衛生化学
Print ISSN : 0013-273X
27 巻, 2 号
選択された号の論文の8件中1~8を表示しています
  • F. KORTE
    1981 年 27 巻 2 号 p. 69-84
    発行日: 1981/04/30
    公開日: 2008/05/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    A multitude of non-biological substances are being produced at present in an attempt to provide a steadily increasing world population with better living conditions. This industrial activity causes measurable changes in the material quality of the environment. A comprehensive and thorough assessment of the effects of all the chemical compounds which are found widespread in the environment is not possible because of the overwhelming number of such products. In order to detect any undesired effects upon the natural environment as early as possible, it is essential to investigate representative model substances which are suitable for such studies because of their production levels, areas of application, persistence, distribution behaviour, degradability and expected biological activity. These topics are also the bases for the present world-wide activities as regards environmental chemicals laws. Since a large number of single factors determine the behaviour of chemicals in the environment, it is necessary to use step-wise elucidations for legal purposes. This is achieved by estimating the ecotoxicological behaviour by physico-chemical characteristics and upon feasible test procedures. At present, globally about 50000 chemicals are produced and used with an integral production level of about 150 million tons annually. Realizing this it is evident that a well structured assessment of their ecotoxicological potential is needed according to appropriate criteria. These are for individual chemicals : production level, use pattern, dispersion tendency, persistence, biotic and abiotic conversion, and biological activity. In principle, there are different approaches for assessment : Monitoring, Occurrence and Effects in Ecosystems This results in real data both for occurrence and changing the physical environment as well as populations of flora and fauna but gives no immediate prospective information. Assessment of Trends in Occurrence and Effects (Environmental specimen banking and long-term monitoring) This approach allows by backward analyses of stored samples estimation of trends in the occurrence of a chemical. Its correlation with long-term ecological monitoring allows for prospective evaluation. Simulation of the Environment Simulation experiments give rather good data for the estimation of the fate of chemicals in the environment. With respect to effects on organisms they are limited except the most sensitive indicator organisms or indicatory effects are available. Screening in Simple Test Procedures This gives indications on the potential for occurrence and effects and should be used mainly on a comparative basis. According to the potential of a chemical for ecotoxicological effects derived from production and fate (exposure probability), the approaches have to be selected as appropriate.
  • REIKO TESHIMA, KUNISUKE NAGAMATSU, YASUMASA KIDO, TADAO TERAO
    1981 年 27 巻 2 号 p. 85-90
    発行日: 1981/04/30
    公開日: 2008/05/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    The absorption, distribution, excretion and metabolism of ethylenethiourea (ETU), a well-known vulcanization accelerator of neoprene rubber and a carcinogen to the thyroid of rats, were studied in guinea pigs. Percutaneous absorption of ETU from intact skin was rather slow, while uptake from abraded skin was quite rapid. Studies on the tissue and organ distribution of radioactive ETU indicated that this compound was accumulated into the thyroid at the highest concentration, independently of the route of administration. The half-life of ETU in the thyroid was far longer than the half-lives in other tissues and organs. As for the excretion and metabolism of ETU, most of the absorbed ETU was excreted unchanged into the urine in guinea pigs.
  • 佐藤 洋子, 瀬下 昭子, 渡部 愛, 河村 太郎, 吉立 伸一, 石原 訓, 北田 稔, 三橋 仁也
    1981 年 27 巻 2 号 p. 91-97
    発行日: 1981/04/30
    公開日: 2008/05/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    For the determination of the amount of formaldehyde released from the inside wall of cupboards and chests of drawers made of plywood, 3 test methods were studied. They were colorimetric determination of formaldehyde absorbed to paper (paper-absorption method) or water (surface-absorption method, bubbling method) used for absorbants. The surface-absorption method, putting a Petri dish containing water in the drawer, was the most practical. In this method, the amount of formaldehyde absorbed in water per cm2 of dish area for 24 hr was able to indicate the amount of formaldehyde released from the inside of furniture. By this method the amounts of formaldehyde released from 23 pieces of furnitures were determined.
  • 富田 伴一, 浜村 憲克, 小瀬 洋喜
    1981 年 27 巻 2 号 p. 98-104
    発行日: 1981/04/30
    公開日: 2008/05/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    The mechanism of the formation of dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) in mixed liquor of activated sludge was studied. To find the precursor of DMDS, each sulfur-containing substance (DL-cystine, DL-cysteine, DL-cystathionine, DL-homocysteine, s-adenosyl-L-methionine, s-adenosyl-L-homocysteine, DL-methionine, methylmercaptan and Na2S) was added to the mixed liquor of activated sludge. DMDS was formed from DL-methionine and methylmercaptan. It was found that the activated sludge was necessary for the formation of DMDS from DL-methionine, but not necessary from methylmercaptan. For the formation of DMDS in the mixed liquor of activated sludge, dissolved oxygen (DO) was necessary. It was concluded that methylmercaptan was formed from methionine by activated sludge, and the methylmercaptan changed to DMDS in the presence of DO.
  • 酒井 立夫, 野村 昇, 原 稔, 穴山 彊
    1981 年 27 巻 2 号 p. 105-110
    発行日: 1981/04/30
    公開日: 2008/05/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    The correlations of the fluorine amount in between the environmental air (by alkaline tripped paper method) and the leaves of gladiolus and rice plant (by alizarin-complexone absorption spectrophotometry) in the Toyama-Shinko area (Shinminato city, Toyama prefecture), during 9 years from 1971 to 1979 are shown. In this area, fluoride pollution was rather slight. Regression equation was given as follows for gladiolus and rice plant, respectively, [numerical formula] in which, x is aggregated fluorine in alkaline treated papers during exposing period shown as μg/dm2/months, and y is fluorine content in plant shown as ppm. And, three monitoring steps are proposed in the area slightly polluted with fluorine. 1) Need not the air monitoring at the point detecting no fluorine by alkaline tripped paper method for succeeding 5 years. 2) Better to monitor by alkaline tripped paper method at the point under 20 ppm fluorine in gladiolus leaves. 3) Monitoring by alkaline tripped paper method and analysis of fluorine in the leaves are necessary at the point over 20 ppm fluorine in gladiolus leaves.
  • 佐藤 洋子, 瀬下 昭子, 渡部 愛, 河村 太郎, 吉立 伸一, 石原 訓, 北田 稔, 三橋 仁也
    1981 年 27 巻 2 号 p. 111-115
    発行日: 1981/04/30
    公開日: 2008/05/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    The amount of formaldehyde released from three chests of drawers made of plywood was determined throughout a year by the surface-absorption method mentioned in the previous report. The amounts released varied with temperature and humidity and the values in summer time (14.1-15.1μg/cm2·24 hr) were 2 to 3 times highter than in the other seasons (3.4-8.1 μg/cm2·24 hr). The amount released in the chest of drawers could be also estimated from the value obtained by the official desiccator-method by using pieces of boards used for the material of the chest. The released formaldehyde contaminated the pieces of cloths allowed to hang in the drawer : wool absorbed 230-580μg/g after 11 weeks, cotton 60-120μg/g after 2 weeks and in nylon and acrylic cloths formaldehyde was scarcely detected even after 2 weeks.
  • 神津 公, 赤沼 一弘
    1981 年 27 巻 2 号 p. 116-118
    発行日: 1981/04/30
    公開日: 2008/05/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    Hippuric acid in the human urine was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with a UV detector by use of stainless column (4.0 mm×0.15 m) packed with Nucleosil 5C18. Mobile phase was H2O-methanol (80 : 20), adjusted to pH 3.0 with H3PO4. The sample solution was extracted with ethyl acetate after adjusting to pH 1.0 with 6N HCl. Determination was carried out successfully by using vanillic acid as an internal standard and by maintaining the temperature at 40°. The recovery of hippuric acid from aqueous solution (0.5 mg/ml) was 96.0±1.5%. The contents of hippuric acid detected in samples from suspected persons of toluene inhalation were 4.83, 16.01, 2.48 and 6.41 mg/ml, respectively.
  • 足立 昌子, 中野 美穂子, 小林 正
    1981 年 27 巻 2 号 p. 119-126
    発行日: 1981/04/30
    公開日: 2008/05/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    Colleges and institutes related with science and technology are daily using toxic substances in the process of education and study. Even though the amount used is generally small, toxic substances should be eliminated to keep clean environment. The Water Pollution Control Law in Japan has required the elimination of toxic substances from waste water as a duty for the colleges and institutes since 1974. According to the requirement, a treating plant for chemical waste water discharged from the laboratories of Kobe Women's College of Pharmacy was constructed in 1975. The outline of the program and the analytical data on the water and the sludge produced from the plant are described in this paper. The analytical data suggest that the treating plant has been operated effectively to eliminate toxic substances from the chemical waste water.
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