The purpose of this study was to elucidate the transition of cognitive appraisals through the interpersonal relationships in stressful life events among Japanese adolescent pregnant women. At 1 to 4 months after delivery, 10 Japanese adolescent primiparous women 17 or 18 years of age were asked to describe stressful life events before delivery by drawing a lifeline. Subsequently, we conducted a semi-structured interview. The data obtained were qualitatively and inductively analyzed. Most of adolescent pregnant women made cognitive appraisals that they were bewildered first by their noting unexpected pregnancy signs for the reason of maintaining the relationship with their partners preferentially. Then, they counted on their mothers for help and wavered with others until they reached agreement on childbirth after definitive diagnosis of pregnancy by the physician. Finally, they improved their cognitive appraisals that they adapted themselves to the life events by trial and error for formation of a new family after living with their partners and partners' parents. Healthcare professionals must examine the cognitive appraisals through the interpersonal relationships in stressful life events in a timely manner, communicate with them considering their feelings, and support to the key persons in the adolescent women's lives.

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The purpose of the study was to clarify the relationship between child care and psychological well-being of fathers with preschool child. In this study, 1000 household which have been using nursery centers in C city of K prefecture and K city of O prefecture were surveyed. The questionnaire consisted to father's age, income, work condition, participation of child-care, recognition of sense of usefulness to family, marital satisfaction, mental health, health-related quality of life, mother's age, number of children, age of youngest child and work condition. We designed the causal model to examine the relationship between father's participation of child-care and health-related QOL. Specifically, father's participation of child-care impact to marital satisfaction and mental health through recognition of sense of usefulness to family, and marital satisfaction impact a direct effect or through mental health indirectly on health-related QOL. Above model was examined by using structural equation modeling. We used the data from 319 household with no missing values on the variables. The results was as follows, 1) father's participation of child-care is contributing to health-related QOL through recognition of feeling of usefulness to family. 2) father's participation of child-care is contributing to health-related QOL through marital satisfaction and mental health. These results suggests that the promotion of father's participation of child-care is important problems.

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The purpose of this study was to describe the current status and problems of advanced nursing practice relating to education systems in the home care setting in Korea and to examine advanced practice nursing in Japan. We interviewed key persons of a training institution, of a hospital providing advanced nursing services and of the Korean Nurses Association in March 2010. We found that the regal standardization of the role was necessary to enhance activities of advanced practice nurses in home care settings. An expanded nurse role requires cooperation with the general practitioners and the staffs of nursing homes or of home health care services in Japan. It is recommended that the relative efficacy and the safety of advanced nursing practice should be examined under existing law. It is necessary to address changing nursing roles and to make known to everybody that they lead to patient-centered care.

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The purposes of this study were (1) to elucidate ethical problems that clinical transplant coordinators (CTCs) face routinely and (2) to explore and delineate ethical concepts for nursing practice developed from their "ideals" in such situations. An interview was conducted in 11 CTCs from 7 institutions. Ethical problems were elucidated which were classified into six categories based on 84 episodes: "no guarantee of donor's autonomy," "no preservation of dignity," "inability to balance beneficence and nonmaleficence," "variability of responsibilities," "inability to fulfill their responsibilities," and "incompatibility with own values." Further analysis was performed for 138 "ideals" of CTCs in such situations. As a result, eight ethical concepts were revealed: "respect for the intention," "communication of facts as they are," "support of decisions based on the values of the donor," "respect as a human being," "fulfillment of responsibilities toward the subjects," "demonstration of professional expertise by cooperating with professionals in other fields," "emphasis on the process for impartial and fair progression," and "sympathy and understanding toward the subject."

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The purpose of this study was to investigate inter-tester reliability when ultrasonography is used to measure the displacement of the central aponeurosis during contracting medial head of the gastrocnemius (MG-displacement) , comparing use of the probe held by hand and held by apparatus. The subjects were 10 healthy males. An ultrasonic diagnostic device (ProSound6, B-mode, linear probe; Aloka, Inc.) was used independently by two testers (physical therapists) to measure the MG-displacement for ankle plantar flexor forces of 50N, 100N, 150N, and 200N. Two measurement conditions were examined: 1) probe held by hand and 2) probe held by apparatus. For each condition, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC2.1), the 95% confidence interval (95% CI), and the standard error of measurement (SEM [mm]) were compared. For the probe held by hand and that held by apparatus, the respective results were as follows: ICC2.1 0.96-0.90 vs. 0.96-0.91; 95% CI 0.99-0.58 vs. 0.99-0.64; and SEM 0.92-0.11 vs. 0.38-0.24, respectively. Thus, the inter-tester reliability was similarly high when measuring MG-displacement using an ultrasound probe held by hand and that held by apparatus.

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