared with the variation of pushing resistance with the change of cultivating condition mentioned above. Improved cultivars of USA and semidwarf (and long ear) Indica cultivars used in this experiment showed higher pushing resistance than Japanese cultivars examined. The higher variation of pushing resistance among cultivars than that by culture practices indicates that the breeding of cultivars with higher root lodging tolerance could be a possible way to improve lodging tolerance of direct sowing rice.View full abstractDownload PDF (909K) -
Osamu SASAKI1992 Volume 61 Issue 3 Pages 388-393
Published: September 05, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study was undertaken to clarify the variation of the leaf sizes as well as the number and diameters of the crown roots in rice plant, that had been subjected to high water-temperature (35°C) at the different developmental stages of the leaf and crown roots primordia. Control plants were kept continuously at 30°C water-temperature. High water-temperature decreased both the length and the width of leaf blade. In this case, high water-temperature at the stage of emergence of a given leaf decreased exceedingly blade length of the adjacent younger leaf and blade width of the further adjacent younger leaf. High water-temperature did not show any significant variation in the sheath length. High water-temperature at each stage before the emergence of the crown root decreased the total number of crown roots that emerged, except at the stage of initiation of crown root primordia-which increased in their number. At the stage before the initiation of the crown root primordia, high water-temperature decreased the diameter of both the upper and lower roots that emerged. At the stage from the initiation to the emergence of the crown root primordia, high water-temperature decreased the diameter of the lower root, but increased the diameter of the upper root.View full abstractDownload PDF (665K) -
Mokoto NAKATANI, Yasunori KODA1992 Volume 61 Issue 3 Pages 394-400
Published: September 05, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPotato tuber-inducing activities in the extracts of nine species of plants which formed underground storage organ were compared by tissue culture system of single-node segments of potato stems in vitro. Among the extracts from top organs of the plants, the potato tuber-inducing activities were found in aqueous fraction from sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) and in acid ethyl acetate (AE) fractions from sweet potato, Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus), yacon (Polymnia sonchifolia), cassava (Manihot esculenta) and field horsetail(Equisetum arvense). The active substance in AE fraction from sweet potato was purified by HPLC and identified as jasmonic acid by EI mass spectrometry. The activity in AE fraction of field horsetail seemed to relate with abscisic acid by purification using HPLC. The extracts from top organs of purple arrowroot (Canna edulis), taro (Colocasia esculenta), elephant foot (Amorphallus konjac) and sweet potato-related wild species which formed no tuberous root (Ipomoea trifida) showed no or low activities. The activity of AE fraction from tubers of Jerusalem artichoke was very high. The high activities were also found in AE fractions from stolon of Jerusalem artichoke, tuber and tuberous root of yacon and tuberous root of sweet potato and cassava. The extracts from thickening stem of purple arrowroot, tuber of taro, corm and cormlet of elephant foot showed no or low activities. From the above results, these plants were categorized from the point of view in the similarity in physiological mechanism of formation of underground storage organ with that of potato. Tuber crops in which tubers are formed after cessation of stem growth seem to have similar mechanism of tuber formation with potato. Some root crops also have some similarities. On the other hand, the similarities with potato seem to be low in tuber crops in which tubers thicken from the base of stem.View full abstractDownload PDF (821K) -
Koji ITO, Shinobu INANAGA, Takashi MORIMUNE, Yasuyuki ISHII1992 Volume 61 Issue 3 Pages 401-411
Published: September 05, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe relation of internode elongation of stem to night respiration in shoot of napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach, cv. Merkeron) was investigated. The changes of the night respiratory rates with the normal growth of plant accompanying the internode elongation were measured (Expt. 1) and were also compared with the changes in the dwarfed plants, of which internode elongation was severely suppressed by spraying a 0.538% (L L-1) solution of paclobutrazole (Expt. 2, 3). The temperature coefficient, QSUP10 of respiratory rate was estimated to be 1.94 for both of control and dwarfed plants. The respiratory activities of leaf blade and stem with leaf sheath decreased with the growth of plant and the latter decreased more significantly than the former (Expt. 1, 3). This reduction in stem was slower in dwarfed plants than in normal, while the respiratory activity of leaf blade was not affected by the growth retardant (Expt. 3). The maintenance respiratory activities (M) were estimated by statistical analyses using the data on respiration, assimilation and dry weight of shoot (Expt. 1, 2). Values of M for the normal plants appeared to be comparatively low among those hitherto obtained for other crops, and the values for dwarfed plants were higher than those for control plants. It was inferred that the elongation and subsequent senescence of internodes in the normally growing napiergrass contributed to lessen the loss of photosynthate through respiration.View full abstractDownload PDF (1127K) -
Osamu KUSUDA1992 Volume 61 Issue 3 Pages 412-418
Published: September 05, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn sample survey on field experiment, samples have to be sampled at random in principle, but samples are often taken systematically due to restriction of time, labor and plot area. In order to get information on precision of the sampling methods in survey of quantitative characters in a hand-transplanted rice field, the error of some sampling methods were compared with that of random sampling. The characters surveyed were tiller number, panicle number and fresh weight both at maximum tiller number and full heading stage. The following sampling method was simple and precise at both growth stage, because its error was almost equal to the error of random sampling: split the experimental plot into four sub-plots by bisectors of length and width, then, sample continuous 10 hills in the direction of a planting row from two sub-plots located diagonally. At full heading stage, when CV of these characters were small, the other two sampling methods were also practical: (1)Sample continuous 20 hills in the direction of a planting row. (2)First, sample continuous 10 hills in the direction of a planting row, then change row to be sampled to the next one on the right or left side, then sample continuous 10 hills in the same direction.View full abstractDownload PDF (800K) -
Taiichiro OOKAWA, Kuni ISHIHARA1992 Volume 61 Issue 3 Pages 419-425
Published: September 05, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSVarietal difference of lodging resistance in paddy rice was studied using nine Japanese cultivars and thirteen foreign cultivars (cv. Kamenoo : KA, Aikoku : AK, Koshihikari : KO, Dobashi 1 : DO, Fujiminori : FU, Reimei : RE, Nipponbare : NI, Musashikogane : MU, Akenohoshi : AK, Chugoku 117 : C117, Taichung 189 : T189, Tainung 67 : T67, Bahia : BAH, Ballila : BAL, M-302 : M302, Lemont : LE, Blue Bonnet : BB, Zenith : ZE, Jaguary : JA, Arborio : AR, Milyang 23 : M23, Nanjing 11 : N11). Japanese long culm cultivars were more susceptible to lodging compared with foreign cultivars, because the breaking strength which indicated the minimum force required to break the basal (the 5th from the top) internode of the main culm with leaf sheaths was much smaller, ranging from 1000 to 1200 g. On the contrary, some long and short culm cultivars did not lodge until the harvest, because these cultivars maintained the large breaking strength of the basal internode with leaf sheaths during grain filling period, ranging from 2100 to 2600 g. The reasons why the breaking strength of the culm with leaf sheaths was different among the cultivars were as follows. In Japanese cultivars, as leaf sheath died down earlier, the degree to which the culm was reinforced by leaf sheath covering was smaller, and the breaking strength of the basal internode was also smaller compared with those of foreign cultivars. Taichung 189, Tainung 67, Chugoku 117, Akenohoshi and Milyang 23 showed the high breaking strength of the basal internode which was mainly based on reinforcement due to leaf sheath covering, the large area of the basal internode cross section and the large bending stress in the basal internode. Approximately, the increase of the breaking strengh of the basal internode was doubled due to leaf sheath covering in Akenohoshi, and was tripled due to the larger area of the basal internode cross section in Milyang 23, as compared with that of Koshihikari, respectively.View full abstractDownload PDF (855K) -
Toshiro KURODA, Kenji KOHRI, Seiichi KUMANO1992 Volume 61 Issue 3 Pages 426-432
Published: September 05, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo clarify the influence of planting density on podding of soybeans, field experiment was conducted in terms of the identification of the raceme order (RO). Soybean cultivars 'Tatisuzunari' and 'Tamahomare' were grown at three planting densities (6.25, 12.5, 25.0 plants/m2) for the investigation of flowering and podding. The flowering of raceme started orderly from lower ROs including zero-and 1st-order, and then extended toward higher ROs without showing the density and cultivar effects. The total amount of flowers per plant was reduced in higher density, especially on account of higher ROs. It was shown that podding efficiency of 'Tamahomare' rose in higher density by the contribution of lower ROs. On the other hand, 'Tatisuzunari' showed slight decreace of the efficiency in higher density, which was derived from the unstability on higher ROs. The reduction of total amount of ripened pods per plant was severe in higher density, but the number in lower ROs was less decreased. Pods per unit area increased in higher density owing to increasing pods in lower ROs. It was suggested that the increasing yield of soybean in higher density relates to the spreading of the share of pods on main stems together with that of lower ROs.View full abstractDownload PDF (756K) -
Koh-ichiro ASANUMA, Thomas Basuglo BAYORBOR, Kiyoshi KOGURE, John ANIM ...1992 Volume 61 Issue 3 Pages 433-438
Published: September 05, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effect of nitrogen fertilizer on biomass production, nodulation, seed yield and CO2 exchange was determined in soybean (Glycine max Merr. cv. Akiyoshi) grown in a pot sand culture in a glasshouse. Plants received nutrient solutions containing either no nitrogen (0N), 100 ppm (1N) or 200 ppm (2N). Dry matter accumulation and leaf area increased with increasing levels of supplied nitrogen, while nodule development was significantly suppressed. Yield and the level of nitrogen fertilizer did not significantly affect its components, although 2N gave a slightly higher 100 seed weight and total seed yield per plant. Apparent photosynthesis and respiration of shoot reflected the plant size, but respiration of underground organs was related to the degree of nodule development. The results indicated that excessive application of nitrogen accelerated the growth of vegetative organs, but did not increase seed yield, and that this might be due to high carbon consumption by underground organs compared with the whole synthesized carbon by shoots.View full abstractDownload PDF (671K) -
Md. Abdul KARIM, Eiji NAWATA, Shoji SHIGENAGA1992 Volume 61 Issue 3 Pages 439-446
Published: September 05, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEffects of saline irrigation on the dry matter production and mineral ions distribution in different parts of the plant in two cultivars of hexaploid triticale, Welsh and Currency, were investigated in the glasshouse irrigated with sodium chloride solutions at concentrations of 0, 25, and 50 mM. Comparison of dry matter production in the grains between the two cultivars suggested that Currency was more salt-tolerant than Welsh. Reduction of dry matter in the leaves and culm of the treated plants was more or less similar in the two cultivars. Dry matter of husks in Welsh was reduced more than that in Currency although roots showed opposite result. Sodium and chloride concentrations in all parts of the treated plants were in general increased in both cultivars. The increasing tendency of these ions in all parts of the plant in Welsh was higher than in Currency, except in the roots. Roots in treated plants of Currency showed more or less similar concentration of sodium and higher concentration of chloride compare to those in Welsh. It is, therefore, suggested that quantitative accumulation of sodium and chloride in some parts of the plant is related to the salt tolerance of hexaploid triticale cultivars. Potassium accumulation was increased in all parts of the treated plants in both cultivars except in the culm, which showed a decreasing accumulation. The tendencies of calcium and magnesium accumulation were different between two cultivars and among different parts of the plant. Therefore, the roles of these three ions in relation to salt tolerance were not clear.View full abstractDownload PDF (782K) -
Fwu-Fenn HOU, Fu-Sheng THSENG1992 Volume 61 Issue 3 Pages 447-453
Published: September 05, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo establish methods for screening of the flooding tolerance of soybean seed, the effects of water conditions and environmental factors on germination were studied both in the laboratory and in the greenhouse. The results indicated that seed damage may be a factor affecting of germination. We suggested that seeds used for testing should be free from disease and without damaged testa. Significant correlation between data obtained in the laboratory and soil indicated that flooding tolerance of soybean seeds could be evaluated in the laboratory. The procedures for screening soybean seed flooding tolerance were as follows : 1) Seeds were soaked for 4 days at 25°C in the test tube containing 90 ml distilled water after sterilization with 70% ethanol for 30 sec. 2) After soaking, seeds were left on dry filter paper for air drying for about 6 hours, 3) Dried seeds were put in the petri dish containing 2 pieces of moist filter paper and moved to 25°C incubators for germination 4) Germination of seeds was determined 4 days after incubation and 5) Flooding tolerance was expressed as a percentage of germination.View full abstractDownload PDF (690K) -
Tetsuo SATAKE, Masahiro SHIBATA1992 Volume 61 Issue 3 Pages 454-462
Published: September 05, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe divided the developmental processes from microspore differentiation to fertilization into 4 phases and defined the component relating to fertilization in each phase. The percentage of fertilization was expressed by the product of the 4 components which are the number of differentiated microspores (X1), the percentage of developed pollen grains (X2), the percentage of shed pollen grains (X3) and the fertilization efficiency of shed pollen grains (X4). There were greate varietal differences in the percentage of fertilization and the contribution degrees of these components to fertilization. The contribution ratio of these components to fertilization was estimated by multiple regression analysis, using 19 rice varieties differing in cooling tolerance. The first 3 components (X1, X2 and X3) explaind 82% of the variation among the varieties in the percentage of fertilization of spikelets cooled at the critical stage. The 4th component, which is the product of the percentage of pollen germination on the stigma and the fertilization efficiency of germinated pollen grains, was not estimated in this paper. Somewake, Akage, Kitaake, Dohokumochi 18, Chubo 42 and Hayayuki are expected as donors with high capacity for X1, Somewake, Hamaasahi, Kitaake, Todorokiwase, Hayayuki and Kochiminori as donors with high capacity for X2, and Sorachi, Chubo 42, Hayayuki and Kitaake as donors with high capacity for X3. The concept of fertilization-components is useful as tools to indentify genetic sources and donors of cooling tolerance, and to analyse physiological mechanisms of cooling tolerance.View full abstractDownload PDF (948K) -
Makoto NAKATANI, Michitaka KOMEICHI1992 Volume 61 Issue 3 Pages 463-468
Published: September 05, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRelationship between starch content and the activity of starch synthase and ADP-glucose pyrophos-phorylase in tuberous roots of sweet potato was investigated using several cultivars. No correlation was observed between soluble starch synthase activity and dry matter content and between total starch synthase activity and starch content of tuberous root. ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase activity per fresh weitht of tuberous root correlated positively to starch content of cultivars. And the changes in the activity of this enzyme during growth were similar to those in the starch content. From these results, it is thought that ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase is one of the key enzymes in starch accumulation in tuberous root of sweet potato.View full abstractDownload PDF (651K) -
0h Chang KWON, Chung Han CHUNG, Tadahiko SATO, Takeshi TANIGUCHI, Eizo ...1992 Volume 61 Issue 3 Pages 469-475
Published: September 05, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSUltrastructural observations were undertaken to study the viability of fusion products by electrofusing the protoplasts from the mesophyll cells of pansy leaves and the cultured callus cells of wild viola petioles. The result showed that the fusion product was formed between the two different protoplasts and two distinct regions were observed in its cytoplasm ; one region contained chloroplasts from pansy mesophyll and the other, plastids from wild viola callus. In other cases, however, the fusion product was seen which might be derived from merely the wild viola protoplasts because of the lack of well-developed chloroplasts. Also, other cellular components, such as nuclei, endoplasmic reticula, small vesicles and osmiophilic granules, were clearly found in the fusion products. Further, the fate of fused protoplasts is discussed on the basis of the ultrastructural features.View full abstractDownload PDF (1467K) -
Tiemi NAKAMURA, Takeshi TANIGUCHI, Eizo MAEDA1992 Volume 61 Issue 3 Pages 476-486
Published: September 05, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDevelopment of somatic embryos from coffee leaf explants has been studied in detail by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Friable embryogenic callus is formed by single spherical cell aggregates of about 20μm diameter. They are the putative initial cells of somatic embryos or embryo mother cells. The fine structure of somatic embryos was clearly identified during the following sequential developmental stages : single spherical cell, early globular shape with conspicuous suspensor, typical globular shape, elongated shape, early heart shape, typical heart shape, torpedo shape, and finally cotyledonary stage embryo with well-developed suspensor. The high frequency of somatic embryos was found in callus tissues derived from mature leaves under a two-step culture method. Low frequency somatic embryogenesis was found on the leaf edges associated with very small callus formation. Low frequency somatic embryos were observed only in young leaves under the one-step culture method. In this SEM investigation, it is demonstrated that the sequential events leading to coffee somatic embryogenesis arise through one unicellular pathway derived from coffee somatic embryo mother cells. A schematic representation of the sequential stages of coffee somatic embryo development is provided.View full abstractDownload PDF (1368K) -
Salak PHANSIRI, Hiroshi MIYAKE, Eizo MAEDA, Takeshi TANIGUCHI1992 Volume 61 Issue 3 Pages 487-493
Published: September 05, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSProtoplasts were enzymatically isolated from soybean suspension cells and were cultured in a liquid medium. The reappearance of cell wall at the surface of naked protoplasts was studied by fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy. Using fluorescence microscopy (Calcofluor White staining method), the cultured protoplasts regenerated new cell walls only a few minutes after isolation and protoplasts were completely covered with new wall material after 9-7 12 h. The first division of the protoplasts was found 15 h after culture and often observed after 1-2 d culture. These regenerated cell walls could be digested with cellulase but not pectinase. By scanning electron microscopy, the wall materials deposited on the surface of protoplast were observed. After 9 h culture, short fibrils attached to projections on the plasma membrane. After that, long fibrils were formed and spread over the surface. After 1 d culture, the fibrous materials which had already deposited on the surface transformed to complex wall structure. The dividing protoplast was also observed after 12 h culture.View full abstractDownload PDF (848K) -
Teresita O. GALAMAY, Akira YAMAUCHI, Jiro TATSUMI, Yasuhiro KONO1992 Volume 61 Issue 3 Pages 494-502
Published: September 05, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA cereal root system consists of different axile roots that develop sequentially, i.e. (a) seminal root(s) (SR), mesocotylar roots (MR), nodal roots which originate from coleoptilar node (coleoptilar nodal root (CNR)), those from the 1st node (1 NR) and so on. The main objective of this study was to examine the histological features of basal parts of these roots with special reference to the occurrence of heterorhizy in cortical sclerenchyma development. Job's tears, Japanese barnyard millet, and pearl millet were planted in root boxes and grown in a growth chamber, with air temperature maintained at 25°C. The root systems were sampled at the 7th leaf expansion stage. In SRs and MRs, cortical sclerenchyma development was not observed among the three species. Some of the MRs in Japanese barnyard millet and pearl millet lacked the central metaxylem vessel. In all the species examined, it was CNR that first developed cortical sclerenchyma in the process of root system formation. In half of the CNRs observed for pearl millet, however, cortical sclerenchyma development was absent, suggesting that its development is quite plastic. Subsequently, its development was also recognized in 1 NRs and 2 NRs. Histological characteristics of this tissue were less distinct in the CNRs, while they were most distinct in the 2 NR. This result suggests that cortical sclerenchyma development in the axile roots of the species proceeded with the progress of ontogeny.View full abstractDownload PDF (1687K) -
Taka MURAKAMI, Daijiro HOSOKAWA, Yuko OHASHI1992 Volume 61 Issue 3 Pages 503-510
Published: September 05, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSLocalization of the product of a bacterium-originated reporter gene (β-glucuronidase: GUS) was studied using histochemical and electron-immunocytochemical methods in transgenic tobacco plants introduced by GUS reporter gene with no targeting signals. In leaf and stem cells the insoluble blue dye associated with GUS gene product was found without exception on the subcellular organelles and in the moiety around them in the cytoplasm. However, in the cells with higher GUS activity, uniform blue color was often observed all over the cell as if blue ink had dissolved. When such cells, which have high GUS activity, were treated with 1 M KNO3 solution, the closed area with blue uniform color began to shrink and could be distinguished from cytoplasm and the cell wall as a result of plasmolysis. The blue round compartment was very similar to a vacuole which could also be detected as a red closed area after neutral red-staining and plasmolysis. GUS localization was further studied electron microscopically by the method of protein A-immunogold. Many gold particles were found in the electron-dense small bodies in vacuoles, however they were sparsely found in the other areas. These results indicated that GUS was produced in the cytoplasm, and was finally secreted into the vacuole in these cells.View full abstractDownload PDF (1155K) -
Teresita O. GALAMAY, Akira YAMAUCHI, Toshihiro NONOYAMA, Yasuhiro KONO1992 Volume 61 Issue 3 Pages 511-517
Published: September 05, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study aimed to examine the effects of different soil moisture conditions (waterlogging, moderate, drought) on acropetal lignification in protective tissues (hypodermis, cortical sclerenchyma, endodermis) in the 1st nodal roots of Job's tears (waterlogging tolerant, drought susceptible), Japanese barnyard millet (walerlogging and drought tolerant), and pearl millet (drought tolerant, waterlogging susceptible). They were grown in root boxes for 41 days. For Job's tears, lignification in the hypodermis and the cortical sclerenchyma tended to be promoted as the soil moisture conditions became drier, and the reduction in shoot dry weight by drought was not very serious. For Japanese barnyard millet, lignification in the hypodermis tended to be promoted by wetter conditions, while in the cortical sclerenchyma, drought also tended to promote lignification. The shoot dry weight was only slightly reduced under both coditions. Conversely, in pearl millet, the waterlogging drastically inhibited not only the lignification in the hypodermis but even the differentiation of the cortical sclerenchyma itself. Accordingly, shoot as well as root system growth was severely restricted under the same conditions. In contrast, for pearl millet grown under drought, the lignification was promoted in all the three protective tissues, and the shoot growth reduction was relatively slight. These results strongly suggest that the acropetal lignification in these tissues, especially that of the cortical sclerenchyma, may be closely related to waterlogging and drought tolerances of the crops.View full abstractDownload PDF (1079K) -
Kazuhiro WATANABE, Mikio TSUCHIYA, Tatsuo OGO1992 Volume 61 Issue 3 Pages 518-526
Published: September 05, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMorphological and physiological responses of 19 species of Triticum and its allied plants to NaCl concentration were studied. An interspecific difference was found in the changing patterns of RGR to NaCl concentration in culture solution. The changes in RGR were mainly attributed to those in NAR. Na+ and Cl- contents increased and K+ content decreased with increasing NaCl concentration. There were also interspecific differences in the degree of increase and decrease in the ion contents. The differences in Na+ content in leaf blades was especially large; species with the D genome such as dinkels contained less Na+ in their leaf blades than others. The depressions of photosynthesis by NaCl treatment were small in wild species and large in dinkels. Those depressions were closely related with vapour diffusion resistance (ra'+rs'). In species of which the SLA was more than 240 cm2/g, ra'+rs' increased strikingly when Na+ content in leaf blades was low. On the other hand, in the species of which the SLA was less than 240 cm2/g, ra'+rs' was maintained at low level regardless of Na+ content. It could be, therefore, considered that primarily, the small SLA and secondly, the Na+ content in leaf blades was related to the salt tolerance in Triticum and its allied plants.View full abstractDownload PDF (964K) -
Yoichi TORIGOE, Tetsuro AMANO, Kei OGAWA, Michikazu FUKUHARA1992 Volume 61 Issue 3 Pages 527-535
Published: September 05, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis paper provides the capabilities of discriminating the growing cabbage fields for detecting clubroot disease damage (a soilborne disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor.). Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data obtained on July 28, August 13 and 29 1986, and August 8 1990, were used to examine the approach in the entire area of Tsumakoi-mura of Gunma Prefecture. Principal component analysis revealed that the spectral data could be reduced to three eigenvectors (PC1, PC2 and PC3) with a loss of less than 2 percent of the scene variation. They related to the scene brightness (PC1), wetness (PC2) and greenness (PC3) features. Forest and natural vegetation were clearly separable from agricultural crops by the brightness feature. The difference between the cabbage and potato fields was enhanced by the wetness feature due to the dynamic nature of the drying process in potato plants. Harvesting of cabbage affected the reflectance of all bands. The reflectance of visible and middle-infrared bands increased and that of the near-infrared band decreased with the progress of drying in remaining plants. There was a little confusion between the growing and harvested cabbage fields. The optimal choice of TM data for discriminating the growing cabbage is considered to be the period from the beginning to the middle of August.View full abstractDownload PDF (908K)
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