1) Histopathological examinations were conducted as to two race horses which died of acute diarrhea (so-called Colitis X). The animals each ran peracute and acute course. 2) The main findings common to both of the cases were as follows: a. General congestions. b. General congestive hemorrhages. c. In the alimentary tract particularly large intestines, congestive and con gestive-hemorrhagic changes, and edematous changes mainly in the submucosa. d. Degeneration of nerve cells (shrinkage, honeycombed vacuolization) in the intramural nerve plexus of the alimentary tract. e. In the lungs, congestive and congestive-hemorrhagic changes and edematous changes. f. Congestions and congestive hemorrhages in the adrenals (one case exhibited hematoma-like feature). g. Follicular atrophy in the spleen and lymph nodes. h. Increase in density of the blood and failing of the blood coagulability. 3) In one case about which the examinations were conducted from general standpoints, there existed frequently degeneration and loss of nerve cells in the spinal dorsal root ganglia, ganglia of sympathetic trunk, cervical vago sympathetic and nodose ganglia, especially in the foremost one and also existed degeneration of nerve cells in the anterior and posterior mesenteric ganglia. It is possible that such regressive changes of nerve cells may be a primary factor participating in pathogenesis of the disease. 4) The alimentary tract had conspicuous parasitic lesions, while it had little inflammatory changes having presumably direct relation to diarrhea. Regarding the disease name "Colitis X" denoting inflammatory condition, there may be room for further histopathological study.

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On the origin, physiological function, and some other things of the chestnutof the horse, there are no reliable theories at all. Some researchers have away of thinking that the chestnut is apt to be influenced by the general healthcondition of the climate and other conditions of nature, since it is composedof the same tissue as the hoof and skin which are originated from the ectoderm.Others presume that the chestnut may remain unchanged in character throughoutlife, as well as human finger print does, although, there is no reasonableexplanation on the development of the chestnut. The present studies were carried out to clarify the morphology of thechestnut. In them, samples were collected from 139 adult horses, which consistedof 95 of the Light breed, 39 of the Half breed, and 5 Japanese nativehorses. For detailed observation, photographs were taken by a camera accompaniedby the Micro Extension Tube and the Universal Ringflash. At thetime of enlargement, the actual size of the chestnut was printed on a negativefilm. On the other hand, the body weight and height of each horse weremeasured by the regular scales exclusively used for horses. Relationships ofthe character of the chestnut were investigated to breed, sex, age, color of haircoat, birth place, body height, and others. The following results were obtained. 1) The foreleg chestnut is located at the lowest one-fourth of the antibrachium on the medial side. The hind leg chestnut is located at the upper about two-sevenths of the distance between hock and fetlock on the medial side. Little deviations were found in the position of the chestnut of either leg among the horses used. 2) The length of the foreleg chestnut was the greatest in the Thoroughbred (54.4±9.8 mm), which was followed by the Half breed, Japanese native horses, and the Anglo-Arab in the decreasing order of length . The length of the hind leg chestnut was the greatest in the Half breed (42 .8±14.3 mm), which was followed by the Thoroughbred, Anglo-Arab, and Japanese native horses in the decreasing order of length . 3) There was a significant difference in the surface area between the foreleg chestnut (8.8±2.8 cm2) and the hind-leg chestnut . 4) The surface area of the fore and hind leg chestnut was the greatest in the Half breed (9.6±2.79 and 5.0±2.43 cm²). There was a significant difference in this area between the Half breed and Japanese native horses (6 .9±1.46 and 3.0±1.87 cm²), but no differences among the Thoroughbred, Anglo-Arab, and Half breed. 5) There was no constant relationship of the surface area of the chestnut to the sex, age, or color of hair coat. 6) A slight correlationship could be found between the surface area of the chestnut and the body height, weight, girth, or the circumference of the cannon and coronet. 7) When the chestnut was classified morphologically according to the Horse Identification System adopted by the New York Jockey Club, the B type was the most predominant (67.8%) and the C and A types were also predominant in the foreleg. In the hind leg the B type was the most predominant (20.7%) and some other types were also found (A, C, D, E, F, I, M, O, Q, R, S, X and Y types). 8) The chestnut was classified morphologically into 8 types according to the identification system which is used regularly in Japan. It was found that the scallion shape was predominant (55.8%) and the ellipse, gourd, and spindle shapes were seen in the majority of the remainder in the foreleg . These four types were found in about 50 per cent in the hind leg, where the V, rod, round, and irregular shapes were also noticed. 9) When the pattern of the surface of the chestnut was examined, the scaly pattern was the most predominant and the radiant and flat patterns were predominant in the foreleg. The scaly and flat patterns occupied the majority in the hind leg, but the radiant pattern was very rare in the hind lei

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The strongly sedative, analgesic, and relaxing agent Bay Va 1470 was examined for the sedative, analgesic, and premedicant effect on horses. Observation was merle on the subjects shown in Table 1. Heat reflex, pressure reflex, and eyelid distance were regarded as sedative and analgesic signs. The degree of muscular relaxation was measured by the tail tension. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1 . The dosage (1 mg/kg of body weight) and the route of administration (intravenous) used in the present experiment were determined by a preliminary experiment. 2. The sedative and analgesic effect of the drug was found on all the horses 5 minutes after administration and persisted until 30 to 60 minutes. In stallions and geldings, the penis showed a prolapse. In all the horses, the head bent low and the lips hung with the mouth loosely opened. It seems that these conditions might be more distinct than those induced by phenoth iazine derivatives. 3. The heart rate decreased to one-third of the normal value. Bloodpressure rose immediately (20-30 seconds) after injection, reaching 39-50 mmHg, which was held for 1-2 minutes. Electrocardiography revealed an alteration in T-wave configuration and A-V block with sinus bradycardia. In one of the horses, these conditions continued for 1 hour later. 4. The respiratory rate dropped to 30 % of the normal value. The tidal volume increased. Therefore, the minute volume was not so different from the normal value. 5. Heat reflex increased clearly in period. Pressure reflex rose with an increase in pressure. Both reflexes were related to the sedative and analgesic effect of the drug. 6. Muscular relaxation dropped to 60 %of the normal value. This condition cotinued for about 2 hours. 7. Hematological conditions were slightly different from the normal ones, but their values were within a normal range. From these results, it is concluded that Bay Va 1470 is a good sedative analgesic, and premedicant agent for horses.

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Serum protein electrophoresis has been performed in race horses since 6 years ago by means of the Standard Procedure of Cellulose Acetate Electro phoresis established by the Japanese Society of Electrophoresis. In these studies, 59 race horses classified by the groups of diseases were examined for the characteristics of their serum protein fractions. They manifested clearly abnormal clinical signs and showed an albumin/globulin ratio of below 1.0. Besides, the rise and fall of the serum protein fractions were examined in four cases of experimental suppurative carpoarthritis, exper imentally inoculated equine infectious anemia, equine ascariosis, and laminitis, respectively. Taking the above-mentioned findings into consideration, the movement of the serum proteins was studied in each group of diseases and the following results were obtained. 1) In two groups of horses of clinically suspected bacterial infection and laminitis, respectively, there were a decrease in the value of albumin and an increase in the value of globulin, especially fl-and -globulin, the albumin/ globulin ratio was remarkably low and the serum protein was high in value.These tendencies of the serum protein were outstanding in the exudative diseases. 2) In a group of malnutrition and equine ascariosis, there was a decrease in the value of albumin and an increase in the value of a-globulin, the albumin/globulin ratio was slightly low, and the serum protein was low in value. In some severe cases of this group, there was a tendency that hypo proteinemic edema was apt to occure at the legs. 3) In a group of equine infectious anemia, globulin, especially α-globulin, was high in value, but albumin/globulin ratio was not so low as in the groups of clinically suspected bacterial infection and laminitis. 4) In the other group of non-infectious diseaes, there were a slight decrease in the value of albumin and in the albumin/globulin ratio and a slight increase in the values of serum protein and These changes in serum protein, however, were minor ones, as compared with those of any other group mentioned above. When applied concurrently with clinical examination, cellulose acetate electrophoresis is regarded as one of the highly valuable methods of examination that can differentiate the diseases which produce immunoglobulin from those which do not produce immunoglobulin on the basis of the distribution of immunoglobulin, and that can identify malnutrition and internal parasitism on the basis of the concentration of albumin.

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　昭和44年に試作した日競研式1号型トラップと今回(昭和45年)改良を加えた2号型トラップを用いて,7月から9月の間に競走馬保健研究所常磐支所,同じく栃木支所および宇都宮育成牧場でアブの採集試験を行なった。その結果,3か所で合計172,918匹のアブを採集した。このようにきわめて多数のアブが採集された。そしてこれら3か所の試験地に繋養されていた馬に寄生するアブはきわめて少数のものしか認められなかった。よって,日競研式トラップはアブの防除にきわめて勝れた効果のあることが実証された。　今回の試験の結果から,トラップにさらに改良を加え,3号型トラップを試作した。

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Permanent ventricular paroxysmal tachycardia was observed in a 3-year-old^Δ Thoroughbred colt. The diagnosis of this disease was made on the basis of the following electrocardiographic findings : (a) Runs of the QRS comlexes in succession at the rate of 152 per minute, the configuration of which was like that of ventricular premature beat. (b) Slower regular atrial rhythm at the rate of 69 per minute showing AV dissociation. (c) Occasional appearance of ventricular capture. Clinical, electrocardiographic, phonocardiographic and sphygmomanometric studies revealed the significance of the arrhythmia on circulatory dynamics. Detachycardia was unsuccessfully tried with quinidine sulfate. The present case was considered as a primary heart condition due to the ectopic pacemaker in the ventricular septal lesion,

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競走馬の完全配合飼料の内容を一定にして,その大きさと硬さだけを変えた7種類のペレットを製造した。それらについて,馬3頭を使用し馬の採食行動を観察した。試験方法は各二種類について趣向性比較試験を実施し,選択的摂取時間,採食挙動を観察し,さらに一種類つつ用いて採食速度試験を実施した。例数が少ないため統計処理をしていないが,ペレヅトの大きさと硬さの変更に伴う馬の挙動の変化としては,大体次のような傾向がみられた。　1)ペレットの大きさを小さくすると,一回の摂取 持続時間は増加し,咀嚼回数は逆に減少する傾向がみ られ,また,馬が摂取し易い利点は考えられる。しか しながら,馬によってペレットの幾分大きい方を余分 に摂取する傾向を示すのは,一回に口に入れる摂取容 積が或程度必要なためかもしれない。　2)大きさを一定にして,硬さだけ変えると,軟か い方が摂取し易く,趣向性が高いようであった。しか し,1mmメッシュによる粉粋で固型化した程れば,馬にとって摂取できない硬さではないことも判 明した。10×17mmの大きさのペレットを摂取する 一回の持続時間は,かなり短かく3～5秒であった。　3)12×10mm程度のペレットでは,1分間取回数は大体4～5回で,一回の摂取持続時間は5秒前後,咀嚼回数は15回前後であった。　4)採食速度は,ペレットを一種類のみ給与させた場合,ペレットの大きさ,硬さにほとんど関係なく個体個有の採食パターンで摂取した。これはペレットの種類による嗜好性の差がないこと,ペレット摂取に少の難易があったとしても,全体の飼料摂取速度を変えるほどのレットの大きさ,硬さの変動ではなかったことが原因と考えられる。2kgの摂取総時間は20分前後であった。

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　発育中の競走馬を使い,毛髪中のカルシュームとリンの変動を骨成長と対比することによって,カルシュームとリンの体内利用を推測し,さらに一日のカルシュームとリンの摂取量との関係を検討した。　 走馬の管囲の発育は,概ね2才9月から10月にかけてかなり著しいことがわかった。同一条件下では,10月の平均月間増加量の0.32cmが高く,11月以降と明らかに有意の差があった。　この時期のカルシュームとリンの骨究着は相当高いことが推測され,体内のカルシュームとリンの出納もかなり大きいと考えられるので,この時期に限定して発育中の馬の毛髪中のカルシxムとリン含量を分析してみると,一日カルシxム459,リン309摂取していた慣用飼料給与群では2才9月期から12月にかけてカルシュームは33.9%,リンは25.0%と有意に激減していた。一方,一日カルシューム609摂取していた完全配合飼給与群では,骨の発育が著しいにもかかわらず2才12月まで高い値を維持した。しかしリンは409摂取では不足の象を示し,この期の毛髪中のリンは矢張り激減した。　しかしながら,毛髪中のCaとPの減少は体内の代謝に取り込まれ骨沈着に利用されているかどうかは不明である。

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　競走馬用に作成した完全配合飼料を一定量摂取することによって得られるエネルギー量が,Medium Trainingに耐えられるものであるかどうかを血糖値の変動を尺度として検討した。　競走馬は牝の3才馬で育成期を終えたものを使用し,本実験期間中いわゆる競走調教法を実施した。また,実験の最初と中間と最後に日本における慣例的な競走馬の能力検査を行った。競走調教法には試作処方によるインタバルトレーニング法を採用した。血糖値の定量は,朝飼付後3時間目を運動前の安静値とし,その後運動開始し,そして運動後5分値と60分値を測定した。　摂取した可消化エネルギー量は約23,700Kca1,体重1kg当り52,6Kca1と算出された。実験期間1カ月の前半15日間に馬の体重は2.3～4.5%減少したが,その後15日間はほとんど体重の変動はなかった。　3回の能力検査の際の運動負荷においては,最終800mの全力疾走時間が60秒以上のときは,馬の血糖値は運動後二過性の上昇または下降をし,その増減の割合は運動前の30%以内であった。そして,60分後にはいつれもほぼ安静値に回復した。一方,一例だけ最終800mを56秒で走った馬は,運動後34　mg/100　mlまで血糖値が下がり,グルコースの組織内とりこみがかなり大きかったことをものがたっていた。しかしながら,このケースも60分後には安静値に回復したところから,馬の肝臓中にはかなりのグリコーゲが貯蔵されていたものと推定される。　インタバルトレーニングによる運動負荷の場合,血糖値の変動は能力検査の場合よりもやや大きく上昇または下降した。その増減の割合は運動前の値の70%以内であった。しかし,もっとも下ったのは48mg/100mlであった。能力検査の場合に比して,インタバルトレーニングを負荷したときの血糖値の変動は増減がかなり大きかったが,これは運動の強度が質的・量的にかなり異なり,強くそして複雑であったことによるものと推察される。いつれにせよ,運動後の血糖値の激減がみられなかったこと,また,60分後には安静値に近い値に回復していることから,インタバルトレーニングによる運動負荷量約6,800Kcalに対して・完全配合飼料8.5kg摂取による栄養は大体収支がつぐなわれていたと思われる。

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Few papers have been published on the changes of glucose, pyruvate, and lactate in blood in horses. In the meanwhile, these substances have been regarded as good indices of muscular activity in human beings and other animals . Then, observation was made on horses to clarify diurnal rhythm at rest and changing rate of these substances during exercise. The results obtained are as follows. 1. In diurnal rhythm, both glucose and pyruvate increased after morning feeding, and both pyruvate and lactate increased at midnight . In any case, these substances increased by about 40-60% at rest in horses. 2. Experiments of exercise were performed by two quite different running methods. One method was running for a relatively short distance at high speed and the other, running for a long distance at low speed . Lactate increased in both experiments, but the increase was not so remarkable at low speed as at high speed. On the other hand, there was no increase in pyruvate but after cantering. Also, glucose decreased in both experiments, although the rate of its decrease was high in the running for a long distance . 3. Then, it would be considered that the change of lactate only is superior to that of L/P ratio as an index of intensity of muscular activity in horses, taking the sampling condition into consideration, and glucose is more effective as index of ability than as index of intensity of exercise, since it exerts infuence upon the sensitivity to both in-and output and the volume of con sumption during exercise.

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　馬の血漿中alkaline phosphataseの生化学的な諸性質を検討したところ,至適pHは0.1 M carbonate bufferで10.3, disodium phenylphosphateを基質とした場合,反応溶液の最終濃度として2×10^-2Mが至適濃度であり,この場合のkm値は2.5×10^-3Mであった。また血漿中の酵素濃度の高低にかかわらず60分までは反応速度は直線性を示した。さらにcation,anion, amino acidその他種々の物質の影響を検討したところ,Mg⁺⁺は本酵素を約15%活性化した。I-,　F-およびureaは全く影響を及ぼさず実験に供した他の物質は程度の差はあれ,いずれも阻害作用を示した。この阻害作用について阻害物質の濃度による阻害度変化を示すものとし5×10^-3M,および5×10^-4M における阻害度を比較し,阻害比(lnhibition ratio) を提唱した。これによる阻害度を強,中,弱の3段階に分け,AGUSらの提唱た50%阻害を示す濃度すなわちInhibition indexとの間の比較を試みた。

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