The present study was conducted to examine the relationship between the bone mass of students of junior high schools that serve/do not serve school lunches and their dietary/lifestyle habits. The subjects were 428 third-year students of three junior high schools: A in Saitama Prefecture and B in Tokyo Prefecture that serve school lunches, and C in Kanagawa Prefecture that does not. A survey to measure the mass of the calcaneus using ultrasonic waves and a self-completed questionnaire survey were conducted to examine their dietary/lifestyle habits and awareness of physique.

  A low body weight, a cause of a low bone mass, is one of the risk factors for osteoporosis. Among students of the three schools, 86.7％ of females and 63.8％ of males with a “normal” physique stated that they were fat. It is necessary to help students understand the importance of maintaining a healthy weight.

  The rates of students whose Z score (a type of bone mass index, or deviation, calculated by comparing the bone mass with a standard value for people of the same age and sex) was lower than 90％ were 19.1 (A), 23.7 (B), and 33.7％ (C) ; there were significant differences among the three schools, with the rate in school C being the highest. There were also significant differences in the frequencies of eating or drinking milk, yogurt, and green and yellow vegetables among the schools; the frequencies in School C were the lowest. Among the three schools, the rate of students who had developed exercise habits in the high bone mass group was higher than that of students in the low bone mass group.

  The results of the study suggested that the rate of students with a low bone mass was higher in junior high schools that do not serve school lunches, compared with schools that had introduced a school lunch system. It is necessary to provide junior high schools that do not serve school lunches with appropriate support to encourage students to consume milk and dairy products, which are rich in calcium, and green/yellow vegetables, and develop healthy exercise, dietary, and lifestyle habits for the prevention of osteoporosis.

  This essay focuses on a working-class woman, called Hannah Cullwick (1833-1901), and studies her ideas of fashion based on her diary. Hannah was a maid-of-all work since she was fourteen. In spite of her humble origin, she kept a diary between 1854 and 1873, because her secret lover, Arthur Munby (1828-1910), recommended her to do so. Munby was an upper-class author and poet to whom Hannah had a life-long relation. In her diary, she recorded her opinions of her works, numerous employers she served, her colleagues, and Munby. Her diary reveals that through her relation to Munby, Hannah cultivated her own ideas of gender, career and fashion.

  Throughout her service, she wore a humble working-dress. Even after her secret marriage to Munby in 1873, which financially enabled her to dress and behave like a lady, she determinedly wore the humble clothes of a lower servant. She self-approvingly noted her financial and mental independence through domestic service, while she pitied 'proudly' dressed middle-class ladies who engaged only feminine activities. Experiencing different social class behaviours and gender ideologies, Hannah found her humble working dress of cotton functioning as a sign of her financial and mental independence, pride of her service, and her identity as a working-class 'woman'. These ideas were definitely different from middle-class stereotypical assumptions of working-class women, or working-class women's standard reactions against them.

  Hannah's life-long relation to the upper-class man may not be a typical experience for a lower-class woman of the period. Unique her experiences and ideas may be, Hannah provides us a new understanding of women in this social segment, their career and gender identity through their dress.

  The Goto Islands of Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan are known as producers of camellia seed oil. In this study, we investigated the effect of oral intake of camellia seed oil from the Goto Islands on lipid metabolism in the skin and liver of mice. Twenty-one ICR male mice (4 weeks old) were divided into three groups (Control, 4％ camellia oil, and 8％ camellia oil; n＝7 per group), and fed the experimental diets for 4 weeks. Results of the plasma parameters assessed indicated that total cholesterol (T-Chol) and leptin levels tended to be lower in the 4％ camellia oil group than the other groups. However, no significant differences in total lipid, triacylglycerol, T-Chol, and phospholipid levels in the skin and liver were observed among the groups. In regards to fatty acid composition of the skin, the oleic acid (C18:1) ratio was significantly increased in a camellia oil dose-dependent manner. In contrast, the ratios of palmitic (C16:0) and palmitoleic (C16:1) acids in the skin and liver were significantly reduced. Thus, this study suggests that replacing dietary fats with camellia seed oil alters the fatty acid composition in the skin and liver.

  This study aims to discover how children overcome their conflicts if the demands of the people around them are different from 0 to 5 years old in their daily lives.

  We analyzed the cognition and emotion/relation of this process using a record of a boy as a target of this study based on a “dyadic interaction” in the second-person on the details of his daily life.

  Even though it was focused on only one boy, the authors noted a hypothesis on the way children who expressed their demands changed from 0 to 5 years old. That is, a child under two and a half years old expressed their demands directly, those between two and a half years old and three years old expressed indirect demand, and three and four year olds expressed their demands both indirectly and directly. In addition, it was discovered that and a five-year-old could express a high level direct demand using verbal thinking.

  Whether Mongolian mobile dwellings will continue to exist is currently of concern. Thus, it is necessary to conduct research on the current partial use of mobile dwellings. In the present study, by focusing on the settling down of Mongolian herders, we learned about the ownership status and actual uses of mobile dwellings, and analyzed the relationship between land distribution, occupational changes, grazing restrictions, and changes in mobile dwellings. From 2010 to 2013, for a total of 55 days, we conducted field surveys and interviews of 53 households and summarized the results according to five key findings.