Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi)
Online ISSN : 1884-0884
Print ISSN : 0022-135X
ISSN-L : 0022-135X
Volume 89, Issue 2
Displaying 1-11 of 11 articles from this issue
  • Yoshitake EGAWA, Shinzabro HORI, Toshihiko SAKAYAMA
    1980 Volume 89 Issue 2 Pages 85-96
    Published: April 25, 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: October 13, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Even in summer, the cold air, lower than average annual temperature by 10°C, is exhausted from underground through spaces within debris at the sites called “Fuketsu”.
    At the Fuketsu, the subsurface air circulation occurs. In winter, the air is inhaled from lower part of a slope, and exhausted at upper part of a slope. During this kind of the air circulation, the debris is frozen to even 50 m depth. In summer, the air circulation is reversed. The inhaled air is cooled to almost annual average temperature before arriving frozen debris. Due to these processes, debris remaines to be frozen untill autumn and this is the reason why the exhausted air in summer is abnormally cold.
    The common ground condition of the “Fuketsu” is studied by relative comparison of 20 samples, and the result is as follows.
    1) Snow covered districts in winter.
    2) North facing slopes.
    3) Abundantly debris accumulated slopes in front of steep scarps, gigantic landslide area is favorable to this condition.
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  • Shuichi OKA
    1980 Volume 89 Issue 2 Pages 97-112
    Published: April 25, 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: October 13, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In the mountainous regions, so-called wind-shaped trees are frequently used as an effective indicator of wind. But it is a matter for regret that their causality is not always apparent. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to determine what is actually the causative factor for deformation of larches (Larix leptolepis) on Mt. Fuji.
    In the first place, the following types of deformation are classified. 1) C type: This is generally low in stature and the trunk seems to creep on the ground. 2) F type: This is a type of deformation which has its crown on one side only. So-called flag-shaped tree. 3) S type: This type shows only a slight degree of deformation.
    Then, the directions and types of these deformed trees are surveyed along 30 routes.(Fig. 1) Their distribution is shown in Fig. 2, which is presented on a circular gragh as a model of Mt. Fuji. But, I can't relate this result with any particular cause. It is only noticeable that there is a great difference in directions between F type and Stype as shown on the 15th route (Subashiri) as an example.
    On the 2nd May, 1970, I observed that the reddened bark on one side of a trunk (Photo. 1), which had been probably formed in winter, corresponded almost exactly to the side on which branches and boughs are lacking. On the other hand, for the purpose of determining wind action, painted plates were set on the trunk of F type tree in four directions so that one of them was faced to the direction of the expected deforming agents.(Photo. 2) They were exposed to wind and preciptation during summer or winter. Consequently after a winter exposure, the plate corresponded to the direction of F type tree was most damaged.(Photo. 3) From these evidence, F type deformed larches are expected to be formed during winter time.
    Now, on the top of the mountain, strong westerly or northwesterly wind prevail in winter.(Fig. 5) But as a result of detailed investigation of meteorological data reported by extraordinary observations on southeast slope during January 1951, it seems that the wind coincided with the direction of deformed trees blows during the night when northwesterly monsoon slightly weaken.(Fig. 8) For the duration of blowing this wind, the vapour tension and air temperature become lower. This colder and drier northwesterliesin winter are thought as an important cause for the F type deformation.
    Different from the other types, the direction of S type deformation indicate southward on the whole. This direction is in good agreement with southwesterlies accompanied with passing of trough or depression.
    From a point of view described above, the distribution of expected wind direction is drown in Fig. 9.
    Emphasizing only on ridges because of probability representing larger scale wind system than in valleys, I drew streamlines along the slopes of Mt. Fuji.(Fig. 10) The figures clearly show the existence of up-current in “summer” and down-current in winter.
    Further, I tried to investigate about the variation of form of trunks with altitude or direction of slopes. The ratios of the height of trunks to the diameter of breast high (H/D) on each routes are calculated and averaged every 50 m high.(Fig. 11) Some character are pointed out in this figure. Namely, two groupes are distinguished by the H/D values around tree limit. Refering to Fig. 12, the extent of C type range likely contributes to the difference between both groupes. In addition, the H/D values do not increase in both groupes from about 100 m below the tree limit. It appears independently of the types of deformation or direction of slopes. This tendency is determined by the distance from the tree limit, and likely related to the increase of tree densities with descending the slopes.
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  • Shiro MAEDA, Yoshioki WATANABE, Sumio OHTSUKA, Tetsuya KAWABE
    1980 Volume 89 Issue 2 Pages 113-123
    Published: April 25, 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: December 22, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The Amatsu Formation and the Toyooka Subgroup consisting of the Kiyosumi and the Anno Formations are well exposed along the Inokawa River, the uppermost tributary of the Obitsu River which runs northwestward from the northern foot of the Kiyosumi mountain (315m) in the Boso peninsula.
    The valley of the Inokawa River is one of the areas well-known for the distribution of the Toyooka Subgroup and the basal member of the Kazusa Group. The writers observed on the stratigraphy of the Kiyosumi and the Anno Formations along the Inokawa River paying the special attention to the rhythmic aspects of sediment, the development of conglomerate, and the existences of pyroclastic layers, such as white or pink or so-called gomashio tuffs, pumice and scoria. Some results of the present work are as follows:
    1) The Kiyosumi Formation, consisting mainly of sandstone with thin bedded siltstone and conglomerate, is subdivided into three members, namely the lower conglomeratic sandstone (about 45m thick), the middle sandstone (about 140 m thick) and the upper sandstone (about 80 m thick) by the lithologic facies and the sedimentation of the strata.
    2) The Anno Formation which is characterized by the alternation of tuffaceous sandstone and siltstone with many kinds of pyroclastic sediments, is subdivided also into three members, i. e., the lower siltstone (about 95m thick), the middle alternation of sandstone and siltstone (about 85 m thick) and the upper sandstone (about 120m thick).
    It is remarkable that the middle alternation contains abundantly so-called gomashio tuff in several horizons, but that the upper sandstone is interbedded frequently with rather thin scoria which is black or dark in colour.
    3) In this surveyed area the thickness of the Anno Formation is more or less larger than that of the Kiyosumi Formation, compared with the case in other areas where two Formations are distributed.
    4) The thickness of the Kiyosumi Formation in the Inokawa River area is almost same as that of the Formation in the Ubara area along the Pacific Ocean, but the lithologic facies is somewhat different from each other between two areas, namely the conglomerate facies is developed considerably in the Inokawa River area, but it is very rare in the Ubara area.
    5) In the Inokawa River area the carbonaceous layers which contain fossil pollen grains and spores are abundant, but in the Ubara area they are rather few.
    6) The Kiyosumi and the Anno Formations in this area yield microfossils such as foraminifers and calcareous nannoplanktons, but macrofossils are very rare.
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  • Teiichi KOBAYASHI
    1980 Volume 89 Issue 2 Pages 124-131
    Published: April 25, 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: October 13, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Akira WATANABE
    1980 Volume 89 Issue 2 Pages 132-135
    Published: April 25, 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: October 13, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Soki YAMAMOTO
    1980 Volume 89 Issue 2 Pages 136-139
    Published: April 25, 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: October 13, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • [in Japanese]
    1980 Volume 89 Issue 2 Pages 140-141
    Published: April 25, 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: October 13, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • [in Japanese]
    1980 Volume 89 Issue 2 Pages 141-142
    Published: April 25, 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: October 13, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
    1980 Volume 89 Issue 2 Pages 142-143
    Published: April 25, 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: October 13, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • 1980 Volume 89 Issue 2 Pages e1
    Published: 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: October 13, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • [in Japanese]
    1980 Volume 89 Issue 2 Pages plate1-plate2
    Published: April 25, 1980
    Released on J-STAGE: December 22, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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