Japanese Journal of Crop Science
Online ISSN : 1349-0990
Print ISSN : 0011-1848
ISSN-L : 0011-1848
Volume 62, Issue 3
Displaying 1-17 of 17 articles from this issue
  • Katsunori ISOBE, Hideaki FUJII, Yoshio TSUBOKI
    1993 Volume 62 Issue 3 Pages 351-358
    Published: September 05, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    We investigated the ecology and utilization of VA-mycorrhizal fungi in raising soybean plants (Glycine max (L.) Merrill, cv. Enrei). VA-mycorrhizal infection increased the accumulation of phosphoric acid contents at the 50th day after emergence. It was important to satisfy the environmental condition for improvement of the growth and yield by infection of VA-mycorrhizal fungi. Application of superphosphate and ensuing increase of available phosphoric acid decreased mycorrhizal infection rate and spore numbers. It will be diffecult to use of soil phosphoric acid by application of fertilizer of phosphoric acid in soybean culture.
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  • Shigenori MORITA, Keisuke NEMOTO
    1993 Volume 62 Issue 3 Pages 359-362
    Published: September 05, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Growth direction of primary roots is a quite important factor determining distribution of a rice root system. Our group has developed and improved a method for estimating the growth direction of each primary root. We do not have, however, any method to evaluate the spatial distribution of primary roots of a root system and to compare different root systems. In this paper, the root system model was proposed on the assumption that primary roots of the model elongate uniformly in any direction. A consideration of the model showed that (1) the frequency distribution of primary roots with reference to their growth angle θ (to the horizon) was cosθ, (2) the average growth angle of all primary roots was around 32.7°, and (3) the number of primary roots with growth angle of 0-30°was the same as those with 30-90°. The root systems of rice cultivars Musashikogane and IR50 were examined using the model. Both of the root systems were a little sparse in horizontal-oblique direction and a little dense in oblique-vertical direction. A more detailed analysis showed the varietal difference : root system of Musashikogane was deeper than that of IR50. These data indicated the effectiveness of the model as a standard to evaluate root systems.
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  • Tomizou YAMAMOTO, Kouhei TANAKA, Kazuhiro KADOSIGE
    1993 Volume 62 Issue 3 Pages 363-371
    Published: September 05, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Topsoils collected from various regions in Fukuoka Prefecture were incubated and the amount of mineralized nitrogen was measured. The relationship between the mineralized nitrogen amount (N) and the incubation time (t) fitted to the formula : N=N0 (1-e-kt)+B, and the nitrogen mineralization was characterized by the characteristic parameters : N0, N-mineralization potential ; k, mineralization rate constant at 25°C ; and Ea, apparent activation energy. The value of k differed remarkably among soils, and the amount of soil nitrogen released (SNR) increased in the case of paddy soils with high k values. In the same type of soils, or similar k values, the amount of SNR was influenced by the value of N0. The amounts of soil nitrogen absorbed by rice plants (SNA) differed considerably among fields. In the field with low fertility, rice plants uptook soil nitrogen less especially in the early stages in comparison to the field with high fertility. The average value of SNA/SNR was about 35% from transplanting to 25 days after transplanting. The value was 70-80% from 35 days after transplanting to harvesting, indicating that the soil introgen released was efficiently absorbed by rice plants at the later stages. Though the amounts of fertilizer nitrogen uptake differed among fields, the difference was considerably less than that of soil nitrogen uptake. From results of the above field experiment, we proposed the recommended amounts of nitrogen uptake through growth stages for each level of rice yield.
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  • Akiko SATO, Atsushi OYANAGI, Michihiro WADA
    1993 Volume 62 Issue 3 Pages 372-377
    Published: September 05, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Degrees of frost damage were observed for three varieties of winter wheat at the different seeding densities. Shoot nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sugars and starch contents were measured at the internode elongation stage. Grain yield was high in the low seeding density plots (150 seeds/m2) and low in the high seeding density plots (300 seeds/m2). Although the early tillers died from frost damage, the late tillers escaped frost damage in the low seeding density plots. These tillers showed high nitrogen and potassium contents of shoots, so that they bore spikes and contributed much to yield. In the high seeding density plots, shoot nitrogen and potassium contents were small and the later tillers were weakened. Consequently, these tillers did not bear spikes, even after early tillers died from frost damage, so that grain yield showed a marked decrease in the high seeding density plots.
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  • Taiichiro OOKAWA, Kuni ISHIHARA
    1993 Volume 62 Issue 3 Pages 378-384
    Published: September 05, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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    We investigated which cell wall components of the culm affect the bending stress of the culm using seven rice cultivars. A small difference in the cell wall composition was noticed among the cultivars. The relationship between this composition and the varietal difference of the bending stress was not found. In order to clarify the relationship between the quantity of the culm materials and the bending stress, the densities of the cell wall materials (the cell wall contents of the culm per volume of the culm tissue) were compared among cultivars. There was a large varietal difference in the densities of glucose, xylose and lignin. In Tainung 67 and Taichung 189 with a large bending stress, the densities of glucose, xylose and lignin were higher than those in Koshihikari and Fujiminori with a small bending stress. On the other hand, in Milyang 23 with a large section modulus and a small bending stress, the densities of glucose and xylose were as large as those in Tainung 67 and Taichung 189, and the density of lignin in Milyang 23 was as small as those in Koshihikari and Fujiminori. Furthermore, the partial correlation coefficients were calculated among the bending stress, the density of lignin and the density of cell wall monosaccarides. The results showed that density of lignin of the culm was significantly correlated with the bending stress (r=0.81) in the seven cultivars. The results of this study indicate that the density of lignin is the main factor responsible for the varietal difference in the bending stress which is related to the lodging resistance in paddy rice.
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  • Akihito KUSUTANI, Koh-ichro ASANUMA, Kiyoshi KOGURE
    1993 Volume 62 Issue 3 Pages 385-394
    Published: September 05, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In order to investigate the breeding objective on the improvement of rice yield, the yield structures were analyzed and compared among a hundred varieties. By using the mean specific gravity (S), all varieties were divided into two types, I (S : above 1.10) and II (S : under 1.10). And by using the translocating ratio of reserves from the culm and leaf to the grains (T) on yield (Y), they were also divided into three types, A (T/Y : under 19.8%), B (T/Y : 19.8∼35.0%) and C (T/Y : above 35.0%). A hundred varieties were classified into five types that had different yield structures by combining with I, II and A∼C classes. The IC type having the highest yield was very large in the capacity of unhulled rice (NV), high in S and T/Y, but not so large in the assimilates produced after the full heading date (ΔW) and the lowest in ΔW/NV. In this type, S was higher than the other types at the same level of the percentage of ripened grain. It was conjectured that the most important breeding objectives to improve the yield were the magnification of NV for IA type, the incrase of T for IIA type, the magnification of NV and the increase of ΔW for IB and IC types and the increase of ΔW for IIB type, respectively.
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  • Gen-ichi HIRAI, Hiroyoshi CHUJO, Osamu TANAKA, Toshikatsu OKUMURA, Shi ...
    1993 Volume 62 Issue 3 Pages 395-400
    Published: September 05, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The effect of relative humidity (RH) on the dry matter production and nitrogen absorption of rice seedlings (age in leaf mumber of 5) was investigated. Plants were grown for 4 days under 60 or 90% RH at 12-hr day/12-hr night temperatures of 24/20, 28/24, 32/28 and 36/32°C. 1. Dry matter increase of leaves and roots in the plants grown at 90% RH was higher at 24/20 and 28/24°C, but lower at 32/28 and 36/32°C than that of the plants grown in 60% RH. 2. Nitrogen absorption and content of heavy nitrogen of leaves and roots in the plants grown at 90% RH were also higher at 24/20 and 28/24°C, but lower at 32/28 and 36/32°C than those of the plants grown in 60% RH. These results indicate that dry matter increase and nitrogen absorption of rice seedlings are affected by humidity and temperature, with highly significant correlations.
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  • Peiwu WANG, Akihiro ISODA, Guozhi WEI
    1993 Volume 62 Issue 3 Pages 401-407
    Published: September 05, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The leaf movement of soybean under water stress conditions was investigated in terms of canopy structure and leaf temperature. Irrigated and non-irrigated treatment were conducted in concrete plots in the field in Xingjiang, China. Two determinate cultivars with different leaf movement, Heinong 33 (inactive) and Zhengzhuta 2 (active), were used. The leaves of the non-irrigated plot in Zhengzhuta 2 actively moved parallel to the sun rays. The irrigated plots of Zhengzhuta 2 and Heinong 33 also had the paraheliotropic leaf movement, which were not so active as compared with the non-irrigated plot of Zhengzhuta 2. The leaves of the non-irrigated plot in Heinong 33 showed signs of wilting during the day. In Zhengzhuta 2, the leaf temperature of the terminal leaflet of the upper layer in the non-irrigated plot was lower than the air temperature during most of the day. The leaf temperatures of the irrigated plots in both cultivars were a little higher in the morning and lower in the afternoon than air temperature. The non-irrigated plot in Heinong 33 had rather high leaf temperatures as compared with air temperature. Five days after irrigation, the non-irrigated plot of Zhengzhuta 2 had a similar pattern of leaf movement as before the irrigation.
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  • Tokuo SATO, Kyoichi SHIBUYA, Masahiko SAIGUSA, Tokuro ABE
    1993 Volume 62 Issue 3 Pages 408-413
    Published: September 05, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Single application of total nitrogen fertilizer with controlled-release coated urea on non-tilled rice culture (LP-plot) was compared with a conventional application method using easily released nitrogen fertilizer, ammonium sulfate (AS), for both basal and top-dressing (AS-plot). The results obtained were as follows. 1) The growth of rice on LP-plot was relatively inferior to that on AS-plot in the young seedling stage, but superior in plant height, leaf color, number of tiller and dry weight after the beginning of June. 2) A drastic reduction of soil mineral nitrogen due to denitrification occurred in AS-plot just after submerging, and severe nitrogen deficiency of rice, chlorosis, lasted until the top-dressing stage, whereas rice on LP-plot showed normal growth at all times. 3) Brown rice yields of LP-plot in 1990 with a hot summer and in 1991 with a cool summer were 57.1kg/a or 155% of AS-plot and 51.2kg/a or 133% of AS-plot, respectively. The drastic reduction in grain yield of AS-plot seems to be related to decrease of numbers of ears reflecting nitrogen deficiency of plant at the vegetative growth stage. 4) Amounts of nitrogen uptake of rice plants on LP-plot were somewhat inferior to that on AS-plot in the early growth period, but were extremely superior after the active-tillering stage and reached 1.57times of that on AS-plot at the maturing stage. Recoveries of controlled-release coated urea for basal application, AS for basal application, AS applied at panicle formation stage and AS applied at full heading time were 63.2%, 8.5%, 52.8%, and 41.5%, respectively. 5) From the foregoing, we conclude that a single basal application of total nitrogen fertilizer on a non-tilled rice culture is highly effective using controlled-release coated urea.
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  • Takuma GEMMA, Hideho MIURA, Katsumasa HAYASHI
    1993 Volume 62 Issue 3 Pages 414-418
    Published: September 05, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Under the circumstance of measures for reorganizing paddy field utilization in Japan, the aquatic habit and adaptability to cold climates of wild rice (Z. palustris L.) have stimulated interest in the possibility of commercial cultivation in the northern Japan. To investigate the effects of water depth and temperature on the growth at seedling and early vegetative stages, two experiments were carried out. The glasshouse experiment using Netum showed that seedling growth in terms of dry weight at 30 days after transplanting was accelerated by water depth of 2 cm. In the growth cabinet experiment using K2, increases in dry matter occurred in the range of 2 to 6 cm, being due to increased number and size of leaves and roots. Although plant height was not affected or only marginally affected by water depths, spindly growth with narrow and light color leaves appeared when plants were grown at the depths more than 8 cm. Under the controlled environments, seedling growth was much better in plants grown at 20°C than those at 12°C. There were no interactions between temperatures and water depths, suggesting that temperature is an independent factor of water depth.
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  • Md. Abdul KARIM, Eiji NAWATA, Shoji SHIGENAGA
    1993 Volume 62 Issue 3 Pages 419-428
    Published: September 05, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The effect of salinity, 0 and 50 mM NaCl solution, and air temperature, 20/15 ±3°C (day/night) as a low and 30/25 ±3°C (day/night) as a high, on growth, yield, mineral ion concentrations and physiological characteristics in hexaploid triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) was analyzed employing two cultivars, Welsh and Currency. Salinity affected growth and yield more markedly at the high temperature than at low temperature. Currency showed relatively higher salt-tolerance in grain yield than Welsh at high temperature, while at low temperature, the position was reversed. The combined effect of salinity and high temperature decreased seriously the number of fertile spikes and grains per plant compared to other treatments. Osmotic potential was lowered by salinity and the lowest value was observed at high temperature. Stomatal resistance was increased and transpiration rate was decreased by salinity. The resistance was lower and transpiration was higher at high temperature than at low temperature irrespective of saline or non-saline irrigation. Photosynthetic rate was lowered by salinity at both levels of temperature, and the lowest rate was observed at high tmperature. Salinity increased Cl- and Na+ concentrations in the leaves and the increment was great at the high temperature. Salinity decreased the concentrations of K+ in Welsh, while increased in Currency irrespective of temperature levels. Concentrations of Ca++ and Mg++ were decreased by salinity at both levels of temperature.
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  • Salak PHANSIRI, Hiroshi MIYAKE, Eizo MAEDA, Takeshi TANIGUCHI
    1993 Volume 62 Issue 3 Pages 429-437
    Published: September 05, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Protoplasts of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) were isolated from suspension cultures and morphological changes during culture were observed using transmission electron microscopy. The regeneration of cell walls on the surface of the protoplasts was accompanied by the release of smooth vesicles from cytoplasm to the outside plasma membrane. The vesicles were presumed to carry some wall materials from cytoplasm for cell wall formation. With the elapse of time, the wall materials were gradually deposited and a complex cell wall layer was formed 2-3 d after culture. The fine structure of cellulose microfibrils was clearly observed about 3 d after culture using a polysaccharide staining procedure. During the cell wall formation, numerous smooth vesicles were always found between the plasma membrane and newly synthesized cell wall. Nuclear division and subsequent cytokinesis were observed about 1 d after culture. From the results obtained by the present and previous researches, it may be concluded that cell wall formation usually starts earlier than cell division and then both reactions proceed concurrently and that smooth vesicles play an important role in cell wall formation.
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  • Yoshie S. MOMONOKI, Tokuhiro MOMONOKI
    1993 Volume 62 Issue 3 Pages 438-446
    Published: September 05, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The differences in the acetylcholine (Ach)-hydrolyzing activity in tessues and the changes in the enzyme activity after heat stress in yard-long bean, cucumber and radish plaants were determined. Specifically a comparison was made between Malaysian cultivars from the tropical zone and Japanese cultivars from the temperate zone. High Ach-hydrolyzing activity was found in the primary and secondary pulvini of yard-long bean, stem and node of cucumber, and petiole and root of radish. After heat stress, a significant increase in the enzyme activity was found in the same organs of three crops. Contrasted with Japanese cultivars, the ACh-hydrolyzing activity of Malaysian cultivars was more than 2 fold higher. Malaysian cultivars were distinguished by their remarkable changes in enzyme activity after heat stress. Furthermore, the ACh-hydrolyzing activity was inhibited 82-95% by neostigmine bromide, an inhibitor of ACh esterase. The results showed ACh-hydrolyzing activity responded to heat stress. Specifically, there were significant changes of enzyme activity in pulvini of yard-long bean, stem and node of cucumber, and petiole and root of radish after heat stress. Especially, the results demonstrated significant changes of enztme activity in Malaysian cultivars after heat stress.
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  • Saneaki TANAKA, Akira YAMAUCHI, Yasuhiro KONO
    1993 Volume 62 Issue 3 Pages 447-455
    Published: September 05, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This study was conducted to examine whether the root system development in rice plant under different nitrogen (N) application regimes is related to adaptability for heavy manuring (AHM) of the cultivar. Four rice cultivars that differ in AHM were grown in plastic pots (25 cm in diameter, 30 cm in depth), under three N levels, which were equivalent to 5 kg-N/1000 m2 (5 N plot), 10 kg-N/1000m2 (10 N plot) and 30 kg-N/1000 m2 (30 N plot). The plants were harvested 33 days after sowing and at heading stage. In the 33-day-old plants, growth of root system was inhibited with increasing N application, apart from the production of the nodal roots, which was promoted. Although the root responses differed with the cultivars, the differences were not related to those of AHM. On the other hand, in the heading-stage plants, the total number and length of nodal root axes per plant increased. But again, notable differences among the cultivars were not recognized. In contrast, different responses to N application according to AHM of the cultivars was found in lateral root development. The cultivars with AHM showed a substantial increase in total lateral root length per plant at 30 N plot as compared with those in 5 N and 10 N plots, whereas the lateral root growth of the cultivars with high AHM remained relatively unchanged under the different N levels.
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  • Tsuneo KATO, Naoki SAKURAI, Susumu KURAISHI
    1993 Volume 62 Issue 3 Pages 456-461
    Published: September 05, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Two cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa L.) with different grain size were investigated to measure the free ABA contents during grain development. In both cultivars, the content and concentration of endogenous ABA in developing grain increased after heading, and attained a maximum value at about the middle of the linearly increasing period of grain dry weight. The ABA content and concentration subsequently decreased and maintained a low level after the termination of increase in grain dry weight. Higher ABA content was found in cultivar BG 1, which showed a larger grain size and a higher rate of grain filling, than in the other cultivar, Koshihikari, throughout all stages except at heading. The ABA concentration in both cultivars, on the other hand, showed similar values. These results suggest that ABA seems to play some role in assimilate accumulation into rice grain and to cause genetic difference in this process.
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  • Yoshio INOUE, Shinsuke MORINAGA, Michio SHIBAYAMA
    1993 Volume 62 Issue 3 Pages 462-469
    Published: September 05, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Visible and near- and mid- infrared spectral measurements were made on intact and detached leaves of four crop species (Corn, Peanut, Soybean and Wheat) using two spectroradiometers under three different conditions : field measurements under artificial light and solar radiation conditions with and without an integrating sphere, and laboratory measurements with an integrating sphere. In the regions of 1350-1480, 1800-2000, and 2350-2500 nm wavelenghts, measurements of spectral reflectance (ρ) of crop leaves were not possible, even under fully sun-lit conditions due to atmospheric absorption of light in these regions. Relative water content (RWC, %) was well correlated with 1n (ρ1910), ρ1430, and 1n (ρ1650), while water content (WC, H2O mg cm-2) was correlated with ρ1200/ρ1430, ρ1650/ρ1430, ρ800-ρ1200 and ρ1100-ρ1200. Despite very high correlation between those indices and RWC for different crops, no common regression equation was obtained. On the other hand, a common linear relationship was obtained between spectral indices and WC for all four crops irrespective of leaf thickness, chlorophyll content and structure. The first derivative at 1121 nm was also found to be closely related to leaf water status. An obvious spectral shift of inflection point associated with water status was found aroud 2010 nm region. The location of inflection point shifted over a range from 2080 to 1880 nm according to the dehydration of leaves, and the degree of the shift was closely correlated with RWC and WC. Relative leaf water status of intact leaves of drought-stressed and well-watered soybean plants was estimated from spectral measurements in the field.
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  • [in Japanese]
    1993 Volume 62 Issue 3 Pages 470-474
    Published: September 05, 1993
    Released on J-STAGE: February 14, 2008
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