Background: The prognosis of Epstein-Barr virus-encoded small RNA (EBER)-positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is reportedly good, however, how EBER affects the prognosis of NPC remains unclear.

　Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical outcomes and prognostic factors in patients with NPC who received the initial treatment at the Cancer Institute Hospital between 2005 and 2012. We examined the overall survival, progression-free survival and independent prognostic factors such as the age, sex, TNM classification, stage, pathological findings, tumor site and presence/absence of EBER among 50 patients with NPC. We also evaluated the correlations between the presence/absence of EBER and the pathological findings of NPC/the disease-related mortality.

　 Results: The five-year overall and progression-free survival rates were 76.0% and 61.4%, respectively. Univariate analysis revealed significant differences in the overall survival, EBER, pathological findings, M classification and stage classification. Significant differences were also noted in the progression-free survival, prevalence of EBER, pathological findings, N and M classification and stage classification. Multivariate analysis identified pathological findings and stage classification as independent prognostic factors for the overall and progression-free survival. We also found a correlation between the presence/absence of EBER and the pathological findings.

　In the case of WHO type II and III NPC, the site of the tumor at the time of death was often distant metastasis. On the other hand, in the case of WHO type I, primary carcinoma and neck lymph node metastases were predominant.

　Conclusion: Pathological findings and stage classification were identified as independent prognostic factors for the overall survival and progression-free survival in patients with NPC. Presence/absence of EBER was not an independent prognostic factor for NPC, but could affect the prognosis after treatment is administered. These factors are important for planning the treatment and subsequent follow-up of NPC.

　This study was aimed at evaluating the results of collaborative endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery (EETS) performed by a multidisciplinary team comprising otolaryngologists and neurosurgeons for pituitary adenomas (PAs), and at evaluating the safety of this procedure.

　We performed a retrospective review of the medical records of 123 consecutive operations of 102 patients who underwent EETS for PAs between July 2003 and May 2016 in Osaka City General Hospital.

　The incidence of the postoperative complication of rhinosinusitis was assessed retrospectively. Sphenopalatine artery bleeding was recorded in 2 patients (1.6%), acute sphenoiditis occurred in 1 patient (0.8%), and CSF leak was recorded in 3 patients (2.4%), of which 1 (0.8%) developed bacterial meningitis. The clinical course of the olfactory symptoms could be clearly delineated in 36 patients, of which none had anosmia. Postoperatively, none of the cases that developed permanent nasal obstruction, deterioration of salivary function, lacrimal gland dysfunction or palatal sensitivity decrease.

　 In conclusion, EETS is a reasonably safe surgical modality for PAs. With recent advances in endoscopic technologies, the scope of transnasal surgery, especially for skull base surgery, including for PAs, has expanded remarkably. Our results indicate that a collaborative approach involving a multidisciplinary team comprising otolaryngologists and neurosurgeons can contribute to effective management of postoperative complications, including rhinosinusitis.

　NUT midline carcinomas are rare epithelial malignancies. In 2016, only 48 patients with this tumor involving the head and neck were described, and ours is the second case report from Japan. These tumors are characterized by the presence of the t (15; 19) chromosomal translocation, difficulty in pathological diagnosis, young-onset, aggressive nature of the tumor and resistance to standard cancer therapy.

　We report the case of a 49-year-old man who was diagnosed as having sinonasal NUT midline carcinoma. He had bone metastasis, and his tumor grew rapidly within a week. The initial diagnosis was Ewing sarcoma, however, the final diagnosis was NUT midline carcinoma with a t (15; 19) chromosomal translocation. At least once, a sarcoma-based chemotherapy regimen was effective in reducing the size of the tumor, however, the tumor regrew and became resistant to cisplatin-based chemoradiotherapy and other chemotherapies. The patient died of his disease less than 9 months after the initial diagnosis. For early diagnosis and treatment of NUT midline carcinoma, it is important to have a high index of suspicion for this disease.