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Volume 79 (2010)
- Issue 4 Pages 407-
- Issue 3 Pages 251-
- Issue 2 Pages 113-
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Volume 79, Issue 2
Displaying 1-16 of 16 articles from this issue
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Regular Paper
Agronomy
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Shizuka Mori, Katushi Yokoyama, Hiroshi Fujii2010 Volume 79 Issue 2 Pages 113-119
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: May 24, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study was carried out to establish the technique to classify brown rice by measuring leaf-color during ripening period in order to improve the eating-quality of brown rice produced in country elevator area of Shonai area of Yamagata prefecture. The correlation coefficient between the protein content of brown rice and the leaf-color of flag leaf at the dough stage was highest followed by that at maturity and milky stage. The annual and locational variation of correlation between the protein content and the leaf-color measured at dough stage was smaller than that measured at maturity and at milky stage. The result indicated that it was possible to estimate the protein content of brown rice from leaf-color of flag leaf at dough stage. Brown rice in Sakata city, Yahata town and Turuoka city from 1999 to 2001 was classified using the border leaf-color value 32 that corresponded to 75 g kg-1 of protein content. By this method, it was possible to classify the brown rice with a 5.4 to 7.8 g kg-1 difference in protein content.View full abstractDownload PDF (6895K) -
Jieqi Fu, Koichi Hoshino, Hideaki Hirai, Hidemasa Kato2010 Volume 79 Issue 2 Pages 120-129
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: May 24, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of compost and coated fertilizer nitrogen on the quality of the first crop tea were investigated in order to reduce the application of chemical fertilizer nitrogen (CFN) to tea gardens. Experiments were performed using pot-cultivation, in the experimental farm, Utsunomiya University where precipitation and temperature are similar to those in Daigo-machi, Ibaraki. The combined application of compost in different amount and 25% cut-down of CFN, did not bring about a significant difference in the content of total amino acid (TAA) compared with standard application rate of fertilizer (SARF). This fact shows that an appropriate application of compost can reduce CFN without lowering the quality of the first crop tea. In the soil with SARF, 25% cut-down, and 50% cut-down of coated fertilizer, the content of TAA was highest in the soil with SARF, but without any significant difference application of coated fertilizer in autumn and tended to decrease tannin content. Consequently, the application of CFN to a tea garden may be reduced 25% by applying coated fertilizer together with compost, and the application of coated fertilizer in autumn season may to elevate the quality of the first crop tea.View full abstractDownload PDF (943K) -
Daisuke Hirose2010 Volume 79 Issue 2 Pages 130-136
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: May 24, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of application rate of manure made from the lees of shochu moromi on the yield and quality of barley were investigated to clarify its fertilizer effect. The results showed that the seed yield and whole-grain yield in the manured plot with two-fold nitrogen compared with conventional plots, were mostly comparable to or greater than those in conventional plots. On the other hand, the greater the manure application rate, the greater the protein content, but the lower the starch content. Therefore, in order to improve the yield of plots with manure made from the lees of shochu moromi to a level comparable to conventional plots, it is necessary to double the current nutrient-supply level. However, the results suggest that the greater the application rate of manure made from the lees of shochu moromi, the lower the quality of barley.View full abstractDownload PDF (844K)
Quality and Processing
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Koichi Hatta, Masako Seki, Shunsuke Oda2010 Volume 79 Issue 2 Pages 137-141
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: May 24, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSExposure to rain during the ripening period not only degrades the quality of wheat grain, but also adversely deteriorates the color of flour. To investigate the relation between exposure to rain in the ripening period and the degradation of the flour color using 5 wheat varieties. We examined the effects of rain on grain quality, milling characteristics, and flour quality. Three expousures to rain reduced the grain test-weight by 1%, and resulted in a 7-point reduction in grain hardness according to the Single Karnel Classification Sysytem Hardness Index (SKCS-HI). The grain exposed to rain showed exfoliation between cell layers. These gaps between the barn coat layers may cause brittleness of the grain husk. Consequently, it was assumed that the flour could be contaminated with the grain husk during milling. And thus, the grain exposed to rain produced flour with inferior color characteristics.View full abstractDownload PDF (966K) -
Sei Takata, Mototaka Sakata, Masashi Kameshima, Yoshinori Yamamoto, Ak ...2010 Volume 79 Issue 2 Pages 142-149
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: May 24, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSUsing 10 rice varieties cultured early in the year (early-season culture) in the warm south-western district of Japan, the type of white immature kernels that lowered husked rice quality in years with a high temperature and abundant sunshine (HTAS) and in years with a high temperature and poor sunshine (HTPS) was investigated. Whether the ripening capability (RC) under HTPS conditions could be evaluated by ripening the rice in a shaded (shading rate 66%) greenhouse was also examined. In the field examination, deterioration of husked rice quality was strongly related with the occurrence of white-back kernels and white-based kernels under the HTAS conditions, and with the occurrence of white-back kernels, white-based kernels and milky-white kernels (MWK) under the HTPS conditions. This suggested that the examination of the percentage of white-back kernels, white-based kernels and MWK was suitable for evaluating the RC of rice under the HTPS conditions. The percentage of MWK in the field in a year with HTPS was significantly correlated with that in the shaded greenhouse in a year with HTAS, which suggested that the RC under the HTPS conditions could be evaluated by ripening the plants in a shaded greenhouse. In addition, it was indicated that Fusaotome, Akitakomachi and Hatsuboshi which are used as standard varieties for “strong”, “middle” and “weak” RC under high temperature conditions, respectively, are also available as standard varieties under the HTPS conditions, Tosapika and Okiniiri in which the percentage of MWK was similar to that in Fusaotome and Hatsuboshi were also judged to be available as standard varieties for “strong” and “weak” RC, respectively, under the HTPS conditions.View full abstractDownload PDF (1189K) -
Sei Takata, Mototaka Sakata, Masashi Kameshima, Yoshinori Yamamoto, Ak ...2010 Volume 79 Issue 2 Pages 150-157
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: May 24, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe varietal difference in the effect of the amount of basal nitrogen application (BNA) on the occurrence of white immature kernels (WIK) was examined using 22 rice varieties and lines (simply called varieties here after) to clarify the effective amount of BNA for the selection of varieties with high husked rice quality under high temperature conditions during the ripening period (RP). In many varieties, white-based kernels (WBK) decreased with the increase in the amount of BNA and improving the state of nutrition during the RP, while milky-white kernels (MWK) increased with increasing number of spikelets per panicle and decreasing allocation of carbohydrates to each spikelet. Moreover, the increase rate of WIK with increasing the amount of BNA varied with the variety, i. e., the number of MWK greatly increased in Fusaotome and Nangokusodachi, that of WBK greatly decreased in Hitomebore and Koshihikari, and those of both MWK and WBK changed only slightly in Kouiku 69 and Hatajirushi with increasing the amount of BNA. In addition, the varieties that increased the number of MWK greatly with increasing the amount of BNA tended to show a great increase in the number of panicles and grains per m2, and decrease in 1000-grain weight and percentage of ripened grains with increasing the amount of BNA. Thus, the effect of the amount of BNA on the occurrence of WIK varied with the variety, and it was suggested that the varieties with high husked rice quality under a high temperature conditions during the RP should be selected by evaluating the percentage of WBK and MWK under a light and heavy application, respectively.View full abstractDownload PDF (1187K) -
Ken Tanifuji, Jun Kato2010 Volume 79 Issue 2 Pages 158-165
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: May 24, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe difference in quality characteristics among main soybean varieties for tofu processing cultivated in Hokkaido was analyzed by 3-way (varieties, locations, and years) ANOVA. Although a significant difference was observed among the factors in the content of main components and 100-kernel weight, the effect of variety was smaller than that of either location or year. However, the effect of variety was the largest for breaking stress (firmness) of tofu. Characteristics that showed the highest correlation with firmness of tofu were 100-kernel weight and the rate of weight increase during soaking. All characteristics except breaking stress were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA), and principal components (PC) were analyzed by principal component regression (PCR). The first PC (1PC) was significantly correlated with temperature during medium-late period of seed filling, and the second PC (2PC) with the number of seed filling days. In 2003, a cold summer year, the difference in temperatures during seed filling among locations seriously affected 1PC, and in 2004, a hot summer year, 2PC was decreased due to the reduction of the number of seed filling days. The regression by PCR indicated that breaking stress can be significantly explained by these PC. These results suggest that climate conditions that ensure the reasonable temperature and number of days for seed filling are important for tofu processing, in addition to the selection of soybean variety.View full abstractDownload PDF (1067K) -
A Simple Equipment to Screen the Rice Strains Tolerant to High Temperature in the Ripening ProcessesTomio Terao, Masahiro Chiba, Tatsuro Hirose2010 Volume 79 Issue 2 Pages 166-173
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: May 24, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA simple equipment that rises the panicle temperature of rice in the daytime was developed to screen the strains of rice that were tolerant to high temperatures during the ripening stage. High temperature stress at the ripening stage is the main cause of chalky grains and hence degrades the grain quality. Fitting a clear plastic film tube made with OHP film (3M, PP2500) around the panicle increased the spikelet temperature by around 0.8°C without any effect on leaf photosynthesis. Attaching a black rubber sponge with a 2cm width and 5mm thickness inside the tube further rised the temperature by more than 2°C. The higher the spikelet temperature, the higher was the percentages of chalky grains. Although a slight lowering of night temperature (about 0.15°C) by setting this equipment was observed, its effect on the occurrence of chalky grains seemed to be negligible. Evaluation of standard cultivars with different high temperature ripening tolerance indicated that the result of evaluation by this method well matched that by other evaluation methods. This method makes it possible to evaluate high temperature tolerance with only a single plant, which consequently makes it possible to evaluate the tolerance of segregating populations, although progeny testing might be necessary. Accordingly, it might be useful for the genetic analysis of the high temperature tolerance.View full abstractDownload PDF (1683K)
Genetic Resources and Evaluation
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Kazuya Soda, Taiichiro Ookawa, Takashi Motobayashi, Tadashi Hirasawa2010 Volume 79 Issue 2 Pages 174-183
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: May 24, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA quick estimation of canopy light extinction coefficient (k) is necessary for simultaneous evaluation of the traits related to light reception in many kinds of plant populations and for the selection in breeding programs. We examined whether the inclination angle from the horizon of leaf, which forms a canopy, can be used for a quick estimation of k by using two indica varieties, Takanari and Milyang 23 and three japonica varieties, Koshihikari, Aikoku and Sekitori. We clarified that the average inclination angle of leaf blades of a hill can be estimated from the measurement of leaves on the main stem alone. Varietal differences in the inclination angle of leaf blade and k were observed clearly after the heading stage through the ripening stage. There was a close linear relationship between the inclination angle of leaf blade and k through all varieties at the heading stage. The inclination angle decreased after heading, and it was prominent in Koshihikari, Aikoku and Sekitori. The coefficient k increased in the middle ripening stage not only in Koshihikari, Aikoku and Sekitori, but also in Takanari. In Takanari with a larger and heavier panicle, k increased significantly at the ripening stage even though the leaf inclination angle was kept large. We concluded that the difference in k among varieties could be estimated from the inclination angle of the leaf blade at heading, but not at the ripening stage when panicles had a large inclination angle, especially in the varieties with heavy panicles.View full abstractDownload PDF (935K)
Crop Physiolory and Cell Biology
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Chiharu Sone, Makoto Tsuda, Yoshihiko Hirai2010 Volume 79 Issue 2 Pages 184-191
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: May 24, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study was conducted to improve rice yield in saline affected areas in Africa using interspecific progenies. The salinity tolerance of an interspecific progeny NERICA 1 and its parents CG14 (O. glaberrima) and WAB56-104 (O. sativa) was examined in comparison with two Japanese upland rice cultivars. Plants were transplanted to 1.8 litter pots filled with the paddy soil, and grown under submerged soil conditions until maturity. NaCl (final concentrations were 100, 200 and 300 mM) was applied from 35, 49 and 63 days after sowing. Control plants were grown without application of NaCl. The salinity tolerance was evaluated based on the relative aboveground dry weight which expressed relative to the control. The salinity tolerance of WAB56-104 was similar to that of Japanese upland cultivars and CG14 was extremely sensitive, while NERICA 1 had intermediate salinity tolerance between its parents. The salinity tolerance decreased with the increase in shoot sodium concentration in all of the cultivars. The sodium concentration was high in CG14 since CG14 accumulated more sodium than the other cultivars under comparable salinity. Although NERICA 1 and WAB56-104 accumulated sodium similarly, the growing period, hence the duration of salinity treatment was longer in NERICA 1 than WAB56-104, resulting in a higher shoot sodium concentration in NERICA 1. These results indicated that NERICA 1 was tolerant to salinity more than the O. glaberrima parent which was sensitive to salinity, and NERICA 1 and the O. sativa parent responded to salinity stress similarly.View full abstractDownload PDF (1532K) -
Yoshiharu Wada, Takashi Soeno, Yukio Inaba2010 Volume 79 Issue 2 Pages 192-197
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: May 24, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSCO2 enrichment is widely used to raise the photosynthetic rate and to improve a yield and quality of the strawberry cultivated in Tochigi prefecture. In this study, we investigated the effect of CO2 concentration on leaf photosynthesis under several light and temperature conditions. Strawberry cultivar Tochiotome was cultivated in pots under forcing and half-forcing culture. The apparent photosynthetic rates in leaves were measured with a portable photosynthesis measurement system. The CO2-photosynthesis curves in strawberry leaves were saturated at a CO2 concentration of 800-1000ppm both in forcing and half-forcing culture regardless of growth stage, suggesting that the CO2 enrichment largely exceeding 1000ppm was not effective. Although the photosynthetic rate was saturated at 1000Μmol m-2 s-1 under 400ppm CO2, it continued increasing over 1000Μmol m-2 s-1 under 1000 ppm CO2. Therefore, the effect of the CO2 enrichment was larger in high intensity light conditions. The photosynthetic rate was not increased by raising the temperature over 20°C under 400ppm CO2, but it continued to increase up to 30°C under 1000ppm CO2. Thus, the effect of the CO2 enrichment is larger under higher temperature conditions. It is concluded that the CO2 enrichment is effective for the promotion of the photosynthesis when the ventilation time in the morning is delayed, to keep the temperature high, and CO2 concentration at 800 to 1000ppm. The ventilation should be started at about 12 o’clock when the light intensity is high enough on a fine day. However, on cloudy days, both temperature and light intensity are low, the photosynthetic rate is improved by keeping the temperature high and increasing the CO2 concentration to 800-1000ppm in the greenhouse without ventilation during the day.View full abstractDownload PDF (1162K)
Modelling, Information and Environment
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Naruo Miyazaki, Masahiko Saito, Yukitsugu Takahashi, Tomohiko Yoshida2010 Volume 79 Issue 2 Pages 198-204
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: May 24, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of pig waste pellet fertilizer on the growth and yield of rice were examined. The pig waste pellet fertilizer was added together with chemical fertilizer. When the rice plant was cultivated by using pig waste pellet fertilizer as basal application and ordinary chemical fertilizer as supplemental application, the growth of rice before the supplemental application of fertilizer decreased a little compared with the standard cultivation. However, the yield and the quality of rice were similar to those under standard cultivation. In case of the pellet fertilizer 84% of the nitrogen originated from pig waste, chemical nitrogen fertilizer was reduced by 50% compared with the standard cultivation. The amount of nitrogen remaining in the soil after harvesting the rice was estimated to be 23 kg ha-1. It was necessary to confirm the accumulation of nitrogen in soil after successive application of the pig waste pellet fertilizer.View full abstractDownload PDF (972K)
Research and Technical Note
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Sei Takata, Mototaka Sakata, Masashi Kameshima, Yoshinori Yamamoto, Ak ...2010 Volume 79 Issue 2 Pages 205-212
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: May 24, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe factors relating to yearly and regional differences in the percentage of white immature kernels (WIK) were analyzed in Koshihikari and Natsuhikari cultured in the early-season in Kochi Prefecture. The percentage of WIK was consistently higher in Koshihikari than in Natsuhikari regardless of the year. The yearly difference in the percentage of WIK was larger in Koshihikari than in Natsuhikari. In Koshihikari, the percentage of white-based kernels (WBK) was high in the district where the daily minimum temperature at the early and middle stages of the ripening period (RP) was 23°C or higher, and the percentage of milky-white kernels (MWK) was high in the district where the daily sunshine hours at the middle stage of the RP were shorter than 6 hours. It was suggested that the yearly difference in the percentage of WIK was caused by the frequent occurrence of WBK in the year of higher daily minimum temperature at the early and middle stages of the RP and by the frequent occurrence of MWK in the year with shorter sunshine hours at the middle stage of the RP. In addition, marked regional differences in the percentage of WIK were observed regardless of the variety and the year, and it was closely associated with the growth state at heading as well as the meteorological conditions during the RP. In Koshihikari, it was suggested that the light manure application in the year of higher daily minimum temperature at the early and middle stages of the RP and heavy manure application in the year with lower sunshine hours at the middle stage of the RP tended to increase the percentages of WBK and MWK, respectively. On the other hand, in Natsuhikari the percentage of WIK tended to increase with increasing panicle length and the number of spikelets per m2 regardless of the meteorological condition during the RP.View full abstractDownload PDF (1028K) -
Kazuya Ota, Yutaka Koyama, Arihara Katsuyuki2010 Volume 79 Issue 2 Pages 213-220
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: May 24, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn Chiba Prefecture, we cultivated rice cv. Koshihikari and Hitomebore under the conditions with wide levels of planting density and amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied, and investigated the rice quality–deteriorating factors and the varietal difference in the quality of rice (1000 grain weight, immature grain including milky white rice kernel and protein content of rice). In 2000 and 2001, the heading times were around July 15 to 20, and ripening periods were the season with a high temperature. Neither variety was lodged markedly. In cv. Hitomebore the number of unhulled rice was larger on equal fertilization, the percentage of ripened grains was lower, the quality of rice was lower, and the number of unhulled rice was higher than cv. Koshihikari. In addition, the percentage of ripened grain was lower in cv. Hitomebore than in cv. Koshihikari on equal number of unhulled rice. This is, because in 2001, the range of the grain thickness on the two branches overlapped in the range of 1.95–2.10 mm in Hitomebore, and the grain thickness fluctuated largely in the latter. We estimated that the decrease in the percentage of ripened grains in cv. Hitomebore was caused by the competition for carbohydrate between the spikelets on primary and secondary rachis branches. It is important to keep a proper number of unhulled rice per square meter, and avoid the excess in the number of grains per head, in early season culture in warm resions such as Chiba Prefecture.View full abstractDownload PDF (1145K)
Symposium
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]2010 Volume 79 Issue 2 Pages 221-230
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: May 24, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (1919K) -
[in Japanese], [in Japanese]2010 Volume 79 Issue 2 Pages 231-240
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: May 24, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (2510K)
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