The purpose of this study is to clarify the feature of the movement of recording the household account as promoted by the Zenkoku Tomo-no-kai, a readers'club of Fujin-no-tomo magazine. This study also aims to reexamine the role of the movement by tracing the transition of the readers'lifestyle as well as what they sought in life. We examined (1) the contents of the magazine as well as the feature of the house-keeping book, (2) how the house-keeping book was promoted as well as what resulted in favor of improved household budget, and (3) readers'comments included some special feature articles on the house-keeping book. The examination found that the initial plan was to assist the club members in forming their household budget by offering the mean value and quantity of their housekeeping items. It was also found that the movement was meant to help its members draw up an ideal budget in the hope that a sound household would eventually contribute to forming a sound society. Then, the movement gradually shifted its stand and tried to assist its members to consider that their households were part of the entire social system. In other words, keeping household account helped its members deepen their understanding of social affairs. This understanding has led up to less dependence on outsourcing of various nature, which would help alleviate environmental disruption. In conclusion, it is safe to state that the act or habit of keeping household account as promoted by the Zenkoku Tomo-nokai of the magazine Fujin-no-tomo has helped the club members incorporate the social concept in themselves.

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A cultivation experiment was conducted in a high-cadmium-contaminated field to evaluate the cadmium uptake by taro (Colocasia esculenta Schott cv. Dodare), Japanese radish (Raphanus sativus L. cv. Harunomegumi) and potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Dansyaku). The cadmium concentration of the whole plants was in the order of taro>potato>Japanese radish. In addition, the cadmium concentration in the edible parts (daughter corm of taro, Japanese radish root and peeled potato) of each plant was the lower than that in the other parts. The shoots of Japanese radish and potato accumulated much more cadmium than the roots during cultivation. It is concluded that the edible part of the Japanese radish root is a safer food material with lower cadmium content than the other root crops.

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Cucumber and bitter gourd in the melon family are mostly salt-squeezed before cooking. Sensory tests have shown that a salt-free sample had a green note which was replaced by a mild note in a 1%-salt-squeezed sample. Aroma concentrates of salt-squeezed cucumber and bitter gourd prepared from brewed extracts were analyzed by GC-MS. Fifty-two compounds were identified as contributing to the cucumber aroma, the ratio of (E)-2,(Z)-6-nonadienal, the most important fresh cucumber aroma component, being most influenced by salt-squeezing. The salt-free sample contained higher levels of (Z)-6- nonenol and (E)-2,(Z)-6-nonadienol, while the 3%-salt-squeezed sample contained higher levels of (E)-2, (Z)-6-nonadienal, 8-nonenoic acid, and 8,11-heptadecadienal. Although the ratios of these three components and (E)-2,(Z)-6-nonadienol were lower, the ratios of (Z)-8-heptadecenal, (Z)-8,(Z)-11-heptadecadienal and (Z)-8,(Z)-11,(Z)-14-heptadecatrienal were higher in the strongly squeezed and homogenized samples. Twenty-six components containing (Z)-3-hexenol (50%) and myrtenol (16%) were identified as the characteristic aroma compounds of bitter gourd, their quantities being higher in the 1%- and 2%-saltsqueezed samples.

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A classroom lesson about the intake of soft drinks was given to 5th grade elementary school children. An evaluation of the effects was based on the stimulated recall procedure for an analysis of the statements on the worksheets and on a survey of the intake of soft drinks before and after the lesson. The impression of the lesson as stated on the worksheets suggested that the children mainly thought about how they should treat soft drinks in daily life. The findings from the stimulated recall procedure showed that the children willingly participated in the lesson, understood how sweetness is sensed and the amount of sugar intake through their own experience, and thought about how they should treat soft drinks in daily life. The average amount of sugar in soft drinks taken per weekday was 40.1 g/day before the lesson, this figure being significantly reduced to 23.4 g/day after the lesson. However, the amount of sugar intake during school holidays after the lesson was not significantly different from the level before. These results indicate that the lesson was effective for higher grade elementary school children in the sense that their soft drink consumption was improved through their enhanced willingness to learn and their attempts to find a better selection and drinking habit for soft drinks.

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The aim of the present study is to classify the different types of independence for university students and investigate the characteristics of each independence type in relation to family situations, psychological adaptation and views on adulthood. Methods: A questionnaire survey was administered to 736 university students (352 men and 384 women). The survey ascertained "independence scale," family situations, psychological adaptation (life satisfaction, anxiety for the future, and self-esteem) and views on adulthood. Results: (1) The results of cluster analysis of the "independence scale" classified independence for university students into the following four types: "total independence," "low independence," "high independence of daily life skills," and "dependent on parents." (2) Among the university students in the present study, "dependent on parents" was most common. "Low independence" was common for male students, while "dependent on parents" was common for female students. (3) A close correlation was seen between the four independence types and family situation, including parent's economic situation, and this appears to impact the psychological adaptation of university students. Also, there were differences in views on adulthood among the independence types.

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