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Volume 74 (2005)
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Volume 74, Issue 3
Displaying 1-21 of 21 articles from this issue
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Agronomy
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Teruhisa Namba2005 Volume 74 Issue 3 Pages 253-259
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: December 22, 2005
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the Nile Delta in 1980's, half of the farmers cultivated rice (Oryza sativa) by the basal application of nitrogen at 10 g m-2 and the remaining half by split application, half at transplanting and half at panicle initiation stages. However, grain (paddy) yield remained as low as 650 g m-2 despite the favorable solar radiation; 26 MJ m-2 d-1 during the cultivation period. In this study, to establish the most suitable nitrogen application method, we cultivated a cultiva Giza 172 by various nitrogen application methods combined with various application rates. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied at four growth stages (split application); transplanting, seven days after transplanting, the beginning of pollen meiosis and full heading. The proportion (%) of split application was 100 - 0 - 0 - 0 (basal application), 50 - 20 - 20 - 10 (split application with priority at the early growth stage), 25 - 25 - 25 - 25 (even split application) and 0 - 40 - 40 - 20 (split application with priority at the late growth stage). The rate of nitrogen application was 6, 12 and 18 g m-2. Under the combination of the split application with priority at the early growth stage and application rate of 18 g m-2, grain (paddy) yield was as high as 1120 g m-2 with 47,000 grains m-2 and 93% ripened grains. The crop growth rate (CGR), leaf area index (LAI) and net assimilation rate (NAR) under this combination were high throughout the growth stage. Under the basal application, LAI rapidly decreased and the number of grains per unit field area was low. Under the even split application and under the split application with priority at the late growth stage, grain yield was low because CGR and LAI were low throughout the growth period. In conclusion, split application of nitrogen, 50% at transplanting, 20% at 7 days after transplanting, 20% at the beginning of meiosis of pollens and 10% at the full heading stage, is most appropriate for obtaining a high yield in the Nile Delta.View full abstractDownload PDF (802K) -
Aye Aye Han, Teruhisa Umezaki, Hiroshi Ehara, Yuichi Nagaya, Osamu Mor ...2005 Volume 74 Issue 3 Pages 260-269
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: December 22, 2005
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe growth and yield of Manaw Thu Kha (MTK), a high yielding rice cultivar in Myanmar, were studied comparison with those of Japanese cultivars, Koshihikari (KH) and Nipponbare (NB). Four fertilization plots M1, M2, J1 and J2, were set in the field of Mie University and the study was conducted from 2001 to 2003. The M1 plot was top-dressed with urea of 11.4kg N/10a in total, at 30 and 60 days after transplanting (DAT) without basal dressing. The M2 plot was fertilized in the same way as in the M1 plot but with additional application of 2.2kg/10a of P2O5 at 60 DAT. The J1 plot was supplied with compound fertilizer at 6kg N/10a as basal dressing and top-dressed two times each with 2.5kg N/10a. The J2 plot was supplied with half amount of fertilizer used for the J1 plot. The plant length in M plots (M1 and M2 plots) increased rapidly for 10 days after topdressing with urea. Tillering of all the cultivars in M plots was later than that in J plots (J1 and J2 plots). The maximum tiller number of MTK was lower in the J2 plot but nearly the same in M and J1 plots. On the other hand, the maximum tiller number of KH and NB was higher in J plots than in M plots. Leaf color value of the 13th to 14th leaves from the base on the main culm was lower in MTK than in KH and NB both in M and J plots. The SPAD value of the 14th leaf of MTK rapidly decreased from the 5th week after topdressing, but that of NB remained nearly constant even after the 6th week after topdressing. The heading period of MTK was longer than that of KH and NB in both M and J plots showing two peaks of heading. The leaf area index and light extinction coefficient at heading was higher in MTK than in NB. Thus, light-interception characteristic of MTK was inferior to that of NB. In MTK, the number of panicles was greater in the M1 plot than in the M2 plot, but the number of grains per panicle and filled grain percentage were higher in the M2 plot than in the M1 plot.View full abstractDownload PDF (1143K) -
Takafumi Noma, Daisuke Hirose2005 Volume 74 Issue 3 Pages 270-275
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: December 22, 2005
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe root-system development of two rice varieties, Koshihikari and Kichinkurogome, fertilized with ammonium nitrogen was compared with that of these varieties fertilized with nitrate nitrogen. In both varieties, dry weight, root length and the number of nodal roots were significantly greater in the plants fertilized with ammonium nitrogen than in those fertilized with nitrate nitrogen. However, specific root length was significantly longer in the plants fertilized with nitrate nitrogen in both varieties. The above effects of the chemical form of fertilizer nitrogen on the root system were greater in Kichinkurogome than in Koshihikari. These findings suggest that the growth of rice fertilized with ammonium nitrogen is superior to that fertilized with nitrate nitrogen in increasing root-system length. The difference in the root-system length may depend on the difference in the number of nodal roots rather than the degree of root branching. The effect of the chemical form of fertilizer nitrogen on root system development was suggested to vary with the rice cultivar.View full abstractDownload PDF (701K) -
Eiji Kanda, Yoichi Torigoe, Takashi Kobayashi2005 Volume 74 Issue 3 Pages 276-284
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: December 22, 2005
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe modified the development model established for early warning of cool-weather damage to estimate the percentage of productive panicles and glumous flowers at a specific stage such as meiosis, in the field. In this model, the leaf age at transplanting, time of panicle formation and flowering time were used as the initial values. Usefulness of the method was verified by the field experiments at Morioka, Towada, Hachinohe and Aomori in 1999, 2001 and 2003. The peak of the glumous flowers at the stage sensitive to cool-weather damage appeared 2-3 days later than that at the meiosis stage. In the year with cool-weather damage, 2003, productive panicles at the meiosis stage and glumous flowers at the dangerous stage were observed for a longer period than in 1999 and 2001. The time of flowering was 2-3 days later than that of heading. In 2001, with cool temperature during heading and flowering, the period of heading and flowering was longer than in 2003 with cool-weather damages. Estimation by this method showed that even in 2001 and 2003, when ripening was retarded by cold temperature, a part of the reproductive panicles and caryopses in the field were ripened. The number of days with a dangerous cool temperature was zero and the sterility was low in 1999, but both the number and the sterility were high in 2001 and 2003, In conclusion, we can estimate the variation of growth stages in the field by this method.View full abstractDownload PDF (1213K) -
Takeo Sakaigaichi, Shigenori Morita, Jun Abe, Takeshi Yamaguchi2005 Volume 74 Issue 3 Pages 285-290
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: December 22, 2005
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe change of nitrogen (N) uptake after topdressing was estimated from the N concentration in bleeding sap and bleeding rate of the sap in a lowland rice variety, Koshihikari, grown in a pot and in the field. The N concentration began to increase 6 h after topdressing with ammonium sulfate, reached the maximum at 24 h, and decreased thereafter. It took more than 6 h for the onset of increase in N uptake, which was probably the time required for distribution of ammonium into the soil and movement into the xylem vessel. The N concentration in bleeding sap decreased to the same level as the control at 168 h after topdressing in the field experiment. This suggests that the uptake of top-dressed N by the rice plants completed in 7 days. Approximately 55 % of top-dressed N was utilized by the rice plants in those 7 days. The onset of increase in bleeding rate was more than 12 h later than that in the N concentration of the bleeding sap in both experiments. This time lag suggests that the bleeding rate was promoted not by a simple increase of N compounds in the xylem sap but through an increase of physiological activity in roots caused by the topdressing. The SPAD values of leaf color responded to the topdressing later (i.e., 48 h after topdressing) than the bleeding rate. The analysis of N in bleeding sap offered an effective method to illustrate the dynamics of top-dressed N in detail.View full abstractDownload PDF (712K) -
—A Case Study in the Nara Basin for Four Years—Sachiko Ikenaga, Nika Matsumoto, Hiromo Inoue, Tatsuya Inamura2005 Volume 74 Issue 3 Pages 291-297
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: December 22, 2005
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSoil nitrogen mineralization and nitrogen absorptions by rice in paddy-upland rotational fields (rice-wheat-soybean) were studied in the Nara basin for four years (2000-2003) in comparison with those in adjacent single-cropped paddy fields. Under conditions of no nitrogen fertilization, the crop rotational fields did not increase soil nitrogen mineralization owing to decrease of total nitrogen and carbon in the soils by repeated crop rotations. However, rice at the heading and maturity stages had higher nitrogen absorptivity and higher nitrogen content in the rotational fields than in the single-cropped paddy fields, resulting in a larger number of spikelets per panicle and higher yield in the crop-rotational fields. Soil nitrogen mineralization of a paddy-upland rotational field did not vary with the year, but largely varied with the field due to physicochemical properties of their soils. The difference in the soil properties between single cropped and crop rotational fields may be minimized by supplying a nitrogen source such as organic manure to the latter.View full abstractDownload PDF (983K) -
Katsunori Isobe, Satomi Someya, Yoshimi Ebana, Mio Yamaguchi, Kazuhiro ...2005 Volume 74 Issue 3 Pages 298-303
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: December 22, 2005
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effect of ground-water level on the growth and yield of amaranth and quinoa was examined. Three species of amaranth (Amaranthus caudatus L., A. cruentus L. and A. hypochondriacus L.) and two varieties of quinoa (Baer 2 and NL-6) were tested. Ground-water level was controlled by immersing the pots in containers with different depths. The rate of seedling emergence and growth were less decreased by elevating the ground-water level in A. hypohcondriacus L. than in other two species of amaranth. Furthermore, the death ratio of A. hypohcondriacus L. at the 70th day after sowing at the ground-water level of 3 cm was not different from that at low ground-water level. From the results, A. hypochondriacus L. was judged to grow better than the other two species (A. caudatus, A. cruentus) at shallow ground-water levels. On the other hand, the growth of quinoa varieties was more severely damaged by shallow ground-water level than A. hypochondriacus L., and we judged that the resistance to moist soil of quinoa was close to that of the other two species of amaranth. To cultivate amaranth and quinoa in the converted upland field, it may be necessary to keep ground-water level deeper than that for the cultivation of soybean and to avoid excessive moisture of the soil.View full abstractDownload PDF (743K)
Genetic Resources and Evaluation
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Kazuhiko Ishizaki, Toru Sato, Yoshihiro Asai, Yuji Nagasawa2005 Volume 74 Issue 3 Pages 304-309
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: December 22, 2005
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEight blast resistance isogenic lines, “Koshihikari Niigata BL No. 1, No. 2, No. 3 and so on, were examined for their agronomic traits, qualities, and taste in comparison with those of “Koshihikari”, the original variety, and major varieties in Niigata Prefecture. From the results of an analysis of variance on main characters, significant differences among varieties were detected at a 1% level for heading date and grain quality, and at a 5% level for culm length and panicle length. Tukey comparisons at a 5% level indicated that only the difference in heading date between “Koshihikari Niigata BL No. 8” and “Koshihikari” was significant. However the difference was immaterial in practice because heading of BL No. 8 was only one day later than that of “Koshihikari”. A principal component analysis showed that all of the “Koshihikari BLs” took positions near “Koshihikari” in a scatter diagram for the first and second principal components, and the major varieties were distinct from the “Koshihikari BLs”. It was clear that the “Koshihikari BLs” had no differences in characters that were problems in practice and were distinct from major varieties. Therefore, we judged possible to supply them to general cultivation.View full abstractDownload PDF (770K) -
Hiroichi Sato, Sinichi Saito, Tomohiko Yoshida2005 Volume 74 Issue 3 Pages 310-315
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: December 22, 2005
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe gelatinization of characteristics measured with a rapid visco analyser (RVA) and urea disintegration were examined for the present waxy rice cultivars and the breeding lines to improve various processings of rice cake production. Difference of the hardness was recognized in the cultivars and the hardness of Koganemochi was higher than that of other cultivars. The interaction between variety and year was recognized. There were no breeding lines that were markedly inferior to Himenomochi or superior to Koganemochi in hardness. The hardness showed positive correlations with gelatinization temperature, peak temperature, minimum viscosity, final viscosity, and consistency and a negative correlation with breakdown of RVA characteristics. It was considered that the hardness, gelatinization temperature, peak temperature, minimum viscosity, final viscosity and consistency were affected by the temperature during the ripening period because those properties showed a high correlation with the temperature during the ripening period. Urea disintegration was examined to easily decide the gelatinization characteristics of the breeding lines. Urea disintegration could be used to select the hardness with small quantity because it showed the difference among varieties and correlation with gelatinization temperature. The cultivars with superior hardness may be selected indirectly using RVA characteristics and urea disintegration, were available to select in early generations after crossing with the parents with superior hardness considerating the ripening temperature. The select in for each ripening temperature may be necessary.View full abstractDownload PDF (881K) -
Tsutomu Nohara, Norikazu Nakayama, Motoki Takahashi, Sachio Maruyama, ...2005 Volume 74 Issue 3 Pages 316-324
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: December 22, 2005
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSNitrogen fixation by soybeans is reduced by high soil nitrate levels. This reduced nitrogen fixation capacity increases the dependence on soil nitrogen, which may result in depletion of soil nitrogen and decrease soybean yield. Therefore, we examined cultivar differences in the dependence on nitrogen fixation in nitrogen-fertile fields by measuring the relative abundance of ureide value in root bleeding sap, nodule number, nodule weight and root weight in four Japanese, two American and one supernodulation cultivars. The small precipitation in August 2002 led to a substantial reduction in nitrogen fixation, which was shown by the smaller values for relative abundance of ureide (%, RU) in 2002 when compared with 2003. There was a significant cultivar difference in RU, and the supernodulation cultivar Sakukei 4 maintained a relatively high RU during all growing periods. Among the common cultivars, American cultivars showed lower RU values (11-48%) than Japanese cultivars (14-67%) all through the seasons. Nodule number and weight at 63 days after sowing was higher in Japanese cultivars than in American cultivars. Nodule number and weight exhibited a significant positive correlation with the amount of ureide in root bleeding sap. We thus concluded that Japanese cultivars are superior to American cultivars with regard to nodule formation ability, and that they have a higher dependency on nitrogen fixation under nitrogen fertile soil conditions.View full abstractDownload PDF (972K)
Crop Physiology and Cell Biology
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Norikazu Nakayama, Shinji Shimada, Motoki Takahashi, Yeong-Hoo Kim, Jo ...2005 Volume 74 Issue 3 Pages 325-329
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: December 22, 2005
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSoybean seeds are known to be sensitive to flooding stress. It has been proposed that a rapid inrush of water into soybean seeds causes physical disruption of seeds leading to a marked reduction in seedling emergence and subsequent seedling growth. However, when the water-absorbing rate of seeds was osmotically reduced by submerging the seeds into PEG solution, no damage occurred. Submersion of the seeds in PEG solution at least for 48 hr did not cause any damage. Imbibition of seeds in PEG solution up to 70% seed moisture level (dry weight basis) completely protected seed from the flooding injury in subsequent soaking in water. These results indicate that the flooding injury can be avoided by reducing the rate of water absorption during the early stage of seed hydration, and that the injury is mainly caused by physical damage of seeds and not by oxygen deficiency. However, when germinated seeds with visible radicles emerged were soaked in water, seedling emergence and subsequent growth were markedly reduced as when dry seeds were soaked in water. This injury of germinated seeds may be physiological damage due to oxygen deficiency. Thus, in the studies on flooding injury of soybean, the effect of flooding during germination (imbibition) and after radicle protrusion should be examined separately.View full abstractDownload PDF (735K) -
Taiki Yoshihira, Toshihiko Karasawa, Keiji Nakatsuka2005 Volume 74 Issue 3 Pages 330-338
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: December 22, 2005
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSField experiments were conducted to determine the reasons, on the basis of growth analysis, for the high-yielding new winter triticale cultivars bred in Poland in comparison with those of Japanese wheat cultivars, and Polish, Korean and German rye cultivars from 1995 to 1999. The difference in grain yield between triticale and wheat was due to a difference in crop growth rate (CGR) from the regrowing stage after winter to the flag leaf stage. This difference in CGR was attributed to the differences in mean leaf area index (MLAI) and net assimilation rate (NAR). On the other hand, the difference in grain yield between triticale and rye was due to the difference in harvest index, which resulted from the difference in ear growth rate (EGR) during the grain filling period. The EGR was significantly related to MLAI and the dry matter partitioning ratio to ear during the grain filling period. The differences among the three crops were greater than cultivars differences in each crop. These results indicated that the high yield of the new winter triticale cultivars was derived from a combination of the high vigor at the early vegetative growth stage in rye and the high efficiency of grain filling in wheat.View full abstractDownload PDF (999K) -
Atsushi Mochizuki, Tatsuhiko Shiraiwa, Hiroshi Nakagawa, Takeshi Horie2005 Volume 74 Issue 3 Pages 339-343
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: December 22, 2005
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSInhibition of growth of reproductive organs by high temperature may be involved in the occurrence of delayed stem senescence (DSS) of soybean. Six soybean cultivars were grown in the Temperature Gradient Chambers (TGC) and in a field adjacent to the TGC and yield components and degree of DSS were measured for individual plants. Four temperature plots (T1-T4) with mean temperatures from 23.1 (T1) to 25.8 (T4) °C) were established in the TGC when all cultivars reached the flowering stage. The number of perfect kernels per floret, single perfect kernel weight and seed yield were 13, 10 and 17% lower, respectively, in T4 than in T1. However, the effect of temperature on the occurrence of DSS was not evident. All the measurement values for each cultivar were pooled and individual plants of each cultivar were classified into DSS and non DSS groups. The mean values of the total floret number, pod set ratio, seed number per pod and perfect seed ratio were similar between the plants in DSS and non DSS groups in most cultivars, but the length of main stem, aboveground dry weight and seed yield were 15 to 28% greater in DSS than in non DSS group. In conclusion, the temperature a few degrees higher than usual during the reproductive period can inhibit development of sink organs but this may not be the primary cause of the occurrence of DSS in soybean.View full abstractDownload PDF (736K) -
Akio Sumi, Sae Mori, Kazuyo Murata, Ai Asahina, Tomoko Koriyama, Koich ...2005 Volume 74 Issue 3 Pages 344-349
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: December 22, 2005
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo investigate the possibility of estimating symbiotic nitrogen fixation through the measurements of dry matter production and evapotranspiration, we grew two isogenic lines of soybeans, non-nodulating line T201 and nodulating line T202 under three and five levels of nitrogen (N) application, respectively. The chlorophyll content (SPAD value) of T201 was lower than that of T202, and the difference between them expanded successively from the nil to high-N plot. As the difference in nodule dry weight (Ndw) and SPAD value became large between the two lines and among N application treatments, the difference in quantitative relationships between dry matter production (DM) and evapotranspiration (ET) became conspicuous. The value of ET (ETw=0) when DM was zero, which was determined from the regression lines, was higher in T202 than in T201, and ETw=0 found in T201 corresponded nearly to evaporation from the bare soil surface (E0). Both ETw=0 and Ndw in T202, on the other hand, varied with the amount of N application, and they were connected closely with each other. The difference in DM between T201 and T202 (δW) calculated from the difference in ETw=0 (δETw=0) was correlated significantly and positively with the amount of fixed nitrogen estimated from the difference between the accumulated N in the two lines (P < 0.001). These results suggest that the amount of symbiotic nitrogen fixation can be estimated from DM and ET by paying attention to its energy cost.View full abstractDownload PDF (824K) -
— Effects of Controlled Nitrogen Release Fertilizer —Tomiya Maekawa, Makie Kokubun2005 Volume 74 Issue 3 Pages 350-356
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: December 22, 2005
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA newly released supernodulating soybean cultivar Sakukei 4 was previously characterized as having a superior capability of nitrogen fixation and photosynthesis, and therefore to be potentially high-yielding. To examine the yield performance of this cultivar in Miyagi, we conducted three experiments (Exp. 1 - 3) at two locations (Sendai and Naruko) for two years (2001 and 2002) placing emphasis on the effects of nitrogen supply. Sakukei 4 was grown by applying controlled nitrogen release fertilizers (LP-70 or LP-100) or urea, and the growth and yield were compared with its parental normally-nodulating cultivar Enrei and non-nodulating genotype En1282. In Exp. 1 (2001, Sendai), the yield of Sakukei 4 and Enrei was the highest in LP-100 plot followed by LP-70 plot and the lowest in the urea plot. In Exp. 2 (2002, Sendai) and Exp. 3 (2002, Naruko), the top dry weight in the LP-100 plot at flowering and seed filling stages exceeded that of the urea plot, and this was more pronounced in Sakukei 4 than in the other genotypes. The increased dry weight of Sakukei 4 by the application of LP-100 depended on an increase of leaf area. In Exp. 2 and 3, the yield of Sakukei 4 was higher in the LP-100 plot than in the urea plot, whereas that of Enrei and En1282 did not differ between the two fertilizer plots. A comparison of yield among the three genotypes revealed that the yield of Sakukei 4 was less than that of Enrei but higher than that of En1282, reflecting the difference of dry weight at flowering and seed filling stages. These results indicate that, for maximizing the yield of Sakukei 4, the utilization of controlled nitrogen release fertilizers such as LP-100 is effective to some extent, but the effect is not substantial and other agronomical measures to enhance growth need to be taken.View full abstractDownload PDF (784K) -
Naoki Ogata, Hiroyuki Takahashi, Kazunori Taguchi, Kazuyuki Okazaki, K ...2005 Volume 74 Issue 3 Pages 357-363
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: December 22, 2005
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe α-amino nitrogen (A-N) contained in the roots and crowns of sugar beet is one of the harmful non-sugars that deteriorate the quality of sugar beet roots. This research was conducted to investigate the amount and distribution of the A-N and sucrose in the crown roots of the O-type (maintainer of male-sterile lines) sugar beets, which were suffered from root rot caused by artificial field inoculation with the fungus Rhizoctonia solani. The amount of A-N in all lines examined was increased by the infection with the fungus irrespective of the resistance to the disease. In the uninfected field, however, all the resistant lines contained a large amount of A-N, over 2 meq⁄100g, in the crown root than the susceptible one. On the other hand, the sucrose content of the crown roots was decreased by the infection with the fungus; the degree of decrease was less in resistant lines than in the susceptible ones. In the diseased plants, distribution pattern of A-N in the roots was different from that in healthy plants. The concentration of A-N was higher in the center of vascular bundles and lower in the epidermal region of the roots in the diseased plants. In conclusion, Rhizoctonia root rot deteriorated the quality of sugar beet root by decreasing the sucrose content and increasing the A-N amount of the roots. Although the A-N deteriorates the quality of sugar beet, O-type sugar beet that is resistant to Rhizoctonia root rot contained a large amount of A-N. This makes it difficult to breed high-quality sugar beets with high resistance to Rhizoctonia root rot.View full abstractDownload PDF (887K)
Research and Technical Note
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Hirotake Itoh, Katsumi Miyatake, Komatsu Teruyuki2005 Volume 74 Issue 3 Pages 364-368
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: December 22, 2005
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Opinion
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[in Japanese]2005 Volume 74 Issue 3 Pages 369-370
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2009
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Mini Review
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[in Japanese]2005 Volume 74 Issue 3 Pages 371-373
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2009
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[in Japanese]2005 Volume 74 Issue 3 Pages 374-375
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2009
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[in Japanese]2005 Volume 74 Issue 3 Pages 376-378
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2009
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