The purpose of this series of study is to systematize the theory of Risk Management in Family Life.
This paper aims to clarify the way to consider the alternatives and select the risk treatment device in family life.
The major findings of this paper are as follows : 1) In order to improve the ability to handle the risks, it is necessary to increase redundancy in the family system, i.e., increase the cost against risks. In other words, how to realize the maximum redundancy at minimum cost will be the focus of the Risk Management process. 2) In family Risk Management, the damage that can be evaluated by money may be covered and compensated by insurance. The components and resources of the family system are highly irreversible. In this sense, the Risk Control effort plays a significant role, and how to deal with risks employing all resources of life security is an important concept when damage is incurred.

抄録全体を表示

The purpose of this series of study is to systematize the theory of Risk Management in Family Life.
This paper aims to clarify the concepts and characteristics of the way of making decision in the whole process of Risk Management in Family Life.
The major findings of this paper are as follows : 1) Decision making in Risk Management refers to the activity of dealing with information, considering alternatives, and selecting an adequate method. Decisions are made under uncertain conditions through all of the following steps : the recognition of management purposes and goals, the identification of risks, the evaluation of risks, the selection of the risk treatment method, and the review of Risk Management. 2) The value-subsystem acts on the whole standard of decision making in Risk Management where the family manager plays apart of the risk manager. It is to be noted that decisions should be made against risks on the basis of the minimax principle. 3) Both the speculative risks and the huge pure risks are managed by the non-programmed decision making method, while, from time to time, intuitive considerations may be effectively employed. 4) The Risk Management decisions in Family Life are not compatible with optimal standards because the family system consists of both economic and interpersonal management systems. Thus, Risk Management in Family Life requires an integrative or adjustive standard.

抄録全体を表示

本報は, 1995年10月に行った東京都世田谷区在住の雇用労働者夫妻の生活時間調査を, ジェンダーロールを媒介に組織文化の視点から考察したものである.
組織文化におけるジェンダーロール支配の強弱は, 夫妻の生活時間に影響を与えていることが明らかにされた.この結果から, 次の2点が結論づけられた.夫妻の生活時間配分の偏向を是正するためには, (1) 組織文化のジェンダーロール変革がなされることが必要である, (2) 組織文化内のジェンダーロール変革と同時に個々人のジェンダーロール意識の変革が図られなければならない.

抄録全体を表示

本研究は, 個としてのアイデンティティと母親アイデンティティの統合・葛藤という視点から, 育児期の女性のアイデンティティ様態と家族関係の関連性について検討することを目的とした.
3～5歳の子供をもつ142名の母親を対象に質問紙調査を行った.対象者はアイデンティティ尺度 (Rasmussenと母性理念質問紙 (花沢) の得点にもとついて, I統合型, II伝統的母親型, III独立的母親型, IV未熟型の4タイプに分類された.
主要な結果は以下のとおりである.
(1) I統合型の母親は, IV未熟型の母親よりも家庭生活によく満足しており, II伝統的母親型の母親よりも夫からよく理解・受容されていると認知していた.
(2) 家族とのかかわり方や家族の認知のし方は, 4タイプ問で著しい相違が見られた.1統合型が, 夫を最も肯定的に受けとめており, 家族に対する積極的関与が最もよくできていた.IV未熟型は, 夫・子供に対して拒否的であったり, 積極的関与が不十分である者が最も多かった.
これらの結果を総合して, 夫との肯定的な関係や家族に対する積極的関与は, 個としてのアイデンティティと母親としてのアイデンティティの統合を支えるものであることが示唆された.

抄録全体を表示

(1) 福岡県の北西部に位置する前原市において1989年2月から1990年2月まで毎月採集したヤマトシジミガイの全軟体部を内臓部分 (生殖腺, 中腸腺, 胃と腸) と筋肉部分 (外套膜, 水管, 足, 鯉, 閉殻筋) の二つに分け, 一般成分の分析を1年間にわたって行った.
(2) 一般成分の年平均値は, 水分22.9%, 灰分1.1%, タンパク質12.5%, 脂質1.3%, 糖質2.5%, グリコーゲン2.4%であった.タンパク質と糖質は対称的な変動を示し, タンパク質含量は6月から9月に多く, 一方糖質含量は10月から翌年の2月に多かった.
(3) 軟体部中, 内臓部分の割合は30～60%である.4月を最低に, 6月から8月にかけ最高で, 11月に向かって減少し, 以後少し増加した.
(4) 化学分析の結果より, タンパク質含量の高い6月から8月ごろが「土用シジミ」で糖質含量の高い12月から翌年の2月ごろが「寒シジミ」と呼ばれる旬であると推定した.
(5) 生殖腺の組織切片の観察より, 放精放卵は9月から10月にかけて開始していることが分かった.

抄録全体を表示

キシロオリゴ糖がブランマンジェの物性に及ぼす影響を調べるために材料中の砂糖の一部をキシロオリゴ糖と置換し, クリープメーターを用いてテクスチャー特性, 破断特性を測定し, 官能検査を行い嗜好性を検討した.
(1) ブランマンジェのテクスチャー特性および破断特性はキシロオリゴ糖の置換量を増加するほど減少し, 柔らかく弾性率の低い, 粘りの少ないゲルになった.
(2) pHはオリゴ糖置換の増加に伴い低下する傾向が認められた.このことがゲル強度を弱め, 破断特性値およびテクスチャー特性値の低下を促進したものと思われる.
(3) ブランマンジェの好ましい性状を保つためにはキシロオリゴ糖を50%程度置換することが適当と考えられた.

抄録全体を表示

良食味米 (コシヒカリ) と低食味米 (ゆきひかり) を一般的な炊飯条件で炊飯し, 米飯の理化学的性状と構造との関連性について検討した.
(1) 沸騰時の残存液量は, ゆきひかりの方がコシヒカリより少ないが, 残存液中の全糖量と固形分量は多く, 残存液のみかけの粘性も高い傾向を示した.
(2) 沸騰時の米粒の重量は, コシヒカリに比べゆきひかりの方が重く, 糊化度もゆきひかりの方が高かった.
(3) DSCで測定した糊化開始温度, ピーク温度, 糊化終了温度はいずれもコシヒカリよりゆきひかりの方が低かった.
(4) 飯洗液の全糖量, 固形分量はコシヒカリの方がゆきひかりより多く, また米飯の糊化度もコシヒカリの方が高い値を示した.
(5) レオメーターによる測定では, ゆきひかりはコシヒカリより, 硬くて粘りの少ない飯であることが分かった.
(6) 官能検査結果では, コシヒカリよりゆきひかりの評価は低く, その原因は硬くて粘りが弱過ぎるためであることが分かった.
(7) 顕微鏡観察の結果, コシヒカリのでんぷんは中心部までかなり水和されているのに対し, ゆきひかりの中心部のでんぷんの水和は少ないことから, ゆきひかりの胚乳細胞やアミロプラストの包膜は, コシヒカリに比べかなり強固であると推察した.
(8) 良食味米と低食味米の差は構造上, 米飯中心部のでんぷん粒の水和状態の差としてとらえられた.

抄録全体を表示

A prediction equation of the steady state water vapor transfer resistance of woven fabrics was obtained based on a simple water vapor transfer model through a simplified fabric structural unit. It was assumed that the volume fraction of air space within fabrics is larger than the fiber volume fraction, and that the water vapor resistance through fibers, even for hygroscopic fibers such as cotton, is much larger than that of air. Therefore, the effects of both the intra-yarn and inter-yarn interstices were taken into consideration, but the effect of the passage through hygroscopic fibers was not included in the transfer model.
As for the fabric structure parameters used for the calculation, the simpler parameters of fabric thickness, weave density, yarn count, and fiber density were selected from the viewpoint of the application of fabric performance design. The validity of the prediction equation was verified by comparing the calculations and the experimental data of water vapor resistances measured for 40 woven fabric samples. This result also suggests that the effect of the air space within fabrics on the water vapor resistance of fabrics under the steady state condition is much larger than that of the passage within hygroscopic fibers.

抄録全体を表示

The relationship between several sleeve patterns and the 3-dimensional shapes of their set-in sleeves are discussed by means of the elliptical cylinder model method of a sleeve. The results are :
1) According to the elliptical cylinder model of sleeve patterns, the angle between the limb and the side of a sleeve pattern can be calculated by the length of the arm hole line, which is determined by the basic pattern of the body, and the sleeve pattern.
2) The model is useful for explaining sleeve patterns in terms of the rate of easing contraction.
3) By comparing the heights and the widths of the sleeves, which are determined from the model, and those of the sleeve patterns, the desired sleeve shapes around the sleeve cap lines can be fairly classified.

抄録全体を表示

As a basic study for the planning of infants' clothes, the relationship between morphological growth and functional development of infants was analyzed using questionnaire data collected longitudinally on subjects from birth to 3 years old. The survey was conducted in October 1988. The data of 114 males and 113 females were used in this study. The main results are as follows :
1) Principal component analysis shows that there are six components which form the growth and development of infants. Three components explain growth periods and the other three explain developmental stages. The periods and stages correspond with each other.
2) The relationship between growth patterns of weight or height and the time of functional development is recognized to a certain extent, that is, infants who obtain consistently superior growth develop sooner functionally.
3) Considering the construction of infants' clothes vis a vis functional development, baby dresses are suitable during the first period of growth, overalls during the second and separates during the third. The sizes and constructions of infants' clothes on the market are reasonable. From a consumer's standpoint, it is advisable to buy the appropriate sizes of infants' clothes after considering the season and the growth stage.

抄録全体を表示

In households where two generations are living together, the views on shared living and the evaluations of living conditions are not identical between the parent families and the child families. This study attempted to analyze the main causes of the differences. The results are as follows :
1) How shared living arrangements (continuance, satisfaction, living shared by two generations) are viewed is influenced by the age, health and character of the mother (the elder housewife) and the household economic situation.
2) The use of communal entrance, kitchen, toilet, bath, etc. in the present dwelling is a strong element in the view of both parent and child generations toward shared living arrangements.
3) The essential elements that affect the degree of satisfaction regarding the communal use of facilities are age and health for the mother, and financial arrangements for the child.
4) Regarding hopes and necessities for the future on the basis of present realities, it is evident that living behavior, especially the use of the dining room and bath, is strongly affected by the age, occupation and health of the mother, whereas the financial arrangements count heavily for the younger generation.
5) In the region under study (Fukushima City and its suburbs), metropolitan style shared living arrangements are gradually permeating, but this type of shared living is not necessarily the desired form in this region. Suggestions for the improvement of localized forms of shared living arrangements would seem necessary.

抄録全体を表示