In this study, we analyzed the factors that have disrupted the healthy eating behaviors of the elderly, where the study area was a city center in Japan. We estimated that 49% of the elderly residents in the study area had a poor nutritional condition. Many of the subjects were concentrated in the central business district of the city. Our multilevel analysis indicated that weak ties with family and the local community and inadequate access to food had strong effects on a high proportion of the nutritionally depleted elderly subjects in this inner city study area. Thus, we can designate this area as a “food desert.” Food deserts are based on social exclusion. Previously, the issue of food deserts was considered to be mainly a social problem affecting rural areas and local cities where small neighborhood shopping areas have closed, thereby making shopping physically difficult for people without private cars. However, our study shows that reduced intimacy in people's relationships also increases the risk of food deserts.

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In Japan, after the further promotion of trade liberalization, there is the possibility to increase the import of intermediate-goods such as vegetable oil and flour milling. The question we ask here is how will the change of grain market condition, e.g. trade liberalization as mentioned above, affect the structure of future grain food system in Japan. To answer this question, we focus on the soybean meal, of which import has increased, and examine how the trends of recent international grain market change the vertical relationship and firm's behavior of soybean meal food system. In this paper, we attempt 1）to grasp the overall structure of soybean meal food system by using the analytical framework proposed by Niiyama［7］; and 2）to examine the structural transition of soybean meal food system. By doing these, this paper aimed to suggest the implication for future grain procurement regime in Japan.
The results showed that Japanese soybean meal food system mainly consists of general trading companies, vegetable oil manufactures and animal feed manufactures. In the system, however, the power of vegetable oil manufactures is shrinking because of the current increase of soybean meal import. With the concern of the threat of intermediate-goods import increase, each economic agent seeks the alternative to domestic production of intermediate-goods, such as the overseas expansion of general trading companies and vegetable oil manufacturers.

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This symposium aims to overview the relationship between globalization and food system, and to seek its desirable direction in the future. Five aspects of globalization and food system will be investigated, namely, 1) the present situation of globalization and regional integration, 2) the influence of globalization on developing countries in case of coffee products, 3) international economic linkages and foreign direct investments in food system, 4) international business developments of food companies, and 5) the expansion of Japanese food and cuisine abroad. Corresponding presentations will provide us with useful information and enlightening insights. Two commentators will give us thought-provoking views as well.

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Japan's agriculture and food sector, while taking numerous twists and turns, has progressed stepwise along a path of trade liberalization of agricultural and food products. Trade liberalization is one of the important factor of globalization for the agriculture and food sector （food system）. A second factor of globalization for the food system is the advancement of foreign direct investment in the food industry. Against a backdrop of Japanese yen appreciation against the United States dollar, which was particularly striking after the mid-1980s, food manufacturers began to establish a great number of production plants and raw material procurement bases in Asia, leading to the importation of large quantities of raw materials. The third factor of globalization for the Japanese food system is the signing of bilateral and multiple Economic Partnership Agreements （EPAs）with other countries.　Japan has signed 15 EPAs with various countries, and is currently proceeding with negotiations for participation in the Trans-Pacific Partnership. Furthermore, the Japanese government has begun structural reform to advance globalization of its stagnating food system based on a Global Food Value Chain strategy. As a result of these policies, the food system, which is composed of forestry, fisheries, food manufacturing, food distribution, and restaurant industries, and up to this point, had a foundation in the domestic market, is being forced to undergo structural change from an intra national to a transnational food system, i.e., an international system that requires the formation of cooperative partnerships with food systems in other countries.

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This paper reveals the mechanisms of price formation, governance structures, and effects on the production area （especially of farming household management and food crops）in the current “second and half （2.5）stage of globalization on coffee” that are classified according to the theory of food regimes, using the example of Kilimanjaro coffee grown in Tanzania.
This study focuses on six stages of price formation from production to consumption. First, we unravel the mechanisms of price formation based on the analytical framework of the food system （particularly “chain structure” and “competition structure”）introduced by Niiyama, and we discover the lead firms and governance structures of the food system, analyzed using the Global Value Chain （GVC）theory. Then, we evaluate the results of price formation and governance structures by incorporating analyses of the difference and unevenness in the size and values （gross income）/margins （net income）introduced by the GVC theory.
Furthermore, this paper positions fair trade as a means of upgrading （securing and tacking on income and added value）the production area in the GVC theory and explores its effects. Fair trade involves corporations selectively accepting the demand of social movements as a procurement standard, which are also a characteristic of “2.5 stages of globalization on coffee.”
Finally, we discover that payment made by consumers remains in consumer countries, notably when the producer price of coffee is curbed by the governance structures of an international trader-driven type up stream, a speculator-driven type in the middle, and a buyer-driven type downstream of the food system. The mechanism in which payment made by consumers of a fair trade coffee for supporting producers flows back to the producers is also found out.

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Global demand of agricultural products and processed foods, particularly in emerging countries, has increased greatly. Also international food trade has been expanded. Asian countries are no exception. Trade of food-related intermediate goods between major Asian countries had grown by around 350% from 2000 to 2013. Against the background of changes in the food market and trade, first, this article considers the applicability of the theoretical framework of the Global Value Chain (GVC)when assessing economic linkages of food systems in the Asian countries.
Second, it analyses the economic effects to each national economy induced by the final food demand in China, through both intermediate and final products trade. The main results from an analysis using the Asian International Input-Output Table include that; 1)89% of the total induced value-added is estimated to belong to China, 8% to EU and others, 1.0% to the United States, and 0.7% to Japan; and 2)although the induced value-added in Japan is as large as around 2.4 billion US dollars, its 6% only belongs to the food system related industries, while its 94% belongs to the other industries. From the viewpoint of contribution to the development of the food systems industries due to globalization, these results suggest that it is necessary to change the economic linkage structure by further promoting export of agricultural products and processed foods from Japan, although bilateral trade may not be categorized as GVC.
Recently the profits on foreign direct investment (FDI)by Japanese companies have increased. The number of food-related large-scale FDI projects also tends to increase. Third, this article analyses the state of FDI in the food manufacturing industry, by focusing on FDI returns to Gross National Income.

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The company, already expanded its business all over the world, put more emphasis on dealings in the mainland China and Taiwan. The paper reports its business in both countries regarding Curry House restaurants, in addition to overseas production and export of processed foods such as curry roux, retort pouched curry products, spices, etc.

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The report summarizes the recent overseas popularity of Japanese foods and food culture as well as the efforts of Japan to promote the sale of Japanese food products on the world market. The Japan Foodservice Association and the Organization to Promote Japanese Restaurants Abroad have worked together to support Japanese agriculture, promote the sale of Japanese foods and ingredients, and further increase the customers of Japanese cuisine both inside and outside Japan. It is expected that the Expo Milano 2015, a world food exhibition, will provide a good opportunity for Japan's food culture to be further recognized by peoples of the world.

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Reform of medical-care system and revision of the nursing care insurance system have led to the integration of medical and welfare fields under the initiative of medical institutions. A central kitchen with a cook-chill system offers improved quality and safety as well as reducing production costs to meal delivery services. We discuss here whether innovation of the central kitchen opens new opportunities for partnerships among medicine, welfare, food and agriculture, and effects changes in business strategies of corporations and the food delivery services. Furthermore, we study the differences between urban and rural areas regarding welfare services including the food delivery services.

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Headway has been made in the networking of medical institutions, and the integration of nursing care and welfare services. In nursing care and welfare services, the number of new entrants has been on the rise, and oligopoly has proceeded from the metropolitan areas. In the meal delivery service, emerging start-up companies have joined successively with the increase in population of users, and development has been made in the new cook-chill method and therapeutic meals. Compared with urban areas, JA or social welfare councils play more important roles in the rural areas. Especially in the comprehensive care-system, coordinators from municipalities are expected to play key roles.

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Food Industry in Japan, the expectations to the aged people market expansion are rising. The expansion of the nursing care relation market which contains home-delivered service because the population of the pivot care giver （the total of the person who is in need of nursing care and the person who is in need of support）and so on is increasing rapidly among the aged people population is expected.
The market cultivation of the aged people who don't need the nursing care and the support which is called “active senior” who is the volume zone to account for about 80 percent in the aged people population on the one hand, too, is the problem of the industrial world of the food.
At this article, it decided gathering about the trend in the market of the pivot care giver and so on, and the problem, the characteristic of active senior and the requirement of the active senior market development.

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In recent years significant changes have been seen in the area of health care systems in Japan, and medical treatment is required not only to cure illnesses but also to improve the quality of life of patients. Amid such environment, as group medical care evolves, hospital food services have come to place importance on achieving high customer satisfaction by serving their needs for food in terms of nutrition control and food service quality rather than merely providing patients with meals. The hospital food services are expected to enhance the effects of the following three areas: treatment, prevention, and rehabilitation.

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With reform of the medical-care system and revision of the nursing care insurance system as the background, medical and welfare institutions have been called on to reduce costs for hygienic and nutrition control of hospital food service. A central kitchen has captured attention as a solution for this situation. Introduction of a new cook-chill system into the central kitchen allows thoroughgoing hygienic and nutrition control, productivity enhancement, and cost reduction. However, since it requires a significant initial investment, it is essential that the supply of hospital meals increase and a tie-up with nursing care institutions be created.

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