N-Alkyl-2-alkylthiopyridinium (2TPX-n : X=I or Br, n=6-18) and N-alkyl-4-alkylthiopyridinium salts (4TPX-n), which have an electron-releasing group on the pyridine ring, were synthesized. Both 2TPBr-12 and 4TPBr-12 showed a wide and potent bactericidal spectrum of activity against Gram-negative bacteria (9 strains) and Gram-positive bacteria (3 strains), compared with N-dodecylpyridinium iodide (P-12) which has no substituents. The activity of these new compounds was not correlated with the hydrophobicity of the bacterial cell surface. This suggests that the bactericidal mechanism of 2TPBr-12 and 4TPBr-12 is different from that of P-12. The bactericidal and bacteriostatic activity of the new compounds against Escherichia coli K12 W3110 was closely influenced by their alkyl chain length. Since they have two hydrophobic alkyl chains in their structure, it seems that hydrophobic association between the molecule of 2TPX-n or 4TPX-n and medium components in the minimum inhibitory concentration measurement system caused the reduction in their apparent concentration. The bactericidal activity of these compounds was dependent on their bacterioclastic activity, and less dependent on their hydrophobicity (R_M).

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The present work used a small amount of solvent for liquid-liquid extraction of basic chemicals in a large amount of urine sample. Two deproteinizing methods were proposed as follows. A : The pH 3.5-filtration method. A human urine sample (100 ml) was mixed with metaphosphoric acid (1 g), adjusted to pH 3.5 with HCl or NaOH-saturated solution, and filtered through a Toyo Roshi No. 5C filter paper (24 cm i.d.). The filtrate was shaken with chloroform (2.5 ml) at pH 9 (NaOH). The gelatinized chloroform layer was isolated from the urine layer. As much of the urine as possible oozing out from the isolated gel layer was removed and the gel was clarified by shaking with a bit of anhydrous sodium sulfate (less than 0.2 g). B : The pH 9-filtration method. A human urine sample (100 ml) was mixed with ferric chloride hexahydrate (1 g) at pH less than 2 with HCl to give a transparent mixture. This was adjusted to pH 9 with calcium hydroxide powder, and filtered through the filter paper. The filtrate was shaken with chloroform (2.5 ml). If the chloroform layer isolated from the urine layer was weakly gelatinized, it was clarified only by shaking.

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A clean-up method using gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and a qualitative analysis involving the electrophoresis of soluble dietary fibers (SDFs), including Polydextrose^[O!R], Pinefibre^[O!R], Cellace^[O!R], Sunfiber^[O!R] and guar gum, in soft drinks were both developed. Impurities such as sucrose, glucose, fructose, coloring agents and vitamins were clearly eliminated by GPC with Sephadex G-10, with sufficient recoveries, in soft drinks. The solutions treated with GPC were then applied to the electrophoresis with a borate buffer. SDFs showed different migration distances and were detected colorimetrically with 4-aminopyridine. The spot of Cellace^[O!R] was grayish green in color, while the other spots were pale wine red color. SDFs were also determined by a high performance liquid chromatograph equipped with a refractive index detector and a carbohydrate analysis column.

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The risk of daily exposure to volatile halogenated hydrocarbons (VHH) in ambient air was assessed by the urinary concentration of VHH metabolites. Thirty residents in the urban Tokyo area, 13 males and 17 females, aged at 7 to 78, were enrolled in the present study. They were requested to carry passive gas samplers adsorbing chemicals in the ambient air during daily activities. The mean levels (mean±S.D.) of 1, 1, 1-trichloroethane (1, 1, 1-TCE), trichloroethylene (TCE) and tetrachloroethylene (PCE) in the breathing air for 12 h were 3.4±2.4μg/m³, 2.0±1.3μg/m³ and 1.1±0.8μg/m³, respectively. The daily intake of individual VHH was calculated to be 68, 40 and 23μg/person for 1, 1, 1-TCE, TCE and PCE, respectively, while women inhaled twice as much VHH as men. Since total VHH levels in the breathing air correlated well with the levels of urinary metabolites (γ=0.80), the latter could be employed as a biological index representing the level of exposure to VHH.

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A latex agglutination inhibition reaction test (LAIRT) for simultaneous determination of urinary methamphetamine, cocaine and morphine, called mixed LAIRT, has been established using colored latex particles. Hapten (p-aminomethamphetamine, benzoylecgonine and 3-carboxymethylmorphine for methamphetamine, cocaine and morphine, respectively) was conjugated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) for an immunogen and with rabbit serum albumin (RSA) for an antigen. The antigen and the anti-drug antibody obtained by multiple injections of immunogen to rabbits were coupled covalently to carboxylated latex particles to prepare antigenlatex and antibody-latex reagents. With a mixed LAIRT using a combination of blue latex reagents for methamphetamine, white latex reagents for cocaine and red latex reagents for morphine, urinary methamphetamine, benzoylecgonine and morphine could be analyzed with a cutoff level of 0.3μg/ml urine for methamphetamine and morphine and 0.1μg/ml urine for benzoylecgonine in a short time (about 20 min). The results of the urine of suspected abusers in Germany and Japan analyzed by a mixed LAIRT were compared with those by the enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique and/or GC-MS. It was concluded that mixed LAIRT is a suitable method for mass screening of urine samples of suspected abusers.

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In order to obtain information on the thermochemical reactions of chloronitrofen (CNP) upon burning off dead grass and combustion of municipal solid wastes, pyrolysis of this compound, CNP, in a quartz glass reaction tube at 200-800°C under an air stream was performed and the obtained reaction products were analysed by GC-MS. GC-MS analyses of the evolved gaseous products and residues show that CNP began to decompose at 300°C and 90% of the original CNP disappeared at 500°C. Pyrolysis of CNP under an air stream was also shown to produce a variety of compounds, including nitrofen (NIP), polychlorinated diphenylethers (PCDPEs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs). The formation of PCDPEs (mainly T₃CDPE and T₄CDPE) was observed on heating over 400°C and the maximum yield of these compounds was ca. 7.5 mol% of CNP at 600°C. The production of PCDFs (mainly DCDF and T₃CDF) was also detected on heating over 400°C and the maximum yield of these compounds was ca. 0.5 mol% of CNP at 500°C. On the basis of these results, it can be presumed that the thermochemical reactions of CNP under an air stream start with denitrozation of CNP to form PCDPEs, and then followed by the decomposition and thermal ring closure of PCDPEs to form a small amount of PCDFs.

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The effects of N-benzyl-D-glucaminedithiocarbamate (BGD), N-benzyl-D-galactamine dithiocarbamate (BGalD), N-p-methylbenzyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate (MeBGD), penicillamine (D-PEN), triethylenetetramine·2HCl (Trien), on the excretion and the distribution of copper were compared in male LEC rats (5 weeks). Rats were injected intraperitoneally with chelating agents (2 mmol/kg) every other day for 10 d. The hepatic copper content after treatment with BGD and MeBGD decreased more than that with D-PEN and Trien. Those treatment with dithiocarbamates did not redistribute copper to kidneys and brain. BGD, BGalD and MeBGD all significantly enhanced the biliary excretion of copper, zinc and iron.

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The preparation of a sample solution for the colorimetric determination of nitrite in processed foods has been studied in detail focusing on the deproteinizing procedure. A simple and rapid deproteinizing procedure was obtained by precipitation of colloid zinc hydroxide which was formed by adding constant amounts of zinc acetate and sodium hydroxide to the alkaline extracts from salted salmon roe. The amounts of nitrite isolated from the samples of salted roe of salmon, pollack, sausage and ham fortified at 5, 50 or 70 μg/g of nitrite were determined using this procedure and the recoveries of nitrite were found to be not less than 84.8%. This preparation of sample solution is applied for the determination of residual nitrite in various foods by diazotaiztion-coupling colorimetry.

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The effects of catechins obtained from the hot water extract of green tea leaves on two human type-A influenza virus strains of Aichi/2/68 and PR/8/34 were studied. In this study, (-)-epicatechin (EC), (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC), (-)-epicatechin gallate (ECg), (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg), the crude catechins containing these catechins and (+)-catechin were used. Consequently it was observed that catechins used in this study had an inhibitory effect on the hemolytic activity to red blood cells induced by these two type-A virus strains under acidic conditions (pH 5.1 or 5.4) although they did not have an influence on the agglutination activity to red blood cells induced by the same virus strains. After incubation of (-)-ECg and (-)-EGCg with A/Aichi/2/68 virus, MDCK cells, virus-sensitive cells, were infected with the virus and the ability of virus proliferation was measured in terms of an index of the agglutination activity of the virus to red blood cells. The used two catechins, (-)-ECg and (-)-EGCg, inhibited the virus proliferation at concentrations of 100μg/ml and 50μg/ml, respectively. Furthermore, at a concentration of 2.0 mg/ml these two catechins were found to inhibit the activity of neuraminidase on the surface of the virus membrane by 71.3% and 60.8%, respectively. From the above-mentioned results, it is considered that among the catechins contained in green tea leaves, such two catechins as (-)-ECg and (-)-EGCg inhibit the activity of neuraminidase present on the surface of human influenza virus in order to block the invasion of the influenza virus into virus-sensitive cells.

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