Carbon deposition from CO-CO₂ mixture is examined on metallic iron at temperatures ranging from 650 to 950K. The CO-CO₂ mixture was introduced in an alumina tube, in which the high purity electrolytic iron powder was packed, and the ingoing and the outgoing gas compositions were measured by a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The lowering limit of the partial pressure of CO (P_CO/(P_CO+P_CO2)), at which the carbon deposition substantially occurs, is investigated. The condition, under which carbon deposition occurs, is clarified in Fe-CO-CO₂ system. The improvement of the gas utilization ratio in the reduction of iron oxide and the suppression of dioxins formation in combustion processes by the enhancement of carbon deposition are discussed. From the present thermodynamic calculation, it is concluded that dioxins formation can be suppressed by lowering the P_CO/(P_CO+P_CO2) value under 0.2 to 0.3 according to the enhancement of the carbon deposition at 700 to 750K.

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In the energy conversion, biomass has novel advantage, i.e., no CO₂ emission, because of carbon neutral. Charcoal composite iron oxide pellets were proposed to decrease CO₂ emission for the ironmaking. These pellets were promising to decrease the initial temperature for reduction reaction of carbon composite iron ore agglomerate under a rising temperature condition, such as in a blast furnace shaft. In order to obtain charcoal, Japanese cedar and cypress were carbonized from room temperature to maximum carbonization temperature (T_{C, max} = 1273 K) at a heating rate of 200 K/h, and kept at T_{C, max} until arrival time of 6 h. Reducing gases of CO and CH₄ started releasing from relatively low temperature (500 K). In the total gas volume of carbonization, H₂ gas of Japanese cedar was more than that of Japanese cypress. These woods have more CO gas volume than Newcastle blend coal has. The obtained charcoal was mixed with reagent grade hematite in the mass ratio of one to four. Then, a small amount of Bentonite was added to the mixture as a binder, and the charcoal composite iron oxide pellets were prepared and reduced at 1273, 1373 and 1473 K in nitrogen gas atmosphere. It was conirmed by the generated gas analysis during reduction reaction that charcoal composite iron oxide pellets had higher reducibility than char composite pellets using Newcastle blend coal. From the XRD analysis of the reduced pellets, it was found that the original Fe₂O₃ was almost reduced to Fe for 60 min at 1273 K, 20 min at 1373 K and 5~15 min at 1473 K.

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Aluminothermic reduction of chromium oxide is an exothermic autocatalytic reaction and then a potential method of recycle of chromium from oxide. The purpose of the present research is to investigate the kinetic process and to ind its critical temperature of this reaction.Sample pellets are prepared by mixing of aluminum powder and chromium oxide powder according to stoichiometry of reaction. Experiments are conducted at 1423 K, 1473 K and 1523 K, respectively, under argon atmosphere. The reacted pellets are then investigated by SEM coupled with EDS and XRD.It is found that the reaction drastically proceeds and is completed in only 2 minutes above a critical temperature of 1523 K. The chromium oxide is reduced by aluminum to form molten chromium and a slag of aluminum oxide is formed on its surface.

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A novel and efficient method is proposed to agitate a molten steel bath. A water model study is carried out to understand the mixing characteristic of the bath. A water jet is generated with a J-shaped lance in a cylindrical bath. The lance exit made of glass pipe is sharpened to form a single-hole nozzle and the nozzle is placed on the centerline of the bath. Mixing time in the bath is measured with an electric conductivity sensor. An empirical equation is proposed for correlating the measured values of the mixing time as a function of the water flow rate, vessel diameter, and so on.

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In machining processes, cutting fluids are generally used for cooling and lubricating workpieces at the point cutting. However, these fluids frequently include chlorine, sulfur, phosphorus, or other additives. The chemicals not only become a mist affecting the health of workers engaged in the processing but also make the workshop environment worse. In particular, the chlorine becomes one of the causes of global warming by treating waste oil under high temperature conditions. It is furthermore said that huge cost beyond the purchase cost of oil occurs and dioxins (carcinogen) usually exist in the waste oil. Therefore, an environmentally-friendly cooling-air cutting system is required from the standpoint of green manufacturing. This system has been noted as a technique to solve the issues against the environment mentioned above. In the cooling-air cutting processing, the amount of CO₂ emission shows a low value compared with the dry cutting one which uses oil. It is therefore thought that the cooling-air cutting system is a very important processing technique as an environmental countermeasure. At present, in strictly economic and environmental situations, the compatibility of the betterment of production efficiency with the improvement of environment is a subject in the actual spot of a cut processing. This study deals with the test results of cooling-air drilling performance from the viewpoint of taking green manufacturing into account. The workpiece made of die steel SKDll was manufactured by the cooling-air drilling performance at a revolution of 840 rpm and a temperature of -20°C with a high-speed steel drill (SKH56). The results were compared with those for the dry cutting performance. The main results obtained in this study are as follows: 1) The tool life for cooling-air drilling performance was about 6 times as long as that for the dry cutting performance. 2) The chip temperature for cooling-air drilling was 220°C lower than that for the dry cutting performance.

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