Determination of aniline in air has been developed using gas chromatography (GC) /mass spectrometry (MS) . Aniline was collected on the multi-bed tube, which consists of 35mm glass beads and 40mm of Tenax-TA, and then injected into a GC/MS by using the thermal desorption-cold trap equipment. The use of glass beads as weak sorbent makes possible to recover the aniline at the nanogram concentration level. The detection limit and quantification limit for aniline on 10l-air samples were 4.6 and 15ng/m³, respectively. Aniline was detected in air, although below the quanitification limit.

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A method was developed for the determination of o-, m- and p-phenylenediamines (PDs) in exhaust gas. PDs were collected by bubbling sample gas through 15ml of diluted hydrochloric acid. The sample solution was adjusted to 20ml with the absorbent solution and a 10 μl of it was injected to high performance liquid chromatograph with an UV detector.
The recoveries were 95.9-104% after 240l of in-door air was passed through the solution to which the standards were added. The detection limits by this method were65-77μg/m³ for 60l of gas sample. PDs remained stable in the absorbent solution for at least 4 days. The method was successfully applied to exhaust gases from a dye industry.

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When tap water was analysed by GC/ECD method after hexane extraction, unusual peaks which correspond to haloacetonitrile, haloacetone and chloropicrin were observed in addition to trihalomethanes.
Precursors were found to be in tap water which reacted with residual chlorine to produce haloacetonitrile and haloacetone. It was suggested that once produced haloacetonitrile and haloacetone were further coverted to trihalomethanes during distribution.
City water exhibited a different GC-pattern due to different precursor materials coming from different emission sources. Analysis was made for by-products formation potential of water according to the type of emission source. Of five investigated city waters, two were assumed to have their major souce of the precursor organics from Sewage treatment plant and pulp mill waste water.

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We identified 31 disinfection by-products in chlorinated supply water, and developed a method for determining 34 halogenated by-products including three halopropionic acids with capillary column GC/ECD. Capillary column GC condition, extration solvent, pH value and effect of salt for extraction were optimized.
The pH of water sample was adjustified to less than 6.0 with NaOH or H₂SO₄ after termination of residual chlorine with ascorbic acid. Sodium chloride was added with a supper saturation quantity to obtain salting out effect. Halogenated by-products were extracted with hexane (10ml×2) and then with MTBE (2.5ml×2 + 10ml) after acidifying aqueous solution with H₂SO₄.
Volatile halogenated by-products in hexane and MTBE extract were analysed with capillary column GC/ECD. Nonvolatile acidic by-products were converted to methyl derivative with diazomethane, and were analysed with capillary column GC/ECD.
The recoveries were 75.7118.0% for volatile halogenated by-products, except chloroaldehyde and 79.6-142.0% for nonvolatile halogenated acidic by-products on four runs. The quantitation limits of the former were 0.1μg/l except for chloroacetaldehyde (0.2μg/l) and those of the latter were 0.1μg/l except for chloroacetic acid (0.3μg/l), a -chloropropionic acid (0.3μg/l), dibromochloroacetic acid (0.5μ/l) and tribromoacetic acid (0.7μg/l) . Relative standard deviations were less than 3% for volatile halogenated by-products and less than 5% for nonvolatile halogenated acidic by-products except for dibromochloroacetic acid (10%) and tribromoacetic acid (22%) .

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Distribution and variation of aerially applied pesticides were studied in a river running through cultivated area during June to September 1995. The target pesticides were buprofezin, etofenprox, fenitrothion, flutoranil, phthalide, isoprothiolane, mepronil, pencycuron, pyridaphenthion, tetrachlorvinphos and tricyclazole. The pesticides were detected at 0.04 to 4.84μg·l^-1 in median.
Their concentrations increased during and after the application periods. Their run-off rates to the river were 0.2% for etofenprox to 9.4% for tricyclazole. Moreover, ten herbicides, two fungicides and five insecticides were detected from the river at 0.03-0.09μg·l^-1 in median.

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Evaluation of O- (2, 3, 4, 5, 6-pentafluorobenzyl) hydroxylamine (PFBOA) method for the determination of aldehydes in indoor air samles was investigated by comparing with 2, 4-dinitorophenylhydrazine (DNPH) method.
The concentrations of aldehydes were measured by the two methods in a newly-built ferroconcrete house under a sealed room condition.
The concentrations of aldehydes obtained by PFBOA method were in good agreement with those obtained by DNPH method; i.e., the values obtained by PFBOA method were 31.2ppb for formaldehyde and 13.lppb for acetaldehyde, while those by DNPH method were 30.8ppb for formaldehyde and 11.5ppb for acetaldehyde, respectively. Although these DNPH-derivatives can be determined by GC-MS, the detection limits were higher than one of PFBOA method. Therefore, it was concluded that the PFBOA method is useful for the determination of aldehydes in indoor air samples. Efficiencies of several methods for removing aldehydes in indoor air were also investigated. Simple ventilation was effective in decreasing concentration of aldehydes.

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An investigation has been made to monitor industrial effluent sources that might discharge 11 chemical agents which potentially affect human health: nickel, boron, antimony, molybdenum, toluene, xylene, etc.
Concentrations of these chemicals in effluents vary widely from different industrial sources. Nickel level exceeded 50 times of the guideline value of environmental water at more than 30% of the industrial effluent sources. Sometimes boron, antimony, molybdenum, toluene and xylene are detected at more than 10 times of the guideline values of environmental water (the expected effluent standards) . Levels of chloroform and others are lower than 10 times of the guideline value of environmental water; sometimes they are not detected in the effluents.
Coagulation-sedimentation methods are effective in removing nickel from the effluents though with substantially variable treatment efficiencies. Reduction and activated carbon adsorption method are effective in the treatments of boron, toluene and xylene, respectively.

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A Russian-registered tanker, Nakhodka, has broken and sunk on January 2, 1997, in the Sea of Japan. A total of 6, 200 t of heavy oil has been spilled into the sea from the tanker; 3, 700 t of oil had reached to the coasts of Niigata Prefecture after the oil spill. To determine sources of the oils reached the coasts, 31 n-alkanes (C₁₀-C₄₀), eight alkyl dibenzothiophenes, 22 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 24 alkyl benzenes were identified from a drifted oil in the sea and nine oil patches reached to the coasts of the prefecture after the oil spill. The relative ratios of these compounds in the oil samples were compared with those in the heavy oil from the tanker.
A part of low molecular compounds, such as n-alkanes with C₁₀-C₁₅, PAHs with molecular weight of less than 200, as well as benzene, toluene and xylenes, were disappeared from the oils after spillage to the sea. On the other hand, the ratios of n-alkanes with C₁₆-C₄₀, alkyl dibenzothiophenes, PAHs with molecular weight of more than 200 and C4-benzenes in the drifted oil and eight oil samples from the coasts were same as those in the heavy oil from the tanker. This indicated strongly that these oils were spilled from the tanker.

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Aromatic hydrocarbons in the oil spilled from“the Nakhodka”and in the environmental samples including air, reached oil and sea water were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometric detection and high-performance liquid chromatography/fluorescence detection. Aromatic hydrocarbons determined in the oil were as follows: benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, naphthalene, acenaphthene, fluorene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benz [a] anthracene, chrysene, benzo [b] fluoranthene, benzo- [k] fluoranthene, benzo [a] pyrene, dibenz [a, h] anthracene and benzo [ghi] perylene.
Concentrations of benzene, toluene, xylenes and naphthalene in the air collected at contaminated seashores were much lower than their toxic levels. However, a model experiment suggested that their concentrations in the air might be higher just after the oil spill. Although the naphthalene concentration in the reached oil samples tended to decrease with time, pyrene and benzo [a] pyrene concentrations were relatively constant. The decrease in naphthalene concentration in the reached oil samples was considered to be due to vaporization. Benzo [a] pyrene concentrations in sea water tended to decrease with time.
The mutagenicity and DNA damage of the oil were assayed. The oil showed indirectacting mutagenicity in the Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains in the presence of S9 mix. Production of p53 protein was enhanced in human FL cells after the treatment with the oil, indicating that the oil caused DNA damage.

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As a part of research studies on the pollution at heavy-oil coated parts of the Sea of Japan coastline, resulting from the wrecked Russian tanker Nakhodka on Jan. 2, the following experiments were performed using three heavy oil samples. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were analyzed by HPLC in the heavy oil that washed ashore, which was collected at Mikuni-cho in Fukui Prefecture on Jan. 16, 1997, heavy oil in the oil compartment of the bow of the tanker, and commercial heavy oil (class C) .
Mutagenicities of the extracts of these oil samples were also measured. The amount of benzo (a) pyrene (BaP) contained in the heavy oil that washed ashore was about a quarter of the average in 51 soil extracted samples, which were collected at an urban area in Tokyo in 1984, and mutagenicity of the extract from the oil was about 4-fold higher than the average in the extracts from the soil samples.

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Analytical methods were developed for the screening of chemical substances in the oil spill accident.
Headspace method was used for direct determination of volatile compounds in oil using gas chromatography/mass spectromety (GC/MS) method in scanning mode. Using this method, BTEX (benznene, toluene, etc.) and praffins were detected in Heavy oil.
Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was used for determination of volatile compounds in head space of water and air. SPME fiber with a 65μm Polydimethylsiloxane / Divinylbenzene coating was suitable for BTEX.
5% hydrous silicagel column chromatography was used for analysis of chromatogram patterns of oils and separate paraffins and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in heavy oil.
PAHs were detected in spilled and drifted heavy oil of Nakhodka. The concentration of PAHs were similar to other heavy oil samples, but the concentrations of polar PAHs in drifted oil decreased compared with the original oil.

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The major compounds in crude oil and oil products as well as their analytical methods were summarized. A brief description of the production of crude oil and the refinery methods were compiled together with a summary of some of the toxicities of the aromatic compounds in the oil.

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