In his medical student days in Tokyo, Willis Norton Whitney went to Kanazawa accepting a post of teacher at Government Normal School and taught English, chemistry and physics for a year. As his father discharged by the Tokyo Prefectural Government and no more employed in Shoho-Koshujo, predecessor of present Hitotsubashi University, his family needed his financial help.
During his stay in Kanazawa, Emperor Meiji stopped at this city on his inspection tour in Hokuriku district and paid a visit to this school. After receiving in audience by the Emperor introduced by General Oyama, military attache, Willis was ordered by the prefecture to explain and conduct an experiment in electricity.
On this occasion, Willis invited General to dinner and had a plesant talk with him. Though it was frugal meal with no alcholic drinks, General Oyama was much pleased to meet such an upright young American gentleman in a distant province of Kaga.

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In the days of Tokugawa seclusion we had some relation with the English and Americans but I managed to left greater part of pre-Restoration days to my predecessor's works. After the Restoration in the Meiji days Dr. Chamberlain opened the way of philological study of Loochoo language and Japanese. I am going to relate on the World War II throngh Irnie Pyle and especially after the War under the reign of American officials. How Okinawa people in those days wanted to be reunited with their fatherland Japan! It is true that the road and buildings became splendid after the War by Americans at the sacrifice of Loochoo and the people. They were robbed of their hereditary land and houses and the sea became contaminated always being annoyed by the noises of B29 flying from Kadena air base with atom bomb, sometimes killed on the street by American solders. In 1971 Okinawa returned to Japan mainland but American-Japan Treaty then concluded very ambiguous items allowing America to carry atom bomb into the Japanese air base and naval ports as Dr. Reishower diselosed last summer. Japanese government got the right of administration of Okinawa and also the right of being attacked by atom bomb from other countries. Okinawa people were eager for the days come when they return to their fatherland, peace will reign over them again but in vain. When the peace of Okinawa, Japan and the world will be realized? I wonder.

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The paper consists of two parts. First, it outlines some of the interesting features of Pidgin English current in Yokohama during the hectic days that saw Japan undergo unprecedented changes from about 1858 onward. Improvised as an aid to Englishmen, Americans and other nationals in communicating with our people, the dialect is as unscientific as Basic English is scientific, and used to be frowned upon by educated men and women as a bastered jargon. It, nevertheless, was able to hold its own through sheer force of practicality, although it has fallen into disuse in Japan.
Second, the paper treats of postwar changes in the concept of Pidgin. No longer brushed aside as something contemptible, this form of speech is being studied from various angles as a substandard world language by scholars in Britain, America and in particular Australia. In doing so, the linguists are giving Pidgin a status, so to speak, similar to what the ancients gave to Koine Greek in which the New Testament of the Bible was written.

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Ranald MacDonald came into Japan in 1848 during the Tokugawa Era while she was closed to the foreign countries, in order to know Japan and to teach English to the Japanese. He came ashore first on Yagishiri Island and then on Rishiri Island, but as he was soon caught and imprisoned in Eramachi, he could not attain his purpose in Yezo (now Hokkaido). Later he was sent to Nagasaki and then back to America in 1849.
While he was in Nagasaki, he got the chance of teaching English to 14 Japanese interpreters. Their names were written down in “Ranald MacDonald” edited by William S. Lewis and Naojiro Murakami, and were confirmed except the 11th student. The name of the 11th student was “Inderego Horn” and its Japanese name was reported differently. “Hori Ichiro”, “Hor Tatsnoskay” or “Inabe Teijiro” was thought to be “Inderego Horn”; but not yet confirmed.
But recently “Inderego Horn” was found to be the misspelling of “Judgero Hory” by Mr. Tomita, and I began to study according to this discovery. I looked into the List of the Japanese interpreters in 1847 and found the name of “Hori Jujiro” between the 10th and the 12th student; and I was deeply convinced that “Hori Jujiro” was the same person as “Judgero Hory”, the 11th student of Ranald MacDonald.
He later changed his name to “Hori Denzo”, came to Hakodate as an interpreter there for a short period, and returned to Nagasaki; but his later career was yet unknown. I sincerely wish to know his whole career.

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It is more than 25 years since Nobuyuki Imai passed away of liver cancer, and now is the time, I suppose, to talk about him, because 25 years is not so short, and suitable to take an objective view of him and his works. Soon after the war end, he came to Nara to hunt curios. He was a connoisseur of antique objects, and looked very happy in the ancient capital of Japan. I have not met him ever since. About five years later I was much shocked to hear of his decease, which might inevitably bring about the discontinuation of “Current of the World.”
Talking of “Current of the World”, it made its first appearance in 1924, next year of the Kanto earthquake. It may be said that the kind of English magazine was being looked for by a lot of Japanese intellingentzia though there were two other big English magazines, “The Rising Generation” and “The Study of English.”
He was a teacher and then became a journalist in English, whose experince was wonderfully put to practical use, the former to the foundation of “Weekly” and “Correspondence Course”, and the latter to “Current of the World.” He set up the Eigo-tsushinsha at Sendagi-cho, Hongo, which was transferred to Nishikata-cho, Hongo in 1919. He distinguished himself in his work. He made a hit with his “Weekly” which was read as a side-reader at almost all middle schools throughout Japan, and also “Current of the World” had a remarkable circulation. It seemed he swept away everything in his way. “Current of the World” had two major objects; one was giving reading materials in current English to intellectuals, and the other was Japanese English translation which was always in Imai's charge. And this was very famous with his unique remark. I hope the latter will be published as a book which, I believe, will be utterly helpful to university students and intelligent public persons. Imai had a rosy future with other plans, but World War II and his illness made them a very remote possibility. No, his death brought a close to everything.

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This paper chiefly treats man and work of Charles Henry Dallas (1841-94) and English studies in Yonezawa in the early years of Meiji era.
The origin of English studies in Yonezawa had already been referred to in my paper “Kohki Watanabe and English Studies in Yonezawa”, which was printed on The Eigakushi-kenkyu (No. 12).
Charles H. Dallas was the first foreign master who was employed in the Yogakusha (a foreign language school) by Yonezawa-ken in 1871. He came over to Japan as a trader and several years later he became an employed master in the Kaiseijo, or Government College, in Tokyo before he came to Yonezawa.
He taught at the Yogakusha for nearly four years (from autumn in 1871 till spring in 1875), while he wrote a primer on English pronunciation, which was translated into Japanese by Kazuichi Yoshio, a language master of the Yogakusha, and published from Shokodo at Kanda, entitled “Eionron”. The apt contrast between the pronunciation of Japanese and that of English is characteristic of that book.
Besides the primer, he wrote two papers, “Notes Collected in the Okitama Ken With an Itenerary of the Road Leading to It” and “The Yonezawa Dialect”, both of which had carefully been prepared during his stay in Yonezawa and were printed on Transactions of the Asiatic Socicty in 1875. The two papers show his personality as well as his great learning and minute observation as an excellent linguist.
In the last chapter of this paper the Yonezawa Eiwa Girls' School is referred to. Looking back upon the History of English Studies in Yonezawa, we see that teaching by missionaries at the Eiwa Girls' School is one of the epoch-making events in the history of education in Yonezawa.

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Two kinds of new materials concerning Thomas Clay Winn, the first Protestant missionary to the Hokuriku district, have been obtained from America. One of them, found among alumni records files in the Amherst College Archives, Winn's Alma Mater, mainly tells us his career in detail. These facts in the records are thought to be most reliable since they were written in his own handwriting.
And the other is the fifty microfilmed copies of Winn's letters kept by Philadelphia Historical Society, which were originally sent from Winn in Kanazawa to the Presbyterian Mission Board in New York.
We can know Thomas Winn, the man, from Nihon no Shito, Tomasu Uin Den or A Biography of Thomas Winn, An Apostle to Japan published by Nakazawa Shoshichi in 1938. Since then most of the articles about Thomas Winn have been written from this book. It seems to the present writer that little effort to find new materials has been made. The tabular comparision on pages 107-109 will show us more detailed information and some differences from those of Nakazawa's.
Winn's letters to the Mission Board (Sept. 8, 1891-June 1, 1899) are literally missionary reports. The contents of these letters include materials such as personnel records, church development, missionary work and news of his family. The present writer, however, noticed that Winn often wrote about Kanazawa Boys' School. He seemed to have concentrated his effort on managing this school.
Hokuriku Eiwa Gakko, which Winn called only Kanazawa Boys' School, in his letters started in April, 1822 and was closed in 1899. We now have few ways of knowing what kind of school it was because few records are left. Studying these letters will fill up an unknown part of Christian school history in Japan as well as tell us about Hokuriku Eiwa Gakko.
Many mission schools were established during the westernization of the country in the 1880s'. A strong nationalism followed. Winn's letters fell in the age of reaction, the period of sufferings of Christian Schools. The history of Hokuriku Eiwa Gakko may be called very typical of the time in which mission schools had to be closed. They were faced with two alternatives; continuing the Bible teaching but sacrificing the Government's recognition or giving up the Christian studies. The Government with extreme nationalism began to interfere with the mission school curriculums, fearing the Christian influence on Japanese people.
As the improvement of public schools took away students from mission schools. Hokuriku Eiwa Gakko also met these difficulties. It was the ordinance, article XII issued from the Ministry of Education in 1899 that the deadly blow to Hokuriku Eiwa Gakko and it was forced to close down.
The aims of this paper are to correct and add some new facts about Thomas Winn's career from the first source and also study Hokuriku Eiwa Gakko from the view point of Japan Christian school history, from the second source.

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The Satsukikai is a society of persons who passed the teachers' license examination. The examination used to be in force by the Ministry of Education (the so-called Bunken) and has been abolished since the World war II.
The Satsuki-kai came into being in 1948, and the number of its members is some 120 throughout Japan. However, this society is destined to come into nothing, because the examination (Bunken) has been abolished since the end of the World war II.
In this thesis I want to tell about this examination and its successful candidates (myself among the rest) and its reason for being.

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This report is concerned with Hiroshima English School. Hiroshima Foreign Language School renamed Hiroshima English School in 1870.
As I own some basic historical materials concerning Hiroshima English School. I have introduced some of them and added some explanation to them.

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James Joyce, who first became popular among the Japanese as the author of Ulysses, attracted attention of the younger generation of Japanese writers and scholars by its extraordinary technique, “the stream of consciousness”. Along with the rapid rise of the journalism, the interest in it developed into a big literary movement called “the new psychological literature”. Its supporters asserted that the method is the very apparatus which explore the new field of the contemporary Japanese literature. The enthusiasm for the technique of Ulysses is chiefly due to the reaction to the ideological proletarian and Marxist literature. In addition to that, that kind of literature depends too much upon the material just as that of the Taisho era did. In the peak of the movement stated above, two Japanese translations of Ulysses were published. The epoch-making event caused the intellectuals to discuss Joyce's literature from more extensive and essential points of view. The strong tendency to understand Joyce's literature totally is based on the reflection on the thoughtless craze about it in the past; and such attitude towards Joyce offered the very significant problem accompanied by the meeting of the two different cultures. As Fascism advanced, the pressure of the authorities on the left people grew severe, and Marxist literature fell down little by little; and in its turn rose traditional Japanese literature. It goes without saying that the war structure of the Japanese society prohibited the use of the English language as that of the enemy, and that nothing came to be written or told about either European or American literature including that of James Joyce.

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