Two different types of waistbands, cuff and elastic, were subjected to experiments to ascertain the varying levels of constriction.
  In the first experiment, eight healthy young women were asked to wear a 60 mm-wide cuff waistband. Adopting differing load tolerances (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 mmHg), the subjects were then asked to assume four different physical postures: standing, sitting, lying prone and squatting. Clothing pressure was measured in five distinct regions on the waistband (F: front, FS: front side, S: side, BS: side back, B: back).
  In the second experiment, the same subjects were asked to wear a 25 mm-wide elastic waistband. This waistband came in three sizes: perfect fit, 10％ constriction and 25％ constriction. Once again, clothing pressure was measured in the same five regions as in the first experiment.
  The following results were obtained.
  1) Horizontal cross sections of the five regions were obtained with a sliding gauge. The correlations between the radius of curvature and the clothing pressure in the five regions, and the compression of each cross section were examined. Kirk's formula did not hold true in either the cuff waistband experiment or the elastic waistband experiment.
  2) With regard to the results of the elastic waistband experiment, postural and regional variations produced markedly different data. Clothing pressure was greatest in the S zone. As for posture, the greatest physical restriction for both types of waistbands was recorded in the squatting position.
  3) The clothing pressure on the front side was selected as a measure of central tendency.

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  The heat transfer rate through lined clothes was measured for various lining materials. Heat transfer resistance, which is a scale of the heat retention capability of clothes, increased as a function of the amount of lining material used per unit area. The heat transfer resistance of clothes with down lining was large, those with feather and cotton fibers were 3/4 that of down, and those with crimped polyester fiber and wool fiber were 1/2 that of down. The heat transfer coefficient of lining is given by the sum of the conductive heat transfer coefficient and the radiant heat transfer coefficient. The conductive heat transfer coefficient decreases with an increase in the thickness of the lining. The radiant heat transfer rate through the lining decreases with the shading of the lined material. The decreasing fraction in the radiant heat transfer coefficient against empty air space is defined as the shading fraction. The shading fraction increased with an increase in the amount of lining used, and the shading fraction of the down lining was large, as was the heat transfer resistance of lined clothes. The shading fraction of feather lining was small, which was the reason for the small heat transfer resistance of clothes with feather lining, despite having the same thickness as the down lining. Fiber diameters of lining fiber used were 16, 34 and 40 μm for cotton, crimped polyester and wool fibers, respectively, and the shading fraction of fiber lining for a given amount of lining per unit area increased with a decrease in fiber diameter. The shading fraction of fiber lining increased with the surface area of the lining, calculated using the fiber diameter, and was independent of the kind of lining material used. The shading fraction correlated with the surface area of the fiber lining. Down is an excellent material for retaining heat in lined clothes because of the large shading fraction of radiant heat transfer due to its large surface area consisting of stalks and small fibers, and its relatively large lining thickness per unit amount, which results in a small conductive heat transfer rate.

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  Button batteries are used in toys, cameras, remote controls, and many other products, and can be found in almost every home. Nowadays, button batteries have increased in size and voltage, which puts children at great risk of serious injury. In the interest of children's safety, parents and caregivers are educated to keep button batteries-controlled devices out of reach of children, but this practice does not effectively prevent accidental ingestion. In this study, we placed a button battery between two slices of ham to measure the pH values, current and voltage to reveal the danger of button battery ingestion. And we examine the effectiveness of a button battery burn injury demonstration to raise awareness of the injury risk among parents and caregivers.

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  This study aimed to examine the expectations for dietary education in child-care facilities by parents with full-time or part-time jobs, and those without jobs. We conducted a questionnaire survey about dietary education of 1,708 parents with a full-time job, 1,894 parents with a part-time job, and 1,958 parents without a job. Interest in dietary education was significantly higher in parents with a full-time job or without a job than in parents with a part-time job. From the results of factor analyses, expectations for dietary education in childcare facilities were categorized into two categories, “basic eating training” and “acquiring knowledge of desirable eating behavior through studying.” The subscale scores of both categories were significantly higher in parents with a full-time job than in parents without a job. The data suggests that full-time working parents have high expectations for dietary education in child-care facilities compared with their non-working counterparts.

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