Acrolein formed in cigarette smoke from 26 commercial brands was trapped in an aqueous solution containing N-methylhydrazine. Acrolein derived to 1-methyl-2-pyrazoline was quantitatively analyzed by gas chromatography with a fused silica capillary column and a nitrogen-phosphorus detector. The lowest detection level of 1-methyl-2-pyrazoline was 8.9 pg, equivalent to 5.9 pg acrolein. Recovery of acrolein from aqueous solutions as 1-methyl-2-pyrazoline was in the range of 99.3±2.1% and 100.6±3.4%. Acrolein found ranged from 124.4μg/cigarette to 337.4μg/cigarette.

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A method for the determination of pesticides and their oxygen analogues in water sample with the use of capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was investigated in order to make clear the behavior of the pesticides in the environment and/or in the process of water purification. The oxon types of organophosphorus pesticides and sulfoxide or sulfone type of pesticides were synthesized as standards from their original compounds containing thiophosphorylgroup (P=S) and/or sulfide group (C-S-C), respectively.
It was proved that the GC/MS response of many pesticides studied in actual samples was considerably higher than that in standard owing to the effect of matrices from the samples. Then, the polyethylene glycol (PEG) -coinjection method was devised for the standard solution to compensate the matrices effect.
The detection limits of the 30 kinds of compounds investigated were 2-200 pg (S/N=3) . Their recoveries from natural mineral water were 70.3-134.1% with 3.3-12.6% relative standard deviations (RSDs) except for piperophoxon 58.3% with 8.4% RSD, Fenoxon sulfone 184.6% with 7.6% RSD and simetryne sulfone 221.4% with 18.1% RSD.

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Trace element concentrations in the water samples of small branch streams of middle to lower part of Sagami river were determined using an ICP-MS. Those streams seemed to be heavily polluted. Though most of the trace element concentrations did not exceed environmental or tap water regulation value, many of them were far above (up to 1000 times) those of Sagami river main stream average. Large time and locational variations were observed on Ni, Cu, Mo, Cd and Ti. Those variations appear to be anthropogenic origin either industrial waste or house keeping waste. High concentration of trace elements in those small steams affects Sagami river significantly.

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A simple and rapid method is described for the simultaneous determination of trace levels of 183 water contaminants. Water samples (1 L) were extracted with dichloromethane. After spiked with internal standards solution, the extracts were concentrated to 0.1 mL and analysed by GC/MS. The 183 of target chemicals were classified into three categories: the category 1, 2, and 3 include 72, 51, and 60 chemicals, respectively. Chemicals of each class were measured by GC/MS (SIM) with time-shared multi-ion detection mode.
Detection limits (S/N=3) were less than 10 pg for 129 chemicals. Recoveries were less than 40% for 5 chemicals (2.8%), 40-60% for 6 chemicals (3.3%) and 60-120% for 169 chemicals (92.3%), respectively. Relative standard deviations were less than 20% for most of chemicals (98%) .

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A method for the determination of N-methylaniline, N-ethylaniline, ο-anisidine and ρ-anisidine in exhaust gas has been studied. Those compounds were sampled with a SEP-PAK^®C₁₈impregnated with phosphoric acid. Trapped substance were eluted with ethanol, extracted with dichloromethane, transferred into η-hexane and determined by capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) or flame thermoionic detector (GC/FTID) . The most suitable pH on extraction was about 12.0. When water content of exhaust gas is more than 3%, those compounds could be sampled with absorption bottle admitting 1% hydrochloric acid aqueous solution. Detection limits, relative standard deviation and recoveries of this method were 70.8-93.3μg /m³, 6.93-17.4%, 82.3-111% with GC/MS, 45.5-105μg/m³, 2.09-15.9%, 87.3-106% with GC/FTID respectively.

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Organothiophosphorus (P=S type) pesticides in aqueous solution have been shown to be converted to their oxygen analogs (P=O type) when the solutions were treated with chlorine or ozone. Ten P=O compounds were, therefore, prepared for their mass spectrometric and mutagenic studies.
The mass spectra of P=O compounds [phosphates: (RO) ₂P (=O) -OR, phosphoamidoates: (RO) ₂P (=O) -NHR] were complex and α-cleavage (P: OR, P: NHR), β-cleavage (PO: R, PNH: R) and numerous rearrangements occurred. For phosphates in which the R moiety was aliphatic (i.e., malaoxon) and for phosphoamidoates (i.e., butamifos-oxon and isofenphos-oxon), the molecular ion peaks were in general relatively weak. On the other hand, when the R moiety was aromatic, intense molecular ion peaks were observed.
Among 10 P=O compounds tested for mutagenicity in bacterial reversion-assay systems with 2 strains (TA98 and TA100) ofS. typhimuriumin the absence and presence of rat liver homogenate (S9 mix), EPN-oxon, isophenfos-oxon, malaoxon and paraoxon were found to be mutagenic. Chlorpyrifos-oxon, daizoxon and fenitro-oxon also exhibited weak mutagenicity. For butamif os-oxon, isoxa-oxon and tolclofos-methyl-oxon, no mutagenic effects were detected in the reversion assay systems.

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Polychlorinated dibenzo-ρ-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are present in the environment as unwanted by-products of anthropogenic process. Sediments and soils are sinks for persistent organic compounds entering the environment. These matrices are therefore useful for the assessment of local and global pollution with certain compounds or classes of compounds. We analyzed a number of sediments at and soils around Masan Bay in Korea for PCDDs and PCDFs. PCDDs were detected in all samples and PCDFs were in most cases. The total PCDDs/PCDFs ranged from 102 to 6493pg/g dry weight (I-TEQ 1-76pg/g dry weight) in sediments, and from 71 to 12107lpg/g dry weight (I-TEQ 0.2-3719pg/g dry weight) in soils. The isomer distribution indicated that the main source of PCDDs/PCDFs found in these samples from industrial and chemical wastes incineration, automobile exhausts and other possible combustion sources.

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A new method for the determination of ο-, m-, ρ-chloronitrobenzenes (CNBs) in exhaust gas was developed. The method was applicable to the analysis of CNBs in gas samples containing up to 30% of water. CNBs were collected with SEP PAK^®PS2 cartridge after conditioning with η-hexane. CNBs were eluted with n-hexane and determined by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and gas chromatography using flame thermoionic detector (GC/FTID) .
Detection limits, relative standard deviations and recoveries of CNBs were 28.1-46.2 μg/m³, 3.62-8.94%, 85.6.95.0% in GC/MS and 155-200 μg/m³, 3.9-25.4%, 78.7-98.6% in GC/FTID.

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The chromatographic clean-up and HRGC/HRMS stages of an all congener specific analytical method for PCBs were investigated in detail. Various clean-up strategies, including DMSO treatment for oily samples, alumina column clean-up for all samples, and HPLC on PGC (Porous Graphitized Column) for coplanar PCBs, were discussed. HRGC/HRMS was used in conjunction with the clean-up strategies outlined to determine the GC elution profile of all congeners. The relative merits and problems of HRGC/HRMS, HRGC (ECD), and HRGC/LRMS as the final analytical technique for the determination of PCBs were outlined. It is expected that the data presented will be useful to analytical chemists performing analyses for either total or complanar PCBs. Possible further developments in the analysis of PCBs are discussed.

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The characteristics of mutagenicity of tap water concentrates in Kanagawa prefectural public health laboratory were examined by microsuspension procedure usingSalmonella typhimuriumTA98 strain, sensitive to flame-shift mutagen, and TA100 strain, sensitive to base-pair exchange mutagen. Concentration of organic matters from the water was performed by passing through Sep-Pak-_tC₁₈cartridge, which adsorbs non-polar compounds, and Sep-Pak-P52 cartridge, which adsorbs weak polar compounds, successively. The water concentrates showed higher mutagenicity in bacterial strain TA100 without S9 mix in comparison with those observed in TA98 without S9 mix. It was found that Sep-Pak-_tC₁₈cartridge adsorbs mainly flame-shift type and direct-acting mutagens in the tap water, while Sep-Pak-P52 cartridge adsorbs mainly base-pair exchange type and direct-acting mutagens. Seasonal variation in the mutagenicity of tap water was analysed.

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Concentrations of volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons (VCHs) were measured in air from work-environment at two dry-cleaning factories and one metal-washing factory in Sendai city by the passive and active sampling methods. The VCHs investigated were 1, 1, 1-Trichloroethane (MCF), Carbon tetrachloride (CTC), Trichloroethylene (TCE) and Tetrachloroethylene (PCE) . VCHs concentrations were monitored in air around the factories. Sampling sites were densely arranged at intervals from 20m to 100m for the VCHs. Sampling rates of the passive sampling method were calculated on the basis of the concentration by the active sampling method (MCF: 0.387, TCE: 0.241, PCE: 0.252) . Average PCE concentrations around the two drycleaning factories (13.4, 74.9 μg/m³) and average TCE concentration around the metal-washing factory (65.2μg/m³) were higher than those in general environment atmosphere in Sendai city. Distributions of the VCHs around the factories seem to be affected by the structure of vicinity buildings and wind velocity as well as wind direction.

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Several applications in environmental analysis by LC/MS were described briefly.

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