Concerning WHO guideline for drinking-water quality (1984), some general matters such as its history, content and meaning were described. The bacteriological items in the guideline, chemical substances playing a main role in the guideline, its relation to animal assays, estimation and safety coefficient of the values in the guideline, and the relationship of its threshold or carcinogenic substances to risk assessment obtained by use of mathematical models were also described. Moreover, after describing inorganic components having an influence on the health, organic components relating to the health (a. selection of organic chemical substances, b. carcinogenic organic subtances), appearance, odor or radioactive materials, the future of the guideline was further mentioned.

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For assessing the potential hazard of the chemicals to human and other organisms, it is required to evaluate ambient concentrations of the chemicals in air, water, and soil media. Mathematical models have been developed and used for estimating the fate and concentrations of chemicals released into the environment. The principal approaches of the models are based on the mass balance equations expressed in terms of ; ·load into the environment, ·equilibrium and rate constants for transport, transfer, and transformation processes, ·environmental conditions. They are classified into three types of modelling approaches ; ·partition equilibrium model, ·simplified fate simulation model, ·detailed fate simulation model. It may be possible to estimate the amount of the chemicals exposed to human and environmental organisms, based on the model outputs, combined with environmental monitoring data.

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Benzo [α] pyrene which is known to be an environmental carcinogen was analyzed by a duplicate portion study in order to calculate daily dietary intake. In the first study food samples were prepared by six housewives for one week and in the second study the samples were prepared by twenty five housewives for one day twice in summer and once in fall. The results of analyses of 117 samples showed that the average intake level was 39 ng/d and the distribution of intake showed a log-normal distribution pattern. Benzo [α]-pyrene intake levels were significantly correlated with the amount of meat and fish eaten after the cooking process, although there was no significant correlation between its intake and the amount of raw meat or fish in a recipe. This suggested that the level of benzo [α] pyrene consumed in food was largely formed during the cooking process.

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The concentration of metallothionein in the liver of mice injected with drugs for hepatic diseases was determined, and the following results were obtained. 1. The concentration of metallothionein in the liver was increased by the injection of glutathion, N-(2-mercaptopropionyl) glycine, protoporphyrin or Shosaikoto. 2. Among sulfur compounds, an injection of L-cysteine or L-cysteic acid increased the concentration of metallothionein in the mouse liver. 3. Metallothionein induced by N-(2-mercaptopropionyl) glycine or Shosaikoto was zincthionein. Acute cadmium toxicity was prevented by the pre-injection of these compounds. These results indicate that some drugs for hepatic diseases increase the level of metallothionein in the mouse liver.

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We developed an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay using a monoclonal antibody to determine methamphetamine in biological specimens. The monoclonal antibody against methamphetamine was selected from fifteen isolated. Its cross reactivity against nineteen related compounds was investigated. The monoclonal antibody showed very low cross reactivity against ephedrine (0.1%), methylephedrine (1.5%), methoxyphenamine (0.2%), phentermine (0.4%), norephedrine (<0.1%), N, N-dibenzylethylenediamine (0.5%), p-methoxyamphetamine (0.2%), p-hydroxymethamphetamine (1.3%), p-methoxymethamphetamine (3.3%), methylenedioxyamphetamine (0.9%), labetalol (2.6%) and other related compounds (<1.0%), but not against dimethylamphetamine (150%). The detection limit of methamphetamine assay in urine was 0.2μg/ml at the 95% confidence level and the working range 0.3-30μg/ml. The coefficients of variation of the assay for methamphetamine in urine at 1μg/ml were 5.68% for within-run and 8.26% for between-run. The correlation coefficient between the assay and GC/MS of 48 urine specimens was 0.9934. The assay requires 5μl of specimen in 50μl of total assay volume and takes about 1 h for 96 specimens. The assay was applied to hair analysis to monitor methamphetamine abuse history.

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To identify the species of mushrooms mainly for the distinction of poisonous mushrooms from edible ones, thin layer isoelectric focusing analysis was applied on their water-soluble proteins. 1. The electrophoretic profiles were species-specific. The proteins extracted from the cap and stem in a species gave essentially identical profiles. 2. The profiles of cap proteins of 10 individuals of Akamomitake (Lactarius deliciosus) were indifferent, indicating that the intra-species variation of water-soluble proteins was little. 3. The heat treatment at higher than 60°C, for 10 min, of the water-soluble proteins of Dokutsurutake (Amanita virosa) caused temperature-dependent disappearance of protein bands, while not significant change up to 60°C. 4. The values of pI and relative peak height of isoelectro-focused water-soluble protein bands were numerically expressed. These numerical values were species-specific, indicating that mushroom species might be identified by analyzing the water-soluble proteins with a verification of the tables of these numerical values. 5. The present method was applied for the identification of poisonous Kusaurabenitake (Rhodophyllus rhodopolius) mixed in Urabenihoteishimeji (Rhodophyllus crassipes) which caused a food poisoning incident. The former mushroom was satisfactorily identified by this method.

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A method for the determination of fron-11 (trichlorofluoromethane), 12 (dichlorodifluoromethane), 113 (1, 1, 2-trichloro-1, 2, 2-trifluoroethane) and 114 (1, 2-dichloro-1, 1, 2, 2-tetrafluoroethane) in household aerosol products by gas chromatography was developed. For the determination of fron-11, 12 and 114, a disposable polyethylene bag was used as a sampling bag. Propelling the aerosol products in the sampling bag, the bag was warmed to vaporize fron-11, 12 and 114. The gaseous volume of the bag was measured with 1.3 l syringe and 1 ml of the gas injected to a gas chromatograph equipped with a thermal conductivity detector. In this gas chromatography, nitrogen gas was used as a carrier gas to detect only fron-species as positive peaks, while other gases as negative peaks. For the determination of fron-113, sample liquid was collected in a 100 ml beaker by propelling the aerosol products. To 1.0g of sample liquid, 1 ml of 10% bromodichloromethane hexane solution was added as an internal standard and made up to 100 ml with ethanol. One ml of the solution was diluted to 100 ml with hexane, and 1 ml of them was passed through Sep-pak [○!R] and made up to 50 ml with hexane. Five μl of the solution was injected to a gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector. Recovery tests for fron-11, 12 and 114 were 87.4-104.9%, and that for fron-113 was 94.9-96.9%. By this method, 154 commercial aerosol products were analyzed, and 0.4-100.0% (w/w) of frons were determined in 45 products.

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We identified morphine and codeine in the urine of healthy humans by means of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and immunoreactivity against morphine antibody. By using enzyme immunoassay, the immunoreactive morphine and codeine were detected in all the urine from 11 healthy men and the levels were 15.7±6.5 and 4.6±2.5 pmol/ml, respectively. There was a significant correlation between the contents of morphine and codeine in the urine. It is not known whether the opiates detected are of endogenous or exogenous origin.

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The distributions of pentachlorobenzene (PECB) and its metabolite after oral administration of PECB were investigated in rats. A major metabolite of PECB in the liver was pentachlorophenol (PCP), which was also detected in the blood, urine and feces. After PECB administration, PECB content in the liver reached the maximum level at 8-24 h, then decreased, while PCP content in the liver reached maximum at 24-48 h. Changes of PECB and PCP concentrations in the blood were similar to those in the liver. When PECB distribution was examined at 8, 24 and 144 h after PECB administration, PECB content in the kidney was higher and that in the spleen was lower than those in other organs tested. PECB content in adipose tissue was markedly higher than those in other organs. The ratio of PECB content in adipose tissue to those in other organs increased as time. In contrast with PECB, PCP content was the highest in the liver and not detected in adipose tissue. Different distributions of PECB and PCP were also observed in the blood. PECB was mainly present in blood cells, while PCP mainly detected in the plasma.

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Bis (methylmercuric) selenide (BMS) formed in the blood, liver, kidney and brain of rat simultaneously injected with methylmercury and selenite was extracted by use of two methods (Method I and II). In the case of Method I, the tissue was homogenized in 15 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) in a high speed high power homogenizer and then BMS was repeatedly extracted 8 times with benzene from the homogenate. In the case of Method II, the tissue was ground in benzene in the same homogenizer and then BMS was repeatedly extracted 8 times with benzene from the ground tissue. BMS was recovered very insufficiently when it was extracted from the blood, liver, kidney and brain by the single extraction of Method I. It was found that the larger amount of BMS was recovered from all tissues by the fewer extraction procedures when Method II was used in the place of Method I. In the case of the liver or kidney, the recovery amount of BMS in Method I was about 60% of that in Method II. These results suggest the possibility that Method II is superior to Method I as an extraction method of BMS in animal tissues.

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Roasting of coffee beans at high temperature generated at least five unknown heterocyclic amine-like mutagens along with 2-amino-3, 4-dimethylimidazo [4, 5-f] quinoline (MeIQ). They were separated into different mutagenic fractions by extraction with methyl alcohol/ammonium hydroxide, and partitioned into acidic water and chloroform after alkalization, adsorption to blue cotton, and repeated high pressure liquid chromatography. They were distinguishable from the twelve authentic heterocyclic amine mutagens. They showed mutagenicity on Salmonella typhimurium TA98 with metabolic activation and resistance to nitrite treatment. Hot-air-roasted and charcoal-fire-roasted coffee beans generally consumed in Japan may contain a significant amount of these mutagens.

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A method for the determination of swertiamarin (SA) in hair tonics containing Swertia japonica extract by use of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed. A sample of hair tonic was evaporated twice with ethanol under reduced pressure and dissolved by adding water. The test solution was prepared by passing through a Sep-Pak C₁₈ cartridge, washing with water and eluting with a mixture of acetonitrile-water (2 : 8). SA in the eluate was determined by HPLC on an octadecylsilylated silica gel column (TSKgel-ODS 80T_M) by using a mobile phase of acetonitrile-water (12 : 88) and 235 nm for the detection. The present method was applicable to the determination of SA in commercial hair tonics without interference of other cosmetic ingredients.

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