Time allocation among high school students and their parents was analyzed on the basis of the data available from the 2001 Survey on Time Use and Leisure Activities published by the Statistics Bureau of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. The interrelations between the time use of high school students and their parents were studied by drawing up patterns of housework participation. The results of the study are as follows: 1) The housework hours by the students and those by their fathers put together were only around ten percent of the hours put in by their mothers. 2) Housework was shared by the tripartite members (father, mother & student) only in 2.1 percent of the families surveyed. The total amount of housework hours by the tripartite members were the longest and the hours only by mothers were the shortest. 3) The housework pattern analysis shows that the work hours of the fathers, who contributed to housework whether or not both parents had work to do and irrespective of the days of the week, were shorter than the work hours of the fathers who do not participate in housework; in other words, there existed a trade off between housework and non-housework. On the other hand, a similar trade off between housework and schoolwork was observed on the part of the students on weekdays. 4) How was mothers' time use affected by the participation or non-participation by the other members of the family? It was affected by their husbands' contribution to housework rather than the students', which, however, does not follow that fathers intended to reduce their wives' housework in order to give them longer free time.

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The purpose of this study is to explore the role of a woman's magazine in the late Victorian era through fashion articles. The material I have used for conducting this research is The Girl's Own Paper from the 1880s. An important point to emphasize is the fact that The Girl's Own Paper expressed the new spirit of the late Victorian era through its fashion articles. First, The Girl's Own Paper targeted a wide audience. For this reason, the middle class and lower-middle class were given an opportunity to enjoy new fashion. Second, the fashion articles spread the popularity of Victorian fashion among women from England to the British colonies. Third, from the articles about paper patterns, the influence of American clothing' life became clear. In conclusion, we can say with fair certainty that The Girl's Own Paper is a woman's magazine which occupied an important position in theVictorian era.

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The purpose of this research is to clarify the process leading to the widespread use of the school uniforms and their role.The study is done in relations to the social situation after World War II.The results show that school uniforms were made mandatory at public junior high schools in the 1960s for economic reasons.The policy was effective in keeping order in schools.Uniforms were regarded as a convenience by both teachers and parents. In the 70's, uniforms were useful in controlling school life. Teachers forced students to wear uniforms.Some students refused to wear them. School uniforms were worn because teachers and parents regarded them as necessary, and the role of school uniforms changed.

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In the course of searching by the head-space gas method for compounds from edible plants that can suppress the unpleasant fishy trimethylamine odor, the flavonol glycoside, hyperin (1), from the fruit of "sanshou" Japanese pepper (Zanthoxylum piperitum) was identified by spectroscopic methods (¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, FAB-MS) as being effective. The suppressive effect of hyperin was compared with that of the related flavonoids, rutin, quercetin 3-glucoside and hesperidin. Although the flavonol glycosides, rutin and quercetin 3-glucoside were effective, the flavanone glycoside, hesperidin showed only a weak effect.

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