保健物理
Online ISSN : 1884-7560
Print ISSN : 0367-6110
ISSN-L : 0367-6110
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53 巻, 3 号
選択された号の論文の14件中1～14を表示しています
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解説
  • 医療放射線被ばくの疫学とリスク推定に関する最近のトピックス
    浜田 信行, 吉永 信治
    原稿種別: 解説
    2018 年 53 巻 3 号 p. 136-145
    発行日: 2018年
    公開日: 2018/11/27
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5453/jhps.53.136
    ジャーナル フリー
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    Ionizing radiation has long been indispensable in medicine. Such medical exposures can broadly be divided into two categories, namely, therapeutic exposures and diagnostic exposures. On one hand, therapeutic exposures generally occur at high dose and/or high dose rate, in which health effects of main concern are tissue reactions (formally called deterministic effects) and second cancer. Of these, mounting epidemiological evidence for tissue reactions has attracted particular attention to circulatory disease and cataracts. Diagnostic exposures, on the other hand, occur at relatively low dose and/or low dose rate, where cancer is the major health effect of concern. Epidemiological evidence from diagnostically exposed populations is still subject to uncertainties in dose (e.g., lack of individual doses) and potential biases (e.g., confounding by indication and reverse causation), which render direct risk estimation of diagnostic exposures unreasonable. This raises the need for the extrapolation from epidemiological evidence in other populations exposed to high dose and/or high dose-rate radiation. From radiation protection viewpoints, recent discussions include individual risk estimation, and individual radiation responses. This review paper provides a brief overview of recent topics in epidemiology and risk estimation for medical exposures.
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Original Paper
  • Occupational Radiation Exposure and Leukemia Mortality among Nuclear Workers in Japan: J-EPISODE, 1991-2010
    Shin'ichi KUDO, Keiko YOSHIMOTO, Hiroshige FURUTA, Kazumasa INOUE, Mas ...
    原稿種別: Original Paper
    2018 年 53 巻 3 号 p. 146-153
    発行日: 2018年
    公開日: 2018/11/27
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5453/jhps.53.146
    ジャーナル フリー
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    Whether exposure to radiation at low dose and at low dose rate is related to leukemia mortality and morbidity remains controversial. Cohort studies of nuclear workers chronically exposed to radiation at low dose and at low dose rate in their workplaces provide an opportunity to directly evaluate the risks of leukemia in the lower dose ranges. Previous findings have come mostly from Western countries, with few from Asian countries. The present study aimed to examine radiation’s effects on mortality from leukemia, in a cohort of Japanese nuclear workers. The cohort consisted of 204,103 workers, who were followed from 1991 to 2010, with a total of 2.89 million person-years. The mean age and mean cumulative dose at the age at the end of follow-up were 55.6 years and 13.8 mSv. During the study, 209 leukemia deaths were observed. The linear excess relative risk (ERR) for all types of leukemia was negative, but not significant (ERR/Sv = -0.54; 90% confidence interval; -4.04, 2.96). Specific types of leukemia also showed no significant risks. A significant radiation-leukemia association for mortality was not observed in this study of Japanese nuclear workers. The cohort, however, is still young. Further follow-up is needed to obtain more reliable estimates of leukemia risks for Japanese workers exposed to low dose and low-dose rate radiation.
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Technical Data
  • Recalculation of Age-specific Cancer Risk Due to Radiation Exposure Using the Recent Mortality Data of the Japanese Population
    Michiya SASAKI, Takatoshi HATTORI
    原稿種別: Technical Data
    2018 年 53 巻 3 号 p. 154-162
    発行日: 2018年
    公開日: 2018/11/27
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5453/jhps.53.154
    ジャーナル フリー
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    After the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant accident, one of the main issues was that the level of the radiation risk due to exposure, such as nominal risk coefficient, was difficult to understand. On the other hand, in the ICRP 1990 recommendation Annex C, the conditional and unconditional death probability rates, which can consider a plausible additional risk, were used as one of the referral premises for the judgement of the effective dose limits for members of the public and radiation workers. These conditional and unconditional death probability rates were illustrated as a function of the attained age and appear to be easily understandable to people concerned about the “time” and “level” of risk increment due to radiation exposure. In this study the conditional and unconditional death probability rates were updated by using recent Japanese statistical data in line with the methodology of the ICRP 1990 recommendation. Uncertainties associated with the selection of the statistical data for the Japanese population from 1985 to 2010 were also estimated to reveal the hidden variation of the prospective risk estimation. Variations in the estimated risk up to 10% order were found owing to the recent increase in life expectancy; however, the range of the variation over time is comparable to that obtained from prefecture data as of 2010.
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  • Populations Living near the Semipalatinsk Test Site: A New Cohort for Assessing Health Effects from Protracted Exposures to Low-to-moderate Doses of Radiation
    Shinji YOSHINAGA, Jun'ichi ISHIDA, Jiro INABA, Zhanat BAIGAZINOV, Mari ...
    原稿種別: Technical Data
    2018 年 53 巻 3 号 p. 163-168
    発行日: 2018年
    公開日: 2018/11/27
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5453/jhps.53.163
    ジャーナル フリー
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    Although numerous epidemiological studies have demonstrated an increased risk of cancer and non-cancer diseases associated with acute exposures to high doses of radiation, possible effects of protracted exposures to low-to-moderate doses of radiation remain to be investigated. Several epidemiological studies have been conducted for residents living near the Semipalatinsk Test Site in the former Soviet Union who were exposed to protracted low-to-moderate doses of both external and internal radiations. However, small population size and other limitations of the previous studies preclude a precise evaluation of the health effects. An international joint study of Kazakhstan and Japan was initiated in 2001 to investigate the health effects among residents of the exposed areas based on a new large-scale cohort of the Semipalatinsk populations. In the joint study, information was obtained on the name, date of birth, sex, residential history and vital status of individuals living in the former Semipalatinsk oblast and other exposed areas using archived and official data. By March 2009, data of 131,723 residents were collected, among which the vital status of 41,128 residents (30.7%) was ascertained. The completeness of the ascertainment depended on the place of residence with lower completeness for control areas mainly because of emigration. Although any analysis based on retrospective follow-up data is limited because of potential selection bias, the sub-population of our established cohort will be a useful resource for future prospective studies.
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Report
  • Nuclear Emergency Protection Measures and Standards: Outline of Evacuation Exit Inspections in Japan
    Takakiyo TSUJIGUCHI, Chieko ITAKI, Taichi KITAYA, Yoshitaka SHIROMA, I ...
    原稿種別: Report
    2018 年 53 巻 3 号 p. 169-175
    発行日: 2018年
    公開日: 2018/11/27
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5453/jhps.53.169
    ジャーナル フリー
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    Japan's nuclear disaster prevention system entered review regarding the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident and the Nuclear Emergency Response Guideline was revised in 2015. One important task for enhancing the nuclear disaster prevention system is to improve residential evacuations. Evacuating residents during nuclear disasters has unique problems, such as radiation contamination by substances released into the atmosphere, in addition to the problems of natural disasters, such as transportation disruptions. The Nuclear Emergency Response Guideline released by the Nuclear Regulatory Authority mandate that municipalities prepare for “inspection to confirm whether radiation protection measures should be implemented for evacuees in case of nuclear disaster (Evacuation Exit Inspection: EEI).” The EEI was proposed after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident, but few Japanese educators know its process and/or points. In addition, few reports point out the problems faced by local governments concerning evacuations. This report explains the criteria used to implement protections during nuclear facility emergencies and the content of the EEI. It also describes the Aomori Prefecture nuclear disaster prevention drill/residents evacuation drill exercise, in which the authors participated as lecturers in 2017.
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