Objective: To investigate the symptoms and pathology related to classification of temporomandibular joint traumatic arthritis (TMJTA) and the use of classification of various forms. Methods: The clinical and imaging data of 41 patients with TMJTA caused by joint blunt trauma, 32 patients with chronic TMJTA caused by condylar fractures and 6 patients with a long time opening limitation after condylar fractures were included in the present study. In addition, the pathology of an experimental rabbit model of traumatic arthritis model of rabbit was examinedand investigated pathologically. Results: Joint movement restriction was found in most patients with TMJTA. The iImaging results findingsrevealed were bony degenerative changes, disc displacement, and joint adhesion in the patients with TMJTA caused by blunt trauma and condylar deformity in the patients with TMJTA caused by condylar fractures. In the experimental rabbits, hemorrhages, and condylar and disc damage could be seen in the early stage and signs of repair were seenrepairing action in the later stage of acute trauma. Conclusion: The causes of TMJTA canould be classified into two types: which was caused by joint blunt trauma and condylar fractures. The time boundary of acute and chronic TMJTA caused by blunt trauma and TMJTA caused by condyle fractures was suggested as one and six months respectively. The time boundary of acute and chronic TMJTA caused by blunt trauma and TMJTA caused by condylar fractures was suggested as one month and half a year respectively.

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The endoscopic-assisted approach for the treatment of condylar fracture are a less invasive alternative and overcomes the limited access to the operation field to obtain an accurate reduction and fixation. Nine condylar fracture patients underwent the endoscopic-assisted open reduction and internal fixation through the transoral approach at the department of oral and maxillofacial surgery, Seoul National University Dental Hospital. The endoscope was inserted through an intraoral incision and the reduction of fracture fragment was performed via a transbuccal approach with two transcutaneous stab incisions. Five patients showed anatomic reduction without any complications. Three patients, whose fracture site was fixed with a single plate, showed fratured condylar segment displacement during the follow-up period and one of them resulted in postoperative malocclusion. No patient had any facial nerve damage.

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The purpose of this study was to focus on the survey of the prevalence rate of dental trauma for Taiwanese children aged below six years. A total sample of 4,620 children was collected by stratified cluster sample design, and Probability Proportion to Size. The sample examined was 4,037 children and the completion rate was 87.38%. Training for the oral examination was provided to improve the coordination and reliability of the examiners to enhance consistency. A database was designed by Microsoft Access and data analyzed by statistics software SAS and JMP after data entry. Comparison between categorical variables was performed by using Pearson's chi-square test and between numerical variables by using t-test analysis. The prevalence rate of dental trauma to deciduous teeth for the 0-6 year-ld children was 0.94%, boys had 1.12% and girls 0.68% prevalence rate of dental trauma. There was no significant difference between boys and girls in dental trauma prevalence. The prevalence rate of dental trauma by age showed that the highest peak occurred at 3 years old (1.19%), followed by 4 (0.95%) and then 5 year-old (0.92%) children. In our study, upper central incisors occupied 0.99% prevalence of dental trauma among primary dentition. Upper lateral incisors and lower central incisors only occupied a very small prevalence rate, less than 0.05%. A low prevalence rate of dental trauma occurred to the children aged below 6 years in Taiwan, which may be caused by different study and sampling method, different definition of dental trauma, and different care attitude of parents to children. Considering the high frequency of dental trauma in the 3-5 year-old children, the safety of kindergartens and the prevention of dental trauma to deciduous teeth should be considered.

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Clinical data of 886 traumatized permanent anterior teeth in 512 children who were treated at the department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School of Stomatology were collected. The type, reason, and mode of the trauma, the number of teeth involved in each person and time elapsed before treatment were analyzed. The results suggested that boys were more susceptible to traumatic injury of anterior teeth, and the highest prevalence of dental trauma was determined in the 8-10 years age group. Falls was the most common reason. Coronal fracture without pulp exposure was the most common type. Most children went to hospital in 2 to 24 hours after injury.

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Sports, accidental falls, motor vehicle accidents, assault and work related accidents account for the majority of dentofacial injuries. This study included data of 551 dentofacial traumas patients were treated. Treatment of dentofacial trauma must be considered a return of normal ocular, mastication, restoration of speech, and an acceptable facial and dental esthetic result.

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A gargling treatment by Hachiazele and Xylocaine is useful for a stomatitis treatment of the oral cancer patient with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. However, there is a little improvement of dry mouth. Aiming at improvement of dry mouth for the oral cancer patient with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, we reviewed the cevimeline hydrochloride hydrate concomitant Hachiazule and Xylocaine gargling therapeutic safety. Homeostasis for ten days of cevimeline hydrochloride hydrate was confirmed in all condition by an incompatibility examination. It was significant, and the group of cevimeline hydrochloride hydrate combination elevated salivation dosage in comparison with a non-concomitant group. In addition, the side effect did not accept both groups together. As for the cevimeline hydrochloride hydrate combination Haciazule and Xylocaine gargling treatment, it was thought that beneficial gargling was therapeutic for dry mouth of the oral cancer patient with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy.

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We report here 2 cases of patients with Sjögren's syndrome with dry mouth that were successfully treated with cevimeline hydrochloride. The first case was diagnosed as Sjogren's syndrome at our clinic, and the saliva secretion increased by more than three-fold following oral cevemeline hydrochloride. The second case was diagnosed at another hospital, and the saliva secretion was increased by more than two-fold by the medication.

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The purpose of this study is to exam that a boundary range of mouth dryness symptom objectively divided into dry mouth or not. Eighty-six volunteer over 60 years old participated. Questionnaire for dryness and medication were asked. Dentists performed clinical opticular diagnosis. Wet on tongue and moisture of mucous membrane were examined respectively with Saliva Wet Tester and Moisture Checker. The ratio divided into dryness in the subjective symptom, the clinical diagnosis, Saliva Wet Tester, and Moisture Checker was 19.7%, 4.03%, 34.9%, and 68.6% respectively, and the ratio of normal was 65.8%, 57.0%, 24.4%, and 17.4%. A correct classification rate was 77.9% by the discriminal analysis using clinical diagnosis as criterion variable and the score of Saliva Wet Tester and of Moisture Checker as explanatory variable. Distribution of discriminal score suggested that other factor should be joined them for classification in a boundary range.

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To overcome the disadvantages of metallic osteosynthetic devices that should remove after the operation, bioabsorbable, ultra high strength poly-L-lactid osteosynthetic devices were developed, and have been applied to the treatment of bone fractures[1.5.6]. On the other hand, it is not known how much stress is actually generated on these devices when an external force was added and minor segment was displaced. In order to know the stress distribution generated in the devices, using 3-dimensional-CAD software, we created the solid model of these devices and the blocks, and assembled these parts just as the two blocks were fixed with these devices. We simulated of fixed one block in the two blocks, and moved a constant amount in four directions to the other block, and analyzed the stress generated in these devices using 3-dimensional stress analysis software. In these simulations, the biggest stress was generated when the plate was tensiled.

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It is well known that mandible bone is formed by intramembranous ossification. Mandible condyle cartilage and angular cartilage are recognized as secondary cartilage, which differs from primary cartilage in morphological and biochemical organization. These are interesting research subjects from a clinical point of view as they compose the TMJ. We examined the mandible, mandible condyle cartilage and angular cartilage of fetal mice using histology, histochemistry, immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization techniques. Chondroid bone and chondrocyte like cells were observed during the mandible osteogenic process. The characteristics of mandible condyle cartilage and angular cartilage were slightly different from those of normal physiological articular cartilage.

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Crude bovine BMP was implanted into the thigh muscle pouch of mice. Tetracycline was injected 1 week and calcein was injected 2 weeks after implant. At 3 weeks after implant, the mice were sacrificed and reviewed histologically. Coexistence of calcified bone and osteoid was observed in Villanueva Goldner stained sections. Toluidine blue staining demonstrated cartilaginous matrix and adjacent locus, and spherical cells varying in shape and size were observed. Calcified lamellar bone was present in the border, and osteoid with osteoblast-like cells was found on the bone marrow side. Calcein labeling appeared as a strong line in the margin and was definitely observed as weak fluorescence in the center under fluorescence microscopy. These results suggest the presence of ossification mode different from the intramembranous and endochondral ossification modes.

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The participation of endogenous BMP-2 in the process of ectopic osteoinduction by rhBMP-2 implanted into rat muscles was investigated using immunohistochemistry, immunoelectron microscopy, in situ hybridization and real-time RT-PCR. Our results suggested that not only implanted exogenous rhBMP-2 but also endogenous BMP-2 produced by osteogenic and/or chondrogenic cells participates in the rapid progression of ectopic bone formation cascade. Since the statins promote the expression of endogenous BMP-2 and enhance the bone formation, we next examined the stimulative effect of statins on the rhBMP-2-induced osteogenesis, by radiological and biochemical analysis, and histology. These results indicated that subcutaneously injected simvastatin promotes rhBMP-2-induced ectopic bone formation by reducing bone turnover. Simvastatin may become a useful adjuvant therapy for enhancing BMP-2 induced bone formation.

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Bioabsorbable and functionally graded apatites (fg-HAp) were designed using bovine bone by the calcination and partial dissolution-precipitation methods. The fg-HAp ceramics had the specified surface structure and pore size distribution derived from living body. The pore structure of the ceramics with specific surface areas of 30-40 m²¥g^-1 and porosities of 60-80 % was divided into a macro-pore originating from spongy bone and a micro-pore related to body fluid permeation and blood permeability. Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) solution was added to fg-HAp ceramics to obtain rhBMP-2-loaded fg-HAp (rhBMP-2/fg-HAp) ceramics exhibiting osteoinduction. The fg-HAp and rhBMP-2/fg-HAp ceramics were implanted to the subcutaneous tissue of rats. At 4 weeks after the implantation, for the fg-HAp, body fluid and albumin permeated the bulk region of the ceramics through the micro-pores, and surface- and bulk-degradations of the HAp grains proceeded. At 12 weeks, the fg-HAp ceramics were completely biodegraded and bioabsorbed. For the rhBMP-2/ fg-HAp, at 4 weeks after the implantation, some pieces of fg-HAp were incorporated into the induced bone and fatty marrow, suggesting that osteoinduction occurred in conjunction with bone remodeling. The rhBMP-2/fg-HAp ceramics would be newly biomimetic materials with excellent blood permeability and osteoinduction.

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A novel method of in vivo microtomography (micro-CT) was developed. This article reports this system and the evaluation of the maxillofacial region of experimental animal. This system is composed of an X-ray tube, object table and sensor. A living rat under anesthesia was set on the object table. The X-ray tube and sensor were rotated around the object table. The condition was 70 kV and 80 uA. The pixel size was 30 um, isotropic. The field had pixel numbers 512 × 512 × 384. The volume data were visualized by volume rendering. The three-dimensional image depicts the structures of the jaw very clear. The novel micro-CT scanning is useful for observation of bone structures in vivo.

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A rabbit experimental mandibular defect was reconstructed with rhBMP-2 and atelocollagen gel, and examined using μCT (R_mCT, Rigaku Mechatronics, Tokyo) in vivo and histological techniques. Using eight rabbits, we made an experimental mandibular defect and filled it with 1% atelocollagen gel including rhBMP-2 10ìg (Astellas Pharma Inc.). In μCT observation, the density was slightly elevated at the bone marrow side at one week, and the phenomenon gradually expanded during the course of this experiment. Histologically, mesenchymal cell proliferation and immature bone formation occurred at one week, and mature bone gradually increased and filled in at four weeks.

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We first confirmed the osteoinductive property of human demineralized dentin matrix (DDM) histologically. Human DDM was prepared from vital, extracted teeth and implanted into the subcutaneous tissue in nude mice. The shape of the DDM was a particle type and its size varied from 0.4 to 0.8 mm. The hard tissue induction by 70 mg of the DDM was estimated at 4 weeks after implantation. The DDM induced bone and cartilage independently. In addition, the time-course of the bioassay by recombinant human BMP-2 (5.0μγ)/DDM (70mg) was estimated in rat subcutaneous tissues. Histological examination showed that the BMP-2/DDM induced bone and cartilage and the DDM were gradually replaced by new bone. The morphometric analysis demonstrated that the BMP-2/DDM showed 79.0% in the volume of bone and marrow, and 21.0% in that of DDM at 32 weeks. These results indicate that human DDM particles are osteoinductive matrics and the DDM might be effective as a carrier of BMP-2 for bone engineering.

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Wavelength tunable Free Electron Laser, FEL, was irradiated onto the polished surfaces of human tooth enamel and dentin using the FEL system at Laboratory for Electron Beam Research and Application (LEBRA) in Nihon University. LEBRA-FEL system was so powerful that only 2 mJ/pulse shot resulted in an apparent pit on the surfaces. The pit showed neither marked scorch nor formation of secondary crystalline phase revealed by micro-XRD and micro-FTIR. Optimum wavelength for pit formation on the dental hard tissues was about 3.0 mm. However, the optimum wavelengths for enamel and dentin should be at 3.2 mm, 3.0 mm, respectively. The results strongly suggested that the ablation mechanism by laser irradiation for dental hard tissues might be not the simple interaction of laser beams with water, but complex phenomena, which could not be neglected of the hard tissue components and structure.

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The laser light was first introduced as a laser surgical knife in the medical application, which used the thermal energy of laser light. After that, various kinds of laser lights of different wavelengths have been developed and applied in the medical field. Today, the interaction between laser lights and optical characteristics of tissue by laser lights is considered more, and a laser light which gives the best effect to a tissue is selected for each treatment. In this report, I would like to introduce the application of Erbium:YAG laser for dental treatments and the point of view for development of Erbium:YAG laser. Then, I would like to report for the point of view of the perspective in the near future.

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Laser treatment is used for a dentistry clinical treatment to be very wide now, such as environment improvement in a pocket in a periodontal disease, caries removal, melanin removal, and also as an incision technique as application of surgery and excision, relaxation of sharp pain of stomatitis. While laser treatment showing an expanse between dentists in Japan, I would like to report some laser experience from a view point of a beginner of Er:YAG laser remedy.

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Free electrons are to be distinguished from electrons which are bound in atoms or molecules. The electrons in a Free Electron Laser (FEL) have the form of an electron beam in a vacuum, for example, like as the beam in Braun tube of TV. Electrons bound in atoms and molecules vibrate only at specific frequencies. Thus, the laser light from conventional lasers, which make use of bound electrons, appears only at these specific frequencies. On the other hand, the electrons in FEL are forced to vibrate by their passage through an alternating magnetic field. Thus, the vibration frequency can be adjusted by altering the construction of the magnetic field or by changing the speed of the electrons passing through the magnetic field. This changes the laser frequency or, equivalently, the wavelength. The broad tunability of FEL from the far infrared to the visible and beyond was the origin of the great interest in these lasers. More recently it has been recognized that free electron lasers have unique advantages for operation at high average power levels, and this has made them attractive for medical and industrial applications.

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From the analysis of 11 cases, an intruded primary tooth may be expected to re-erupt without intervention, and the outcome is worse in cases that undergo repositioning and splinting. Therefore, in the management of infants aged 1 to 3 years, observation of clinical course is the first choice in our department. The effect on the subsequently replacing permanent tooth will be studied in the future.

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Radiography by computed tomography for dental and jaw use (dental CT) has recentry attracted attention as a new diagnostic imaging technique in dentistry. The 3DX Multi-Image Micro CT^® (3DX, Morita) is the first exclusively registered dental CT in Japan. A high-definition 3-dimensional image of a cylindrical imaging area, 40 mm in diameter and 30 mm in height, can be taken by using a small-type conical beam X-ray CT. An arbitrary part can be sliced and observed from 3 different directions by using a 3DX-exclusive integrated image processing software, and it can be re-sliced repeatedly at arbitrary angles to reconstruct other images. Pictures of 3DX can be taken by a low dose of irradiation equal to that used for panoramic radiography. Therefore, this device is very effective for the examination and diagnosis of hard tissues of the maxillofacial region.
This study evaluated the effectiveness of the 3DX for examining and diagnosing various clinical cases in endodontic therapy.
The image obtained by 3DX clearly revealed the presence and expansion of periapical lesions of roots, the presence and position of root fracture, and perforations, as well as afforded prognosis.
In conclusion, the 3DX, a newly developed dental CT, is very useful to examine cases of the above-mentioned disorders that can not be easily identified by the usual intraoral radiography or panoramic radiography, and it thus allows proper diagnosis of such cases.

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Two traumatic cases of severely intruded deciduous teeth were evaluated for several months. One case was a complete intrusion of the primary upper central teeth. The intruded teeth re-erupted spontaneously within a month but needed endodontic treatment after 6 months. The other case was a severe lateral intrusion of the upper central tooth, which re-erupted labially but did not reach the incisal plane even after one year. It produced no complication of the pulp but re-alignment procedure will be needed.

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We treated a crown malformation of the lower left permanent central incisor teeth in a girl aged 10 years 8 months. The malformation derived from traumatic injuries to a primary tooth at 2 years old. We determined the treatment plan using 3DX^TM. The crown of the lower left permanent central incisor tooth had bent at 90 degrees against the root. The labial enamel entered to the dentin of the crown, and part of the enamel reached to near the pulp. We treated the tooth using indirect capping with calcium hydroxide paste for four times at intervals of two months to induce reparative dentin formation. The occlusion and esthetic appearance were adjusted by composite resin restoration. 3DX^TM was useful for diagnosis and treatment of a tooth with crown malformation derived from traumatic injuries.

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Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an autologous source of platelet-derived growth factors, and has been used successfully in oral surgery repair and in the placement of osseointegrated implants. However, little is known about the underlying release mechanisms of these factors or the manner in which inhibition of osteoclastic cells is regulated. The present study investigated the efficacy of PRP as an inhibitor of receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL)-induced TRAP-positive multinucleated cell formation in RAW264.7 cells. RANKL-induced formation of osteoclasts was significantly inhibited by treatment with PRP, while washed platelet treatment was more effective in inhibiting osteoclast formation. These results suggest that PRP and washed platelets are potent inhibitors of osteoclast differentiation.

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This case presentation documented the trauma and follow-up care of luxation associated with extrusion of the lower central and lateral incisors in three-years-old patient. The teeth were repositioned by finger pressure and fixed by self-cured adhesive resin (Super-bond, Japan). Then, occlusion adjustment was carried out for smooth anterior guidance. Seven years clinical and radiographic follow-up after the injury showed sound eruption of permanent incisors and normal gingival tissue attachment adjacent to the teeth. No sign of dental trauma was observed in permanent dentition.

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To explore the influence of preservation by freezing on tissues of tooth germ, we examined changes in histological architectures and glycoconjugate expression detected by lectins, in tooth germs, with or without freezing, of postnatal 5 day rats. The results acquired were as follows: tissue architectures and cellular morphologies were similar between frozen and control groups. Stellate cells of enamel medulla and pulpal cells were, however, slightly atrophic at the control group. With lectin staining, there are no remarkable changes between frozen and control groups. From these results, we conclude that the influence of preservation by freezing was relatively small.

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A 52 year-old man (born in 1949) presented on January 22, 2002 wishing to receive implant treatment. Approximately 20 years before presentation, the patient was hit directly on the face by a ball while playing baseball and four maxillary anterior teeth were avulsed, resulting in extremely strong resorption of the bone. Although he was using a conus denture, he visited our clinic requesting implant treatment. According to a panorama radiograph and CT scans (transverse section and cross section, it was not possible to place implants in the left maxillary anterior tooth region where bone defect was extensive. The patient desired not only to receive prosthetic treatment for the defect, but also to restore the contour of the gingiva to its original shape. The treatment plan was to place two implants in the right maxillary anterior tooth region where bone was present, as well as to conduct bone grafting in the region with extensive bone defect, and placing implants after the bone volume has been augmented.

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A meticulous plan is essential to conduct implant treatment for defects caused by trauma. Since it is impossible to move the position of an established implant, a three-dimensional treatment plan based on CT diagnostic imaging is extremely important for implant treatment especially in the growth phase or combined with orthodontic treatment. Currently, dental CT used in corrective diagnosis has been applied to clinical dentistry, and high-level imaging studies have become widely practiced (Fig. 1, 2 and 3). In addition, in the case of invasion and defect involving also the alveolar bone as a result of trauma, various softwares are now available for three-dimensional diagnosis (Fig. 4 and 5) and implant planning as a support for the overall prosthetic and surgical treatment plans. The environment and work flow of the treatment procedures are introduced (Fig. 6).

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The traumatic injuries of the young permanent teeth are common in childhood. Since the root development is not completed, the management of such cases requires special care. The trauma occurs most commonly in the permanent incisors, resulting in interrupting the radicular development and open apices. In these cases, treatment is aimed at promoting the completion of apical closure, followed by complete filling of the root canal upon the loss of the pulp vitality. Here we report a juvenile child with traumatically intruded maxillary incisor. Initial treatment included the active repositioning of the tooth. However, the follow-up of the patient demonstrated the loss of pulp vitality. Therefore, we treated with a strategy for aiming the root formation. Proper filling up of the root canal followed by the dentine barrier formation by calcium hydroxide and crown restoration were performed. Long-term follow-up of the patient showed excellent prognosis without any discomfort in the daily life as well as any abnormalities in clinical examination and radiographic assessments.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the histological changes of dental pulp following luxation of tooth, and compared with that of pulp exposure mechanically. Upper left first molar of twenty male, 5 weeks age, Wister rats were used for this study; ten were used for trauma group by luxation and ten for mechanically expose group. In trauma group, teeth were luxated using special forceps, and pulp expose groups were exposed by #1/2 round bur with water spray and left alone. Five rats from each group were sacrificed under anesthesia one week following treatment and the remaining 5 rats from each group were sacrificed after two weeks in the same manner. Thereafter 5μm thickness paraffin sections were prepared and stained with haematoxylin -eosin. All sections were observed by light microscopy. In the trauma group 2 weeks following operation, pulp necrosis and formation of bone-like materials in it were seen. While in the mechanically pulp expose group, There were no bone-like materials in the pulp. Therefore bone-like materials in the pulp after necrosis might be related to the strong damage in a short period such as luxation.

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In fetal period, on the 15^th fetal day, mouse mandibular angle development started as a coagulation of mesemchymal cells. On the 16^th fetal day, cells of the central portion of the cell coagulation showed metachromasia to toluidine blue, and type 2 collagen positive chondrocytes were immunohistochemically detected. After the 17^th fetal day, cartilaginous osteogenesis occurred with invasion of capillaries. At the same stage, membranous (perichondral) ossification occurred in the periphery of the chondrocyte mass. These proliferating chondrocytes showed positive reactions to type 2 collagen, type 1 collagen and osteopontin. These results suggest that the characteristics of mandibular angular cartilage are slightly different from those of normal physiological articular cartilage

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In this study, the initial osteoinductive capacity and bone forming patterns induced by BMP were studied using routine histology and electron microscopy. The pattern of initial calcification is different in induced bone formation at heterotopic sites. Three experiments were conducted; BMP and atelocollagen complexes were implanted into subcutaneous and subperiosteal tissues of rats. Initial calcification multi potentially started in matrix vesicles of osteoid tissue as well as in carrier collagen fibers. Bone formation occurs either via preexisting cartilage or directly according to the geometry of carriers used and the micro environmental conditions. In this study we conducted an ultra structural analysis of subcutaneously implanted both bovine extracted BMP and rhBMP with collagen carriers and subperiosteally implanted rhBMP-collagen composites in rats to understand the effects of carrier and environmental conditions on bone formation.

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Clinical summary: A 13 years old female patient came to the Okayama University Hospital with a complaint of pain and swelling at the left side of the mandible. Radiological examination revealed a large well-defined radiolucent lesion extending from the mesial of tooth 35 to distal or 37 tooth (Fig. 1A). Lingual plate perforation was also detected by CT scan (Fig. 1B). With the provisional diagnosis of ameloblastoma, biopsy was done. The biopsy of the mandibular lesion was suspected of non-ossifying fibroma. Total curettage of the lesion was performed and post-operatively the healing was uneventful. During the follow-up period, 6 months after the operation, the patient complained of discomfort at the left maxillary region and epileptic attacks. Through examination of the patient by X-ray, CT scan and MRI revealed multiple bone lesions in the maxillae, tibias and fibulas bilaterally and a brain lesion. Curettage of the maxillary lesions was performed. She also underwent her brain surgery and the lesion removed was diagnosed as juvenile xanthogranuloma. The long bone lesions were only under surveillance and no intervening treatment was done. In the most recent follow-up, the patient was diagnosed to have an abdominal lesion as well.

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The morphogenesis and morphological development of molar are regulated by the interaction between odontogenic epithelium and mesenchymal tissues. And Type IV collagen molecules, the major component of the dental basement membrane, are composed of three alpha chains. Using indirect immunofluorescence on cryosections, we characterized the changes in protein localization of alpha 1 to 6 chains of type IV collagen during molar development in mice molar and human tooth germ.
ICR mouse embryos (detection of vaginal plug: day 0) and newborn mice were used. Human tooth germ was kindly provided by Dr. Yamamoto of Ohu University. Rat monoclonal antibodies recognizing type IV collagen alpha chains were raised against synthetic peptides of non-consensus amino acid sequences of the human and mice alpha (IV) chains. These monoclonal antibodies were kindly provided by Shigei medical research institute. Both mice and human tooth germ, we detected conversions in localization and composition of type IV collagen alpha chains working with tooth germ development. These results imply that there are time and site specificity, which may be involved in tooth morphogenesis and the tooth germ development, in type IV collagen alpha chains.

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The use of rhBMP-2 to induce ectopic bone formation requires a carrier. Type I atelocollagen, a biomaterial with a porous structure, excellent operational features and biocompatibility, is known to be an effective carrier for rhBMP-2. However, conventionally used lyophilized rhBMP-2/collagen mixture does not necessarily give adequate bone induction effect. In the present study, we examined the effect of immobilizing rhBMP-2 to type I atelocollagen on the cellular activity of ST2 cells. The following results were obtained: (1) rhBMP-2 was effectively immobilized to succinylated type I atelocollagen, indicating the usefulness of succinylated type I atelocollagen in immobilization. (2) Studies of alkaline phosphatase activity confirmed the effectiveness of rhBMP-2 immobilized on succinylated in augmenting cellular activity.

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Type IV collagen, the major component of basement membrane (BM), demonstrates a stage- and position-specific distribution of its isoforms during tooth development. To determine its localization in BM of odontogenic neoplasms, immunohistochemistry using six anti-α(IV) chain-specific monoclonal antibodies was performed. Expression of α1(IV)/ α2(IV) and α5(IV)/ α6(IV) chains was stronger in the desmoplastic than in ordinary ameloblastomas. The adenomatoid odontogenic tumor distinctly expressed these chains in BM of cribriform areas and hyaline materials (which was also α4(IV)-positive. These five chains also stained BM and tumor cells of ameloblastic fibroma. Present results suggest that collagen IV composition and distribution in the basement membranes of odontogenic neoplasms plays a key role in tumor growth and progression.

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Intratumoral blood vessels are known to play an important role in cancer growth and metastasis. The discrepancy in previous reports using various endothelial markers individually suggested us to investigate both normal and various tumor areas with a wide panel of vascular markers. We used a panel of three antibodies (CD31, CD34 and endoglin) as blood vessel markers to investigate the distribution and properties of blood vessels in normal oral tissues and squamous cell carcinomas. Many microvessels with strong remodeling activity as well as undifferentiated tumoral vascular endothelial cells and immature endothelial cells were present in the cancer cell nest and marginal area of cancer infiltration. Our results showed different vascular distribution patterns using various immunostaining markers in normal and tumoral tissues. Vascular distribution and properties of endothelial cells appear to be closely associated with metastasis.

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We report here2 cases of patients with Sjögren's syndrome with dry mouth that were successfully treated with cevimeline hydrochloride. The first case was diagnosed as Sjogren's syndrome at our clinic, and the saliva secretion increased by more than three-fold following oral cevemeline hydrochloride. The second case was diagnosed at another hospital, and the saliva secretion was increased by more than two-fold by the medication.

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Fb-Tricalcium phosphate (β-Ca₃(PO₄)₂: β-TCP) is one of the most biocompatible materials with human bones and teeth. The difference in microstructure has a large effect on the reaction of β-TCP in vivo. Therefore micro-pores, as well as macro-pores, must be controlled for porous material design, although the size of micro-pores is too small for cells.
In this paper, porous granules of β-TCP with micro-pores of about 0.1 mm in size were prepared from porous hydroxyapatite (Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂ : HA) granules with calcium deficient composition synthesized by hydrothermal method. The β-TCP granules with about 40%-60% porosity were composed of rod-shaped particles of about 10-20 mm in length. Rod-shaped particles were locked together to make micro-pores, and the size of micro-pores formed by tangling of rod-shaped particles was about 0.1-0.5 mm. The particle size, shape, and the micro-pore size were controlled by our unique method.

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Hybrids consisting of biodegradable polysaccharide scaffold coated with bone-like apatite are expected to show both biodegradability and bone-bonding ability, i.e. bioactivity. This study is focused on a coating method of bone-like apatite on alginate. In this study, we proposed modification of alginate with silanol groups (Si-OH), followed by a treatment with calcium chloride solution. The modified alginate gel was successfully coated with bone-like apatite in a biomimicking solution to body fluid. Bone-like apatite layer was successfully coated on the surface of the modified alginate. This technique enables us to produce the hybrids consisting polymer and bone-like apatite with biodegradability and bioactivity for bone repair.

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Metals are thought to be independent of regenerative medicine, while biodegradable polymers, biopolymers, calcium phosphate ceramics, and their composites are conventionally used as scaffold materials. However, importance of durability and strength of regenerative organs is increasing because size and morphology of target organs increase. Metals are effective materials for scaffolds for tissue engineering. Surface modification of metals is essential technique for the utilization to tissue engineering because metal surface must be controlled for adhere of cells and adsorption of biomolecules. Also, flexibility of metals is necessary.

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