Japanese Journal of Crop Science
Online ISSN : 1349-0990
Print ISSN : 0011-1848
ISSN-L : 0011-1848
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Volume 82, Issue 3
Displaying 1-17 of 17 articles from this issue
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Regular Paper
Agronomy
  • Effects of Application of a Mixture of Lees of Shochu and Chemical Fertilizer on Growth, Yield and Shochu Processing Quality of Barley
    Daisuke Hirose
    2013 Volume 82 Issue 3 Pages 209-214
    Published: 2013
    Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2013
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.82.209
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of applying a mixture of shochu lees separated after distillation of the moromi and chemical fertilizer on the yield and quality of barley, and to find an effective method for using shochu lees as manure. The results showed that when 50% of the nitrogen application rate was supplied by shochu lees, the seed and plump grain yields were superior to those obtained on the conventional plot. In addition, no difference was observed in protein content, starch content or alcohol yield. In summary, the results showed that when 50% of the nitrogen application rate was supplied by shochu lees, the yield and quality were equivalent to those obtained with chemical fertilizer alone.
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  • Seasonal Water Needs in Potted Wheat and Irrigation Necessity for Wheat Fields in Seto Inland Sea Coast Polder
    Naoyuki Ishikawa, Gen Ishioka, Jun Kubota, Takeda Hiroyuki
    2013 Volume 82 Issue 3 Pages 215-222
    Published: 2013
    Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2013
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.82.215
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    Recently, the water table controlling system called farm-oriented enhancing aquatic system (FOEAS) has been introduced into paddy-upland rotation fields in various areas. However, the effects of underground irrigation by FOEAS for wheat have not been elucidated. According to the FAO manual, 450 to 650 mm of water is needed during the growing period of wheat. In Seto Inland Sea coast area, normal rainfall during wheat growing period is about 400 to 500 mm and irrigation is not practiced for wheat production. We studied the seasonal water needs of wheat by pot culture and necessity of irrigation in Seto Inland See coast polder. In potted wheat, water consumption per day was about 1 mm from sowing to early February and it increased to 8 mm in heading stage, and declined after the middle of ripening stage. The amount of water consumed during the total growing period and after the heading stage was 612 mm and 326 mm, respectively. In the experimental field, rainfall during the wheat growing period and after the heading stage was 338 mm (77 mm less than normal) and 72 mm (half of normal), respectively. Water table depth was 40 to 60 cm in non-irrigated fields and 30 to 50 cm in fields irrigated by FOEAS. There was no difference in wheat growth or yield between non-irrigated and irrigated fields. This is probably because water table was high enough to fulfill the water needs of wheat even in non-irrigated fields.
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  • Deep-Flood Irrigation Suppresses the Occurrence of Chalky Grains through High Source Ability, in Spite of the High Percentage of Secondary Rachis Grains
    Masahiro Chiba, Osamu Matsumura, Hajime Watanabe, Yoshihiko Takahashi, ...
    2013 Volume 82 Issue 3 Pages 223-232
    Published: 2013
    Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2013
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.82.223
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    We previously reported that deep-flood irrigation (DFI) is effective in reducing the occurrence of chalky grains compared to conventional water irrigation (CWI), which seems to be achieved by the suppression of inferior tillers. To investigate how the difference in tiller composition under DFI suppresses the occurrence of chalky grains, we examined the number of grains per panicle as well as factors related to source ability (nonstructural carbohydrate of leaf sheath and culm at full heading stage, nitrogen of leaf blade at full heading stage, and the leaf area at ripening stage) between superior main stem and inferior tillers including highest primary tiller and, in CWI, secondary tillers. Under DFI, the source ability per grain was increased not only in the superior main stem but also in the highest primary tiller, and hence chalky grains in both shoots were decreased. The results show that DFI increases source ability per grain in all stems and decreases chalky grains, regardless of superiority in stems. Moreover, the occurrence of chalky grains was suppressed, in spite of the higher number of grains per panicle with higher percentage of secondary rachis grains.
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  • Effects of Ground Water Level Control on the Establishment, Growth and Yield of Soybeans Seeded during and after the Rainy Season
    Hiroyuki Takeda, Ryouji Sasaki
    2013 Volume 82 Issue 3 Pages 233-241
    Published: 2013
    Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2013
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.82.233
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    In many districts in Japan, the soybean seeding time is the rainy season, which results in unstable seedling establishment. The use of a new system, farm-oriented enhancing aquatic system (FOEAS), consisting of a subsurface drainage system and a ground water level control system, can enhance soybean establishment. The percentage of seedling establishment of soybean, cv. Sachiyutaka, seeded in early July on an upland field converted from a paddy field with open ditch drainage was 44% on the average of 3 yr. The low emergence was probably attributable to high soil moisture contents and partial submergence by heavy rains. However, the percentage of soybean emergence was increased to 85% by effective draining by FOEAS. Seedling establishment of soybeans seeded in late July or early August was improved considerably by the temporary elevation of the ground water level for several days before seeding, even when soybean emergence was severely inhibited by soil drying. Later seeding reduced the period from seeding to flowering or initiation of pod elongation, and thus reduced the numbers of pods and grains, and grain yields. Compared with the early sowing under conventional conditions with open ditch drainage, sowing at the end of July reduced grain yields only about 10% FOEAS was adapted. Thus when using FOEAS, seeding in late July appears to be practicable to extend the soybean crop season.
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Quality and Processing
  • Effect of Shading and High-Temperature Treatments on Thickness and Appearance Quality of Brown Rice and Palatability of Cooked Rice
    –Comparisons between 2009 and 2010–
    Hiroki Ishizuki, Hiroyuki Kikukawa, Kuniyuki Saitoh
    2013 Volume 82 Issue 3 Pages 242-251
    Published: 2013
    Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2013
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.82.242
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    The rice cultivars, Nipponbare and Hinohikari, were cultivated in the paddy field of Field Science Center, Okayama University in 2009 and 2010 (extremely hot summers). High-temperature treatment was given in the transparent chamber whose sides were opened when the temperature exceeded 36℃, and closed when it was lower than 25℃. Shading treatment was given by covering with a black cloth during the grain-filling period. The brown rice yield in 2009 and 2010 was decreased by high-temperature treatment by 10−21% and 30−33%, respectively, due to the decrease in the percentage of ripened grain and 1000-grains weight. In the 50% shading plot the yield was decreased by 16−24% and 30% in 2009 and 2010, respectively, mainly due to the decrease in the percentage of ripened grains. The distribution of grain thickness was shifted more to the thicker side in 2010 than in 2009. The 50% shading inhibited the grain thickening and shifted the distribution of the thickness to a thinner side, and the high-temperature in 2010 promoted the grain thickening growth despite the decrease in 1000-grain weight. In both cultivars, the lower the grain thickness group, the lower the percentage of perfect grain due to the increase in the percentage of chalky grain. In 2010, the grains were thicker, but the percentage of white-based grains was higher than in 2009. The palatability of cooked rice was higher in Hinohikari than in Nipponbare. The lower the grain thickness, the lower the palatability, and such tendency was strong in Nipponbare than in Hinohikari. The shading and high-temperature treatments decreased the palatability, especially in Nipponbare. A positive correlation was observed between the palatability and percentage of chalky grains in 2009, but negative in 2010 probably because white-based grains in thicker grains with good eating quality. Clearly, the appearance quality and palatability of grains can be controlled by changing the sieve size of rice grader, and the increase of white-based grains caused by the high-temperature may not affect the eating quality of rice.
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  • Effect of Thickness and Appearance Quality of Brown Rice on Palatability and Physicochemical Properties of Rice Grown under Shading and High-Temperature Treatments
    Hiroki Ishizuki, Yuji Matsue, Takefumi Ogata, Kuniyuki Saitoh
    2013 Volume 82 Issue 3 Pages 252-261
    Published: 2013
    Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2013
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.82.252
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    We examined the influences of grain-thickness and mixing ratio of perfect grains to white-immature grains on the palatability and physicochemical properties of milled rice grown in shading, high-temperature and control plots using Nipponbare and Hinohikari. The thinner the grain, especially less than 1.9 mm, the lower the palatability. The decreasing tendency in palatability was marked in the high-temperature plot than in the control plot, and in Nipponbare than in Hinohikari. In both cultivars and in each plot, the palatability of the grains thicker than 2.0 mm showed a plateau. The thinner the grain, the higher was the protein content. The protein content was higher in the order of high-temperature plot \> shading plot \> control. On the contrary, the thinner the grain, the lower was the amylose content. The amylose content was lower in the high-temperature plot than in either the control plot or shading plot. The maximum viscosity and breakdown values of amylographic characteristics decreased the thinner the grain. The higher the mixing ratio of white-immature grains, the lower the palatability. The mixing ratio of white-immature grains showed negative correlation with the overall eating quality, amylose content, maximum viscosity and breakdown, but a positive correlation with protein content. However in the control plot, the protein content of perfect grains was not different from that of perfect grains and white-immature grains, suggesting that the lower palatability of white-immature grains was not caused by the protein content. The thinner the grain and the higher the mixing ratio of white-immature grains under the shading and high-temperature treatments, the lower was the palatability due to the increase in protein content despite the decrease in amylose content.
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  • Research on the Factors Affecting Kernel Quality of Rice Cultivar ‘Koshihikari’ Cultivated in Aichi Prefecture
    Kazuhiko Sugiura, Hiroki Honjo, Motoki Hayashi, Toshihiro Nonoyama, Ka ...
    2013 Volume 82 Issue 3 Pages 262-269
    Published: 2013
    Released on J-STAGE: August 01, 2013
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.82.262
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    The purpose of this study was to examine the factors deteriorating kernel quality of rice cultivar ‘Koshihikari’ cultivated in Aichi Prefecture. The investigation was executed in 68 fields in 2006−2009. The occurrence of base immature kernels was most prominent among white immature kernels at a high temperature. On the other hand, the occurrence of milky white kernels was less than that of base immature kernels, even in 2009 which was a year with low insolation during the ripening period. Therefore, the quality deterioration of ‘Koshihikari’ in Aichi Prefecture was considered due to the occurrence of base immature kernels. Since the occurrence of base immature kernels positively correlated with average temperature and sunshine durations during the 20 days period after heading, the kernel quality of rice is considered to be greatly influenced by climate. Base immature kernels negatively correlated with the leaf nitrogen content at full heading time, the content of the brown rice protein, and the amount of the nitrogen supply, including the mineralized nitrogen in soil. The amounts of nitrogen fertilizer in the fields were 1.47 g m-2 that was insufficient compared with the optimum amount of nitrogen fertilizer. Thus, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer was insufficient for Koshihikari cultivation in Aichi prefecture. We concluded that it is necessary to increase the amount of the nitrogen supply to control the occurrence of base immature kernels.
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Research and Technical Note
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