A survey was conducted on intergenerational relations in full-time farming families with self-motivated successors, and a careful consideration was given to an analysis of the surveyed families. Parents' attitudes before and after their sons' joining the family business were classified into three types : “respect for the successor's motivation, ” “explicit parental expectation” and “combination of the two.” Prior to their sons' joining the family business, many fathers and mothers explicitly expressed their expectation that their sons would succeed them. After the son became a farmer, the general tendency was for the father to change his attitude of expectation to respect for his son's motivation and eventually to transfer of the management rights to him. In the process to the transfer, however, there were cases of antagonism or rivalry seen between them. The mother generally strived to understand the positions taken by father and son. Where the mother did not simply follow her husband but respected her son's positions on the basis of her own good sense, the successor tended to take a positive managerial attitude, leading to successful business based on a familial agreement. There are mothers who play an important role of business partner to their husbands, and there are mothers who play adual role of housekeeper and farming assistant. It has been found that women may seem to play a minor role in full-time farming families but in reality are comprehensively involved in the management. It should be recognized that the entire farming family is a group of organically united individuals engaged in farming.

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This paper reports the results of a field study of housewives not employed full time, regarding the motivation for their regional-social activities as well as their activities as members of resident organizations or groups in their residential area. We examined new trends in their social relationships as they move toward independence and cooperation in their daily lives. In comparison with wives employed full time, the housewives were less conscious of independence based on subjective factors, and they more often sought self-contentment in their relationships with others in their residential area. They also had little awareness of any need for them to cooperate in the development and/or reformation of their regional-social environment as residents. These findings indicate the importance of finding ways to improve housewives' internal subjective consciousness of independence, as well as their awareness of mutual interests and relationships' with others.

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本稿は, 第一次世界大戦後から大正期末までの期間に刊行された雑誌『主婦之友』第 3 巻 1 号から第 10巻 12 号 (大正 8 ～ 15 年) における, 新中間層主婦の生活体験記事を用い, 子どもに向けられた主婦の教育的関心はどのような生活行動として展開したのか, そして主婦の生活展開のあり方とどのように関わったのかを分析した.その結果, 以下の知見が得られた.
(1) 主婦は自分のしつけこそが我が子にとって望ましい教育であると認識し, 子どもの世話役割から他者を排除する傾向がみられた.
(2) 主婦は生活環境を教育的に整備することにより子どもが感化されることを期待し, 一方では勤勉かつ規律的な家事行動を行い, もう一方では子どもを教育的な生活環境に囲い込み, あるいはそのための生活水準の向上を目指して節約に励む, などの行動をとる傾向がみられた.
(3) 主婦は自分が家庭における子どもの教育責任者であることを自覚しており, 予習・復習をみる, 受験指導をする, 学校参観をする, 生活管理をするなど積極的に学業に関与する傾向がみられた.
(4) 主婦はたとえ経済的に困難であっても, 是非とも子どもには教育を授けたいと願っており, 節約に励む, 家事の傍ら内職をする, などの行動をとる傾向がみられた.
(5) 主婦は怠業する我が子が学業成就できることを願っており, 学習意欲を喚起するため, 家事労働や内職に励む傾向がみられた.
(6) 以上から, 主婦の教育的関心は, 大きく分けて主婦の生活を子ども中心のものとする, 積極的な家事労働を促すという二つの方向に導く役割を果たしていたといえる。しかし両者の違いは主として生活水準の違いに由来するものであり, 当時の新中間層の多数を構成した低所得世帯では, 教育的関心は主婦の家事労働を促す方向に機能したものと考えられる.
本稿では新中間層の教育的関心と主婦の生活行動との関連を分析することにより, 高い教育的関心が積極的な子どもへの関与を導くというだけでなく, 積極的な家事労働を促すという, 新たな生活展開の回路を見出すことができた. またその分析を通じ, 子どもとの関係における主婦の家事労働の主観的意味づけにも迫ることができた. しかし教育的関心が描かれていない体験談も多かったことから, 主婦の生活を規定した要因は他にも多いことが予想される. また夫との関係における主婦の家事労働の意味づけも解明されていない, これらを明らかにすることにより, 新中間層主婦の生活実態にさらに深く迫ることが今後の課題である.

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Visual crease recovery of cloth was investigated by the use of a gray scale image of creases created by color dot images. Creases were created by applying a load of 5 kgf for 30 min to folded plain cloths of acetate, polyester, cotton, flax, wool and silk. The angular second moment, contrast, correlation and entropy extracted from the gray level co-occurrence matrix were measured as visual feature parameters. The fractal dimension was determined from the fractal analysis of the relief of the curved surface of the gray level image. From these image information parameters, a parameter ratio was obtained as the ratio of the image information parameter at the time of t to the initial time of t₀ to simplify comparison among samples. Each parameter ratio tended to change more or less rapidly with the initial passing of time, followed by a moderate change with time, implying that each parameter ratio depends on time exponentially. Therefore, a visual crease recovery index was introduced to describe the visual relaxation behavior of crease recovery from the analogy of mechanical stress relaxation behavior. Using an equation of exponential function with this index, curves were achieved when graphs of the parameter ratio against time were plotted. The visual crease recovery was discussed in relation to the visual features, indicating that a visual crease recovery index was useful for characterizing the visual recovery of creased cloths.

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A boom in historical literature, which occurred from the activities of Romanticism in Paris during the 1830's made medieval-like attire fashionable among the young. Their medieval style was either copies of attire depicted in paintings of the past or was taken from theatrical costume. And the latter also was created from paintings of the past. This thesis examines the correlation among the historical fashion, theatre and arts in terms of records and fiction of that era in order to clarify the characteristics of the transmission of fashion information during the Romantic era. Going to the theatre was the greatest pleasure for the young of that era, and thus the number of people attending the theatre was equivalent to being number one on the bestseller list. Meanwhile, young painters copied paintings by great masters in museums as part of their training, but this also met the demand of the “petit-bourgeois.” Copied paintings created a market and contributed to the dissemination of knowledge about paintings, and it became a medium of information transmission of good examples of historical costume for the young.

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高校生を対象に, 中学校の被服学習の内容に対する好き嫌いと理解の意識について調査し, 両者の関係について検討した.
結果は以下の通りである.
1) 好き嫌いの因子分析結果から4因子が抽出され, 「被服材料が好き」因子, 「被服製作が好き」因子, 「着装が好き」因子, 「手芸が好き」因子と解釈された.理解では, 3因子が抽出され, 「被服材料が解った」因子, 「着装が解った」因子, 「被服製作が解った」 因子と解釈された.
2) 好き嫌いの因子得点の比較から, 男子は女子よりも被服材料が好きで, 女子は男子よりも着装と手芸が好きであることがわかった.
理解の因子得点の比較から, 男子は女子よりも被服材料が解ったと意識しており, 女子は男子よりも着装と被服製作を解ったと意識していることがわかった.
3) 好き嫌いと理解の因子間の相関を求めたところ, 「被服材料が解った」と相関がみられたのは「被服材料が好き」と「被服製作が好き」で, 「着装が解った」と相関がみられたのが「着装が好き」と「手芸が好き」と「被服材料が好き」であり, 「被服製作が解った」と相関がみられたのは「被服製作が好き」と「手芸が好き」であった.
4) 重回帰分析による重回帰式の実測値と予測値の相関は, 有意なあてはまりがみられた.すなわち, 被服材料と被服製作の学習が好きである生徒は, 被服材料の学習が「解った」という印象をもっていることがわかった.そして, 着装と手芸の学習が好きである生徒は, 着装の学習が「解った」という印象を, 被服製作と手芸が好きである生徒は, 被服製作の学習が「解った」という印象をもっていることがわかった.
5) 以上の結果から, 被服材料と被服製作, 着装と手芸, 被服製作と手芸というように, 学習領域を組み合わせて教えることで, 中学校での「解らなかった」というイメージを「解った」という意識に変えることができる.意識が変われば, 学習態度が積極的になり, 「好き」になると知識理解も高まると考える.

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