Japanese Journal of Crop Science
Online ISSN : 1349-0990
Print ISSN : 0011-1848
ISSN-L : 0011-1848
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Volume 78, Issue 1
Displaying 1-18 of 18 articles from this issue
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Review
  • Elongation Growth in Internodes of Floating Rice :
    Hormonal Regulations and Cell Wall Modifications
    Tetsushi Azuma, Daisuke Sasayama, Kazuyuki Itoh
    2009 Volume 78 Issue 1 Pages 1-8
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: February 10, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.78.1
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    Floating rice is the only crop that can be grown in flooded plains due to the capacity to elongate internodes rapidly under flooding conditions. The mechanisms of adaptation to flooding stress have been investigated from ecological, morphological, genetical, physiological, biochemical and molecular biological points of view. In this review, we mainly describe our research that has focused on the regulation of growth by plant hormones and the change in cell wall structure during rapid elongation in internodes of submerged floating rice.
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Regular Paper
Agronomy
  • Factors Affecting the Effect of Nitrogen Application after Anthesis on Grain Protein Content and Yield of Spring Wheat Variety "Haruyokoi" in Northern Hokkaido
    Mikako Sato, Toshinari Igarashi, Michihiko Sakurai, Masatoshi Okumura, ...
    2009 Volume 78 Issue 1 Pages 9-16
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: February 10, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.78.9
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    Spring wheat variety “Haruyokoi” was cultivated with different basal nitrogen applications at three locations in northern Hokkaido. Foliar spray of nitrogen as urea was conducted three times (0.92 g m-2/time per application) at the anthesis time, 7 days later, and 14 days later, and the grain protein content (GPC) and yield were investigated. These three applications resulted in a significant increase in GPC. Yield and 1000-grain weight were also increased. In lodged plants or younger plants with yellow leaves, the effect was not strong. The relationship between GPC with foliar application (y) and GPC without foliar application (x) was shown by the regression formula; y=0.790x+3.6 (9.6 < x < 13.9, n=25, r=0.973, p < 0.01). Because the nitrogen content varied with the amount of basal nitrogen applied, we suppose that the effect of foliar application is influenced by the nitrogen fertilization condition.
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  • Studies on the Seedling Raising Method in Giant-embryo Rice Cultivar ‘Koshiguruma’ and its Adaptability to Machine Transplanting
    Kazuyuki Kobayashi, Yoshihiko Takahashi, Toshinori Fukuyama
    2009 Volume 78 Issue 1 Pages 17-26
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: February 10, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.78.17
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    Giant-embryo rice cultivar ‘Koshiguruma’ which has been recently developed and released in the Niigata Prefecture, has the merit of producing a large amount of GABA, but has a defect of lower rate and non-uniformity of seedling emergence. The lower rate of seedling emergence and poor establishment of root mat in a seedling box did not ensure the better stand of seedlings, when they were transplanted to a paddy field with a transplanting machine. We examined the methods for increasing the rate of seedling emergence and the tensile strength of seedling mat of ‘Koshiguruma’. The seeds of ‘Koshiguruma’ germinated at a slower rate than those of ‘Koshihikari’ used as a control cultivar, but the final germination percentage was 98% equivalent to that of ‘Koshihikari’. However, the rate of seedling emergence of ‘Koshiguruma’ was 67% in the seedbed-soil, which was significantly lower than 98% in ‘Koshihikari’. Disinfectant application to the soil or heat-budding method did not recover the seedling emergence. On the other hand, the pool raising method of seedlings increased the plant height, root length and tensile strength of seedling mat in ‘Koshiguruma’. Seeds of 300g per nursery box were needed for establishment of seedling emergence of ‘Koshiguruma’ in soil and for sufficient tensile strength of the seedling mat, which was twice the standard sowing rate. Even by this improved method the vacant hills after machine transplanting was 9.3%, which was 4 times higher than that of ‘Koshihikari’. Such a high rate of vacant hills may be due to the floating on water surface of non-germinating seeds coexisting with germinated seeds. Further investigation on raising method will be needed to reduce vacant hills for establishment of ‘Koshiguruma’ by machine transplanting.
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  • The Effect of Beginning Time of Flooding on the Growth and Yield of Rice Cultivated on Paddy Soil with White Clover Living Mulch
    Naomi Asagi, Hideto Ueno
    2009 Volume 78 Issue 1 Pages 27-34
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: February 10, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.78.27
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    The effects of the beginning time of flooding on legume decomposition, N release, growth and yield of rice cultivated with white clover living mulch were investigated by field and pot experiments. The effects of the beginning timepoints of flooding were examined in the living mulch plot : the beginning of flooding at 10 days before transplanting (LMSTD) and at 10 and 30 days after transplanting of the rice (LM10DAT and LM30DAT, respectively). Peaks of NH4-N in the flood water were observed at 15, 4, and 10 days after flooding in LMSTD, LM10DAT and LM30DAT plots, respectively; this showed that flooding can stimulate the decomposition of the legumes and control the time of N release from the legumes. The height of the rice plant in the LM30DAT plot was higher than that in the LMSTD and LM10DAT plots in the field experiment. In the pot experiment, the tiller number in the LM30DAT plot was higher than that in the LMSTD and LM10DAT plots. In both the field and pot experiments the dry weights of the roots, stems leaves, and panicles were significantly or insignificantly heavier in the LM30DAT plot than in the LMSTD and LM10DAT plots. Moreover, the yield in the LM30DAT plot was higher than that in the LMSTD and LM10DAT plots. The dry weights of the weeds in the legume-treated soil were significantly lighter than that in the chemical fertilizer-treated. Thus, the growth and yield of rice with legume living mulch may be improved by delaying the flooding time.
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  • The Effect of Temperature and Shading on Notched-belly Rice Kernel in Hokkaido Rice Variety “Nanatsuboshi”
    Eiji Goto, Satoshi Kumagai
    2009 Volume 78 Issue 1 Pages 35-42
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: February 10, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.78.35
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    In recent years, consumers in Hokkaido complain of the occurrence of notched-belly rice kernels in rice variety “Nanatsuboshi”. In order to investigate the factors that caused notched-belly rice kernels, we conducted experiments in an air-conditioned room. The results are summarized as follows. 1) The rate of the occurrence of notched-belly rice kernels increased by exposing the plants to a temperature lower than 19°C for two weeks from heading time. The most temperature sensitive period was three to four days after heading time. 2) The ratio of notched-belly rice kernels was higher in secondary tillers than in primary tillers, and in secondary than in primary rachis-branches. 3) Shading before heading time shortened the rice hull and increased the number of notched-belly rice kernels. 4) Sieving with a grader with larger than 2.0mm mesh clearly removed notched-belly rice kernels rate. Therefore, it is necessary to predict the occurrence of the notched-belly rice kernel by the weather condition during the sensitive period and to sieve brown rice carefully to remove notched-belly rice kernels.
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  • Character of Tillering and Stable Productivity of High-quality and Palatable Grains in Rice Cultivar Akitakomachi Cultivated by Single Application of Fertilizer in Nursery Box
    Chikako Miura, Kazuhiro Kon, Kaoru Satou, Satoru Shibata, Yoshihiro Ka ...
    2009 Volume 78 Issue 1 Pages 43-49
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: February 10, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.78.43
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    Single application of fertilizer in nursery box (SAFN) using controlled release fertilizer is becoming widespread as a labor-saving rice cultivation technique in Akita prefecture excluding the northern area. We cultivated cultivar Akitakomachi by SAFN to investigate the relationship between tillering and brown rice quality for three years from 2002 to 2004. The cultivation by SAFN was compared with the conventional cultivation in which readily available fertilizer was applied to the plow layer and topdressing at the meiosis stage. In SAFN cultivation, stem number was smaller, but productive tiller ratio was higher than in the conventional cultivation in all years. Therefore, panicle numbers was almost the same in both cultivation practices. The frequency of tillering from the main stem and at the 5-7th nodal positions was higher than that from other positions in both cultivation practices. In SAFN cultivation, however, the development of primary tillers from the 4th nodal position and its secondary tiller were fewer. In SAFN cultivation, leaf color was better than in the conventional cultivation from the end of June to the end of July, and the exudation rate that indicated the root activity was higher at the ripening period. The average brown rice yield for the three years was 570 g m-2 (this is the yield target of cultivar Akitakomachi in Akita Prefecture) in SAFN cultivation practice. The ratio of whole grain was higher and brown rice protein content was lower than in the conventional cultivation. These results showed that rice cultivar Akitakomachi cultivated by SAFN had a high whole grain ratio and low protein content, because the number of panicles on the main stem and primary tillers at the 5-7th nodal positions was high enough even when rice yield was equal to that in the conventional cultivation practice.
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Quality and Processing
  • Difference in the Quality of Glutinous Rice among Years and Areas, and the Factors Affecting the Quality in Hokkaido in Northern Japan
    Hisashi Tanno, Masafumi Kinoshita, Takashi Satoh
    2009 Volume 78 Issue 1 Pages 50-57
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: February 10, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.78.50
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    In 2000—2003, the quality of glutinous rice, variety Hakuchou-mochi, was examined in six areas using 1044 samples, and hardenability of the rice cake was also examined using 86 samples. Furthermore, the growth characteristics were examined to clarify the factors causing yearly and regional differences. The yearly change on the average of all areas was 5.7—42.3% in sterility, 270—514 kg/10a in brown rice yield, 74.2—88.4% in whole-grain ratio (WGR), 21.8—26.3 in brown rice whiteness (BRW), 44.6—52.7 in polished rice whiteness (PRW), 8.4—9.8% in protein content (PC), and 100—244 g in hardenability. Regional variation was similar to yearly change in WGR and PC, but was smaller in BRW, PRW and hardenability. In the area with cool meteorology, however, sterility and yield loss were large in a cool weather year, and thus difference within area was large in WGR, BRW, PRW, and PC. The lower the sterility and the higher the WGR, the lower was the PC; and the lower the PC and the higher the air temperature during grain-filling (ATDG), the higher the BRW and PRW. Furthermore, the higher the ATDG, the higher the hardenability. Thus, hardenability in Hokkaido greatly varied with the year, but was lower than that in “Koganemochi” in Niigata Prefecture and “Hiyokumochi” in Saga Prefecture in 2003—2004. From the above, decrease in sterility, decrease in PC, and advancing heading date were important for stable production of high-quality rice. The cultivation area of high hardenability should be limited.
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  • Distribution of Seed Proteins in Rice Grain of Seed-Protein Mutant Cultivars
    Youichi Ohdaira, Hiroyuki Takeda, Ryouji Sasaki
    2009 Volume 78 Issue 1 Pages 58-65
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: February 10, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.78.58
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    The distribution of seed storage proteins in rice grain of three seed-protein mutant cultivars with low ratios of digestible protein were compared with that of the normal-type cultivar “Nihonmasari”. In seed-protein mutant cultivars and “Nihonmasari”, 44—45% of the total protein and 44—48% of the digestible protein were present in the 100->80% layers. The content of the digestible protein was highest in the 100->90% layer in seed-protein mutant cultivars, but it was highest in the 90->80% layer in “Nihonmasari”. This tendency was more pronounced in low-glutelin 26-kDa-globulin-deficient cultivar than in low glutelin cultivars. In “Nihonmasari”, the contents of 37-39 kDa glutelin α and 22-23 kDa glutelin β, which are major digestible proteins, were highest in the 90->80% layer. However, in seed-protein mutant cultivars, the contents of 57 kDa excess protein and 57 kDa protein, which occupy a high percentage of digestible protein, were highest in the 100->90% layer. Therefore, it was considered that the varietal difference in the digestible protein distribution was due to the differences in the distribution of each protein fraction. Up to 10% of digestible protein is distributed in the 80->70% layer and inner layers, which indicate that the effective milling percentage to decrease digestible protein content of rice grain is about 80%.
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  • Analysis of Iodine Absorption Curve of Starch by Chemometrics to Evaluate the Eating Quality of Rice
    Toshinari Igarashi, Testuji Yanagihara, Hideki Kanda, Kazunobu Kawamot ...
    2009 Volume 78 Issue 1 Pages 66-73
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: February 10, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.78.66
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    The amylose content of milled rice is usually determined colorimetrically by the iodine test. An automatic analyzer was developed to obtain the iodine absorption spectrum ranging from 400 to 900 nm. The influence of the molecular weight of amylose on the maximum absorption wavelength (λmax), and that of the temperature during the grain filling period on the iodine absorption spectrum and on the starch pasting properties were examined. The λmax of the amylose with above about 70,000 molecular weight was 598 nm, and a positive correlation was observed between the absorbance at λmax and the amylose content. The λmax was observed at a shorter wavelength in the rice grown at a high temperature during grain filling, and the shift of λmax by the temperature during grain filling was larger in the low-amylose varieties (dull) and breeding lines than in the non-glutinous varieties. The difference between the minimum and final viscosities in RVA (Y) was shown by an equation, Y = (29. 7X-27. 1)/(0.73X-0.72), where, X is the ratio of absorbance at 400—600 nm (Fr. I) to that at 600—900 nm (Fr. II). Thus, the λmax and the Fr. I/Fr. II ratio are expected to be useful as efficient eating-quality selection indexes in rice breeding.
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  • Effect of Temperature during the Seed-filling Period and Varietal Differences in Soybean Isoflavone Content and Components in Cold Districts
    Ken Tanifuji, Tomoaki Miyoshi, Chika Suzuki, Yoshinori Tanaka, Jun Kat ...
    2009 Volume 78 Issue 1 Pages 74-82
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: February 10, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.78.74
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    The isoflavone content of soybeans cultivated in Hokkaido was investigated, in terms of varietal and local differences. There was a significant negative correlation between isoflavone content and temperature during the seed-filling period, in each cultivar cultivated in various experimental locations in Hokkaido. "Yukipirika"had the highest isoflavone content, followed by "Otofuke-Osode". "Yukipirika" had a 1.3-1.5-fold higher isoflavone content than the standard cultivar in any experimental location, and had lower coefficients of variation among locations and years. In "Yukipirika", the accumulation of daidzin (and its relatives) was especially high, and the ratio of daidzin to genistin (D/DG ratio) was high. However, the isoflavone content and D/DG ratio did not significantly vary with the cultivar and progeny. On the other hand, the D/DG ratio in the same cultivar cultivated in various locations negatively correlated with the temperature during their seed-filling period, suggesting that the conditions that accelerate the isoflavone accumulation would also affect the D/DG ratio.
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Genetic Resources and Evaluation
  • Evaluation of the Efficiency of Selection of Pearl Millet in Japan and Indonesia
    Tomohiko Yoshida, Tomomi Shirotori, Anas, Totok Agung Dwi Haryanto
    2009 Volume 78 Issue 1 Pages 83-86
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: February 10, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.78.83
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    The efficiency of selection for early matuyring, short culm and long panicle in a pearl millet population ICMV89074 was evaluated. It was possible to evaluate the efficiency of selection in a year because the materials selected in Japan were evaluated in Indonesia. Heritability values estimated by the genetic gain were 0.36 for heading/maturing date, 0.59 for culm length and 0.41 for panicle length. Thus, the selection was effective for all traits. The genetic and phenotypic correlations for panicle length vs. heading/maturing data were -0.38 and -0.97, respectively, and those for panicle length vs. culm length, they were 0.24 and 0.73, respectively. In this population, a long panicle plant tended to be early heading/maturing and a short panicle plant tended to be a short culm.
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Modelling, Information and Environment
  • Comparison of the Degree of Damage between Rice Plants Sprayed with Seawater and Exposed to Salty Wind Damage by the Typhoon No.15 in 2004
    Shizuka Mori, Yasushi Shibata, Hiroshi Fujii
    2009 Volume 78 Issue 1 Pages 87-91
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: February 10, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.78.87
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    The decrease in the rice yield caused by salty winds is due to the increased amount of sodium (Na) adhered to panicles and leaves. The effect of the amount of Na adhered to plants on the yield of rice has been studied, but not the relationship between the amount of salt adhered to the panicles and yield or quality of rice. In this study, we determined the relationship between the amount of seawater of salt water sprayed to panicles and that of Na adhered to rice panicles, and examined the effect of the artificial spraying on the degree of damage, yield and quality of grains in comparison with the salt wind damage caused by typhoon No. 15 in 2004. The amount of Na adhered to panicles was closely related to the amount of seawater sprayed. The relationship between the amount of Na adhered to panicles and the decrease in yield and whole grain percentage after artificial spraying was similar to that after the typhoon. Thus, artificial spraying of seawater may be used to analyze the salt wind damage caused by the typhoon.
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Research and Technical Note
  • Construction and Use of Pedigree Analysis Web
    Tomohiko Yoshida, Anas, Tell Inaba
    2009 Volume 78 Issue 1 Pages 92-94
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: February 10, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.78.92
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    An online web service system for a pedigree analysis was constructed. In this service, coefficients of parentage, inbreeding coefficients, numbers of ancestors in the pedigree, etc., are calculated through online. Crossing records of modern Japanese cultivars of rice, wheat, barley, potato, sweet potato and strawberry are also provided. Users can add thier own data to the record and use this system freely. Pedigree complexity of modern cultivars and pedigree relationship between them can be expressed as numerical data. Several informative results were obtained, although there is a restriction of computing time. Some modern rice cultivars in Japan have 500-1000 total ancestors and have a high coefficient of parentage to Koshihikari but they still have a high value to old cultivars, Norin 1 and Norin 22. Using this web system, complicated modern cultvars can be numerically expressed by numerals, which can be used for further analysis of the correlation with agronomic characters.
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  • Effects of Vacant Hills on Growth and Yields of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) under Different Cultural Conditions
    Hajime Watanabe, Rintaro Sasaki, Osamu Sekiguchi, Kazumi Suzuki, Masah ...
    2009 Volume 78 Issue 1 Pages 95-99
    Published: 2009
    Released on J-STAGE: February 10, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.78.95
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    Field trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of vacant hills on growth and yield characteristics of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under several cultural conditions. In side dressing of readily available fertilizer with conventional tillage, the number of stems and grain yield seemed to decrease with increasing number of vacant hills. In contrast, the panicle number and number of grains per head seemed to increase with increasing the number of vacant hills in the same cultivation. The compensatory effects of plants adjacent to vacant hills were particularly obvious in plants located in the same row, as compared with those in adjacent rows. However, the magnitude of the compensatory effects varied with the method of fertilizer application, plant type, plant density, and the presence or absence of tillage ; the effects of vacant hills on the performance of the rice plant was smaller in CAF(controlled availability fertilizer) and sparse planting plots, and this was not the case in any plots of many-tillering type cultivar and no-tillage cultivation with CAF.
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