This study examines whether wives in double-income families with children facilitate husbands' participation in housework, manage or restrict household performance, and whether such behaviors affect husbands' participation in housework. The study used the concept of maternal gatekeeping. It is reported that wives who play the role of gatekeepers of childcare and housework may facilitate husbands' engagement in childcare and housework, manage the housework, or restrict their engagement. This study focused on 285 wives in double-income families with children under the age of 13. A questionnaire survey was conducted in August 2015 via the Internet. A structural equation modeling analysis yielded two major results. First, the more frequently wives discourage husbands' participation in housework, the less husbands participate in housework. Second, wives' facilitation of husbands' participation in housework increases husbands' participation in housework. This study concludes that wives in double-income families should facilitate their husbands' participation in housework to avoid the double burden of employment and housework.

　米飯における黄色ブドウ球菌の生育及びエンテロトキシンA (SEA) 産生に対するグリシンの影響を明らかにすることを目的とし, 本研究を行った. 飯重量の0 ～ 5 ％のグリシンを添加した米飯に黄色ブドウ球菌SEA産生株11株を初発菌数10⁶ CFU/gとなるようにそれぞれ植菌し, これらを37℃で保存後, 菌数とSEA量を測定した. 最大SEA量は0.5％グリシン添加飯では 2.1-40.8 ng/g, 1 ％グリシン添加飯では 1.9-53.9 ng/g, 2 ％グリシン添加飯では 0.9-35.0 ng/g, 5 ％グリシン添加飯では0 (検出限界以下) －3.7 ng/g であった. 米飯の保存初期段階では, ほとんどの菌株において2 ％及び5 ％グリシン添加飯ではコントロールに比べ, SEA量が少なく, 増殖初期ではSEA産生が抑制されたことが示された. 黄色ブドウ球菌に汚染された米飯では, グリシン添加の有無に関わらず, 人が官能的に菌の増殖を識別する前に食中毒を引き起こすのに十分なSEA量に達する可能性があった.

  The purpose of this study is to investigate how much of a percentage of the person who feels resistant against a child exist and to look into the cause of the feeling. This study was carried out in order to obtain knowledge for experiential learning in early childhood education and care. This study was based on a survey of 241 university students and graduate students. It examined the feeling about a child, the opinion about association with a child and “tolerance of ambiguity”. These investigations indicated that 17.5％ of the person who thought a child lovely felt resistant against association with a child. Furthermore, it was observed that they had their ideals that adults should enjoy association with a child but they predicted that the beliefs could not come true. Moreover, based on our research, the person who had little tolerance of ambiguity tended to feel resistant against a child, even if he thought a child lovely. These results suggest that the activity that suppress ambiguity such as the observation how the children behave, is necessary to reduce ambiguity before free play with a child.

  We analyzed various articles in the magazine “Consumer Reports”, published between 1936 and1940 with a view to clarifying the characteristics of the consumer information of the period. The articles selected for the purpose were divided into “goods and services” and “social and current issues”. The former were further classified into eleven categories and 59 items with nine messages and information flow, the latter into four categories with three messages and information flow. The findings are as follows: 1) There were 2,893 articles during the period. 2) During the period, information on “goods and services” made up 46.1％ of the content, while the other 53.9％ consisted of information on “social and current issues”. 3) With regard to “goods and services”, “culture & recreation” made up the majority. For “social and current issues”, “CR & CU related issues” and “society” accounted for 80％. 4) The messages and information flow are estimated at 50％ of information share in “goods and services”, while “introduction” share is 90％ in “social and current issues”. 5) Most of the information in the magazine is from magazines to companies in “goods and services”, from magazines to consumers in “social and current issues”.