巻号一覧
87 巻, 1 号
選択された号の論文の5件中1～5を表示しています
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侵食の速さと沖縄島北部の事例門村 浩, 山本 博1978 年 87 巻 1 号 p. 1-15
発行日: 1978/02/25
公開日: 2009/11/12
ジャーナル フリーThis paper is a preliminary note for the world-wide comparative studies of man-induced erosion from the viewpoint of environmental geomorphology.
The “geologic norm” or the background level of the rates of natural erosion and the order of the magnitude of accelerated erosion induced by man's impact on physical environment are summarized for the whole world and Japan based on previously published data. As a result, it is tentatively concluded that the rates of natural erosion which are used as the background level may be in the order of 100-500 m3/km2-yr for mountainous regions except for high relief mountains and 10-50m3/km3·yr for hilly lands and uplands. Based on the data obtained from the measurement at the experimental plots, the rates of erosion on the farmlands of Japan are estimated as 50-500 m3/km2·yr for ordinary crops, 500-1500m3/km2·yr for orchards without mulching and 1500-2000m3/km2·yr for bare lands. These values are generally smaller compared those reported for the croplands in the United States in 1930' s when a large-scale uncontrolled monoculture such as cotton and maize predominated.
It is worthy to note that in Japan well-managed and terraced puddy fields have greatly contributed to the prevention of accelerated soil loss from cultivated hillslopes since ancient times.
Since 1960 's soil erosion and accompanying sedimentation due to large-scale urbanization and highway construction have caused serious problems in many countries, particularly in the United States and Japan. The rate of sediment yield from the small catchments affected by the construction works increases from 5 to 500 times and more that associated with the same terrain under cover of forest and rural land use, and often reaches on the order of 10000 m3/km2·yr (WOLMAN, 1975).
Based on the data on the land use change from agriculture or forestry to urban and forestry to agriculture, extraction of mineral resources including gravels and sands and coal mining, it is estimated that the total amount of direct denudation caused by man may be about 1.8 billion m3/yr for whole Japan for the year of 1970-1972. This is equivalent to the annual removal of earth materials 4800 m3/km2·yr (4.8 mm/yr) and is seven times higher than the mean rate of erosion in mountainous regions of Japan (680m3/km2·yr).
An example of man-induced erosion under humid subtropical environment (mean annual temperature 22°C, mean annual rainfall 2400-2600 mm) is reported for the northern part of Okinawa Island, Ryukyu Islands. Since 1960 's highly accelerated erosion of reddish soils derived from deep weathering of phylites and slates and Plio-Pleistocene sand and gravel deposits has occurred due to a large-scale pineapple cultivation in the hilly lands and uplands. In addition, sediment yield has greatly increased by the construction of housing lots, roads, etc. since 1970's. Observations on the bulldozer-shaped slopes on which B-horizon or reddish weathered zone expose, show that both bare land under construction and farmland cultivated with first-year pineapples in rows downslope produce a great amount of sediment, estimating 10000-50000m3/km2·yr and more. In the case of reclaimed land built on the former small valleys, filled-in soils are rapidly eroded away by large gullies which follow former stream lines and the amount of eroded materials even by a single gully often exceeds 10000m3/yr. Red-colored suspended sediment derived from such source areas has been transported to the sea within a short time, resulting in silting problems along the coral reef coast.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (2719K) -
総報内田 信夫1978 年 87 巻 1 号 p. 16-26
発行日: 1978/02/25
公開日: 2009/11/12
ジャーナル フリーH. FUJIMOTO (1937) stated as follows : 1) in the north-eastern part of the Kanto Mountainland, the Nagatoro Formation of the Ogiri-yama which consists mainly of metamorphic green schist forms the nappe which moved from the north upon the Chichibu Paleozoic Formation, and 2) the Chichibu Formation in the neighborhood of Yasudo, which exists in the Ogiri-yama nappe, makes up a fenster, while the Chichibu Formations in the neighborhood of Dodaira-yama, Otakatori-yama and in other regions form klippes derived from the nappe which moved from the north over again upon the Ogiriyama nappe. Furthermore, FUJIMOTO and others (1943) stated that in the northern part of the Kanto Mountainland the Atokura Formation (Cretaceous) forms klippes derived from the nappe which moved from the northeast upon the Nagatoro metamorphic terrain and the Chichibu Paleozoic Formation.
In this paper the writer tries to make a general review of the opposite or affirmative studies by many geologists on the nappe theory by FUJIMOTO. On the “Ogiri-yama nappe”, the writer supports the SEKI's view which opposes to the one held by FUJIMOTO. The Chichibu Formations in the neighborhood of Yasudo, Dodaira-yama, Otakatoriyama and others do not form a fenster or klippes, but overlied conformably upon the Nagatoro Formation and later isolated from each other by erosion. On the “Atokura klippes”, the writer considers that the Atokura Formation does not form klippes but consists of autochthonous sedimentary rocks, because some of the contact planes between the Atokura Formation and the Nagatoro metamorphic rocks dip to the north, and the Nagatoro metamorphic rocks occur in the hanging wall.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1794K) -
松田 亀三1978 年 87 巻 1 号 p. 27-44
発行日: 1978/02/25
公開日: 2009/11/12
ジャーナル フリー金剛石の用途では特に工業用の増加が著しいが最近米国鉱山局が1985年度の工業用金剛石の需要予想を行った。これによると年間4.2%の成長率と推定して米国需要は合成生産予想2,770万Ct.を含めて3,700万Ct., 米国以外の需要は8,000万Ct.と見ている。その推定累積量は尨大なもの (9～10億Ct.) となり76年度の工業用天然金剛石の埋蔵量6億8,000万Ct. (内ザイール5億Ct.) では天然資源の涸渇を招くのではないかと憂えている。米国同様に資源の無い日本にとっても, 深刻な問題である。ただし2000年に於ける米国合成金剛石の生産予想は4,280万Ct.としてあり, これを更に繰り上げる可能性もあり, 85年には合成で25目以上の大粒のものの生産も期待されている。最近の価格は宝石用は上昇し続け, 工業用は下落しつつあり, 需要に生産が間に合わなければ当然価格は上昇し, 新鉱床の探査は加速され, 合成工場の増設も行われると見られる。新鉱床の発見は20世紀初頭のような明るい見通しは持てないがなお期待は可能と考える。従って今後の工業用金剛石の需要増に対しては合成技術の発展と共に物探化探を併用した地質調査の進展如何に係るものであろう。なおキン岩及び金剛石鉱床の探査として探査地域, 探査方法, 賦存率等に就いては別の機会を得て発表する心算である。抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (2796K) -
野沢 保1978 年 87 巻 1 号 p. 45-47
発行日: 1978/02/25
公開日: 2009/11/12
ジャーナル フリーPDF形式でダウンロード (399K) -
小林 貞一, 矢沢 大二1978 年 87 巻 1 号 p. 49-50
発行日: 1978/02/25
公開日: 2009/11/12
ジャーナル フリーPDF形式でダウンロード (450K)
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